超声波协同酶法提取绞股蓝皂苷的工艺研究

目的:探索超声波协同酶法用于提取绞股蓝总皂苷的可行性.方法:分别采用常规水浴法、单一酶法、单一超声波法、超声波协同酶法等试验方案进行处理结果:超声波和纤维素酶对总皂苷的提取都有明显的促进作用,而采用超声波协同酶法促进效果更为明显,其中酶解后超声波处理比先超声波后酶解的处理方法,绞股蓝总皂苷的提取率更高,达到7.494%,比常规水浴法、单一酶法、单一超声波法分别提高了79.28%、34.37% 、43.04%.结论:超声波协同酶法能显著提高绞股蓝总皂苷的提取率.     

沈农一号马齿苋的多糖提取方法研究

分别采用热水法、低级醇法和酶法从沈农一号马齿苋中提取有效成分多糖并测定其含量。结果表明,酶法的浸提效果要优于热水法和低级醇法,提取率提高约10%。本实验首次运用纤维素酶辅助提取马齿苋多糖,收率提高。     

提取方法和溶剂对薏苡仁油提取率的影响

为了提高薏苡仁油的提取效率,考察5种不同极性的溶剂（无水乙醇、丙酮、二氯甲烷、乙酸乙酯、环己烷）在3种不同的提取方法中对薏苡仁油提取率的影响,并分析其原因。结果表明,丙酮在加热回流提取法中提取率最高（8.17%）,无水乙醇在超声辅助提取和微波辅助提取法中得率均较高。3种提取方法中,超声辅助提取法的得油率最高（10.79%）,而微波法虽然提取效率高（0.0678g/min）,但得油率太低（6.78%）,不适于薏苡仁油的提取。     

若羌红枣多糖提取方法的研究

目的:比较研究几种提取若羌红枣多糖的方法.方法:通过正交实验设计研究影响若羌红枣多糖提取的诸因素如提取料液比、温度、提取时间、提取次数等,确定条件范围,优化提取条件,得到提取若羌红枣多糖的最佳工艺条件.结果:热水法提取红枣糖的最佳条件:提取温度100℃、料液比1:16、提取时间4h,提取1次;酶法提取红枣多糖提取的最佳条件:pH4.5,温度60℃、时间1h,酶用世0.03%;碱法提取红枣多糖的对佳条件:Na2 CO3,温度80℃、时间3h,料液比1:20.结论:三种提取方法以酶提取法的效率最高,碱提取法次之,热水提取法的效率最低.     

大鲵皮肤色素提取工艺及抗氧化研究

为优化大鲵皮肤黑色素的提取工艺条件,探讨大鲵皮肤黑色素组成成分及体外抗氧化活性,采用酶法和碱溶酸沉法提取大鲵皮肤黑色素,以氢氧化钠浓度、液料比、提取温度为影响色素提取率因素,优化黑色素提取工艺条件,用紫外-可见光谱仪、红外光谱仪和超高效液相质谱仪测定黑色素的光谱特性,测定其抗氧化性。结果表明:大鲵皮肤黑色素最佳提取工艺条件为氢氧化钠浓度1.5 mol/L、液料比1∶15、提取温度45℃,黑色素提取率达0.65%。大鲵皮肤黑色素的紫外最大吸收波长为214 nm,由真黑色素和脱黑色素两种色素组成,其对超氧阴离子自由基的清除率为30.51%,对羟基自由基的清除率为54.17%。大鲵皮肤黑色素具有一定的体外抗氧化能力。     

硫酸软骨素快速提取法研究

采用先高温蒸煮后加稀碱与酶解相结合 ,并用氯仿反萃取的方法提取硫酸软骨素 ,与其它提取方法相比较 ,缩短了一半工艺流程 ,同时提高了纯度和提取率 ,减轻了碱法提取所带来的环境污染。     

