A Study on Cadmium Phytoremediation Potential of Indian Mustard,Brassica juncea

The objective of this study was to investigate Cd phytoremediation ability of Indian mustard, Brassica juncea. The study was conducted with 25, 50, 100, 200 and 400 mg Kg^?1 CdCl₂ in laboratory for 21 days and Cd concentrations in the root, shoot and leaf tissues were estimated by atomic absorption spectroscopy. The plant showed high Cd tolerance of up to 400 mg Kg^?1 but there was a general trend of decline in the root and shoot length, tissue biomass, leaf chlorophyll and carotenoid contents. The tolerance index (TI) of plants were calculated taking both root and shoot lengths as variables. The maximum tolerance (TI _shoot = 87.4 % and TI _root = 89.6 %) to Cd toxicity was observed at 25 mg Kg^?1, which progressively decreased with increase in dose. The highest shoot (10791 μg g^?1 dry wt) and root (9602 μg g^?1 dry wt) Cd accumulation was achieved at 200 mg kg^?1 Cd treatment and the maximum leaf Cd accumulation was 10071.6 μg g^?1 dry wt achieved at 100 mg Kg^?1 Cd, after 21 days of treatment. The enrichment coefficient and root to shoot translocation factor were calculated, which, pointed towards the suitability of Indian mustard for removing Cd from soil.     

The potential of phytoremediation using hyperaccumulator plants: a case study at a lead-zinc mine site

Contamination with heavy metals is one of the most pressing threats to water and soil resources, as well as human health. Phytoremediation might potentially be used to remediate metal-contaminated sites. A major advance in the development of phytoremediation for heavy metal affected soils was the discovery of heavy metal hyperaccumulation in plants. This study applied several established criteria to identify hyperaccumulator plants. A case study was conducted at a mining area in the Hamedan province in the west central region of Iran. The results indicated that plant metal accumulation