蚜虫全蛋白提取方法的比较研究

为建立适于SDS-PAGE分析的蚜虫蛋白质样品制备平台,以便为蚜虫蛋白质的双向电泳分析奠定基础,本研究比较了TCA/丙酮沉淀、PEG提取、饱和酚抽提和直接裂解4种蛋白质提取方法.结果表明:不同样品制备方法的蛋白提取率有显著的差异,其中直接裂解法的提取率最高,为17.43 mg/g;其次是饱和酚抽提法,提取率为12.30 mg/g;而PEG制备法提取率最低,只有7.96 mg/g.利用SDS-PAGE电泳对不同的蛋白质样品进行了分析,发现在凝胶图谱上显现的条带也有明显的差异,其中饱和酚抽提法显现的条带数最多,为36条,且从14.4 kDa～116.0 kDa范围有广泛分布,条带清晰;PEG提取法条带数为30条,一些蛋白条带丢失或不明显;TCA/丙酮沉淀法的蛋白条带集中分布在25.0 kDa～67.0 kDa区域;直接裂解法条带数仅为24条,且小分子量的条带可辩率很低.通过以上结果可以得出,饱和酚抽提法最适用于蚜虫全蛋白样品的制备.     

水产废弃物胶原蛋白的提取

以水产废弃物为原料,利用酶法提取有价值的胶原蛋白。以胃蛋白酶为胶原蛋白提取用酶,鱼鳍和鱼鳞作为提取的原料,提取工艺为原料粉碎、脱钙、提取、纯化。鱼鳞和鱼鳍的胶原蛋白提取率分别达8．1％和6．6％。该方法对提高水产废弃物的综合利用具有重要的意义。     

马铃薯渣中膳食纤维提取工艺的优化

目的：以马铃薯渣为原料,探究提取马铃薯渣中膳食纤维的最佳工艺条件。方法：通过生物法 酶法、超声波裂解、高速剪切等技术提取马铃薯渣中所含的膳食纤维,通过单因素试验和正交试验分析试验数据。 结果：提取膳食纤维的最佳工艺条件为酶解pH为5、酶解温度45℃、酶添加量30U/g、酶解2.5h。结论：本研究膳食纤维的提取率达25.87%,并测得持水力和膨胀力分别为7.1g/g、7.5mL/g,该工艺条件可有效提取马铃薯渣中的膳食纤维。     

应用微生物发酵与超声波联合处理高效提取钩藤碱

目的:通过研究微生物发酵和超声波联合处理对钩藤碱提取率的影响,寻找高效提取钩藤碱的发酵菌株的处理方法.方法:采用微生物发酵与超声波处理中药钩藤粉末,用70%乙醇提取钩藤碱,用紫外分光光度法测定钩藤碱含量.结果:与未经处理相比,单独发酵处理或超声波处理以及发酵与超声波联合处理均能提高钓藤碱的提取率,其中以酵母发酵、酵母发酵与超声波联合处理法提取率最高,分别为对照(未处理)提取效率的2.598倍和2.857倍.结论:酵母是高效提取钩藤碱的优良发酵菌株,酵母发酵与超声波联合处理更显著地提高钩藤碱的提取效率,为钩藤碱的高效提取提供了一种简便、廉价、有效的新方法,建议在生产中推广应用.     

临床标本细菌基因组DNA提取方法探讨

目的优化细菌基因组DNA提取方法,使其适合临床细菌分子生物学检测需要。方法分别采用专用DNA提取液法、热裂解法、溶菌酶法、热裂解法与碱性裂解法组合改良法,对纯培养细菌和临床标本中细菌基因组DNA进行提取。结果专用DNA提取液法、溶菌酶法提取成功率为100%,热裂解法革兰阳性菌提取成功率为0%,革兰阴性菌成功率为100%,碱性裂解液法在NaOH浓度大于4 mmol时提取成功,临床标本在NaOH溶液超过20 mmol/L并含2%SDS时细菌基因组DNA的提取成功率为100%。结论热裂解法与碱性裂解法组合改良法提取细菌基因组DNA方便快速、简单实用,适用临床标本检测。     

响应面法优化低温豆粕大豆分离蛋白提取工艺

采用响应面分析法(RSM)对低温豆粕大豆分离蛋白(soybean protein isolated,SPI)的碱提工艺进行优化。在单因素实验的基础上,选取了影响SPI提取率的4个关键因素(pH、温度、时间和液料比)进行四因素五水平的中心组合旋转实验设计(CCRD)。通过RSM建立了响应值(SPI提取率)与各影响因素之间的回归方程,并获得了SPI的最优提取条件:pH 8.5,提取温度55℃,提取时间42.8 min,料水比1∶9.7(g/mL),此条件下SPI提取率预测值为37.12%,与实验值(36.69%)的误差为1.16%。将一次碱提后残渣进行二次碱提,二次提取率为10.16%。2次碱提上清液等电点沉淀的蛋白沉淀率分别为84.03%和85.84%。     

Reversed micellar extraction of trypsin: Effect of solvent on the protein transfer and activity recovery

By using trypsin as the model protein and AOT as the model surfactant, the effect of a variety of solvents on protein transfer and activity recovery during the liquid-liquid reversed micellar extraction was investigated. It was found that several solvents, including isooctane, octane, heptane, and kerosene, had a similar effect on the recovery of trypsin activity after a full cycle of forward and backward extraction, and could all be used as the solvents for AOT-reversed micelles in trypsin extraction. Two other solvents (hexane and cyclohexane), however, were not so efficient. (c) 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

响应面法优化黑水虻幼虫蛋白质提取工艺

【目的】对黑水虻Hermetia illucens幼虫蛋白质进行不同提取方法的比较,选择最优提取方法,并确定其最优工艺参数,为黑水虻幼虫蛋白提取与资源利用提供依据。【方法】以黑水虻幼虫为原料,分别采用碱提法、酶提法、盐提法和Tris-HCl缓冲液提法对黑水虻幼虫蛋白质进行提取,并比较分析。通过单因素试验分别确定NaOH质量浓度、液料比、提取温度及提取时间4个因素的较优水平。在单因素试验结果基础上,按照Box-Behnken响应面试验设计进行响应面优化试验。【结果】提取黑水虻幼虫蛋白质的4种方法中碱提法的提取率最高,最佳提取条件为：NaOH质量浓度2.44 g/100mL,液料比22 mL/g,提取温度53℃,提取时间2 h。提取率验证试验结果为88.49%,与预测值相对误差为0.28%。【结论】响应面模型拟合度高,优化出的最佳提取工艺可行。     

不同方法提取杜仲中桃叶珊瑚苷等4种高活性成分的比较研究

为研究生物化学方法对杜仲中高活性成分的提取率,本文以高效液相色谱法检验样品中提取出活性成分的含量差异,比较了在相同条件下酶解法、水提法、醇提法对杜仲树皮中桃叶珊瑚苷、京尼平苷、京尼平苷酸与绿原酸这4种活性成分的提取量,并对4种活性成分的不同提取效果进行了比较研究。结果发现三种方法的提取量存在明显差异,其中桃叶珊瑚苷提取量为:酶解法22. 42μg/g,水提法8. 27μg/g,醇提法9. 13μg/g;京尼平苷提取量为:酶解法77. 89μg/g,水提法33. 19μg/g,醇提法7. 76μg/g;京尼平苷酸提取量为:酶解法110. 05μg/g,水提法36. 63μg/g,醇提法47. 40μg/g;绿原酸提取量为:酶解法345. 35μg/g,水提法118. 85μg/g,醇提法172. 04μg/g,即酶解法提取量均比水提法、醇提法高出数倍。实验表明酶解法是3种方法中提取效果最好的,且无化学污染。     

决明子营养价值分析及蛋白提取工艺研究

以大决明子为原材料,基于氨基酸比值系数法,对决明子的营养价值进行了分析;并以碱性缓冲液为提取剂,进行决明子蛋白提取工艺研究,探讨了缓冲液浓度及pH值、料液比、浸泡时间对蛋白提取率的影响,最后用正交试验确定大决明子蛋白的最佳提取工艺。结果表明决明子的营养价值高于大豆和紫花苜蓿,与南瓜接近略低于鸡蛋;提取工艺条件最佳为50 mmol/L、pH值=8.0的KH2PO4-NaOH缓冲液,料液比1 g：50 mL,浸泡提取时间12h。此条件下决明子蛋白的提取率为93.3%。     

一株高产碱性内切聚半乳糖醛酸酶生产菌的筛选与鉴定

从碱性土样中经分离筛选得到1株固态发酵产碱性内切聚半乳糖醛酸酶活力较高的菌株。经提酶条件优化得到较优的酶液提取提条件为30倍Na2CO3/NaHCO3缓冲液提取1 h。从形态特征、培养特征、生理生化特征以及分子生物学鉴定结果来看,该菌株属B.gibsonii。     

Microwave oven and boiling waterbath extraction of hepatotoxins from cyanobacterial cells

Low-cost, straightforward methods for the extraction of microcystins and nodularins from cyanobacterial cells were developed using a microwave oven and boiling waterbath. The use of organic solvents, such as methanol, which can interfere with sensitive analytical procedures, e.g. immunoassays, can thus be avoided. Analysis by protein phosphatase inhibition assay and high performance liquid chromatography indicated that purified microcystin-LR was unaffected by the microwave oven and boiling waterbath treatments. Four microcystins of differing hydrophobicities were successfully extracted from Microcystis PCC 7813 by both treatments at yields equivalent to those obtained by longer protocols using methanol. Assessment of the microwave oven and boiling waterbath extraction methods with laboratory strains and environmental samples of cyanobacteria showed good correlation with results from lyophilisation and methanol extraction, when extracts were analysed by high performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection (R(2)>/=0.92). The microwave and boiling waterbath extraction methods also sterilised the environmental bloom samples, as evidenced by the abolition of heterotrophic bacterial growth.     

Changes of acid phosphatase content and activity in the fat body and the hemolymph of the flesh fly Neobellieria (sarcophaga) bullata during metamorphosis

Changes in the specific and total activity of the lysosomal marker enzyme acid phosphatase (Acph) and in the amount of enzyme protein were examined in the fat body and the hemolymph from the last larval molt to the larval-pupal apolysis. The specific activity showed minor changes during the last larval period. In contrast, the total activity of the enzyme was low during the feeding period and higher during the wandering stage and strikingly increased at the time of puparium formation. We purified a protein having para-nitrophenyl phosphate phosphatase (Acph) activity and raised antisera against it. The amount of Acph protein in the fat body and hemolymph was examined using an ELISA. The specific Acph content showed little variation, but the total amount of the enzyme protein showed a stepwise increase in both organs during last larval stage and was markedly elevated in the pupal stage in the fat body. In contrast, a considerable decrease in the amount of Acph protein was observed in the hemolymph during this period. These data were in agreement with immunohistochemical observations showing an accumulation of the enzyme protein in fat body cells during the prepupal stage with a concomitant disappearance of the enzyme from the hemolymph. Inhibition of ecdysteroid secretion by water stress prevented the changes both in total enzyme activity and in the amount of Acph protein. However, Acph protein content and enzyme activity could be restored when the water stress was followed by a 20-hydroxyecdysone (20-HE) treatment. Taken together, our data show that Acph is secreted by fat body cells into the hemolymph during the larval stage, where it is stored in an inactive form. Increase in the 20-HE titer at the end of last larval stage reverses this process, and the enzyme is taken up by the fat body cells, where it becomes activated and appears in auto- and heterophagic vacuoles. Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. 34:369–390, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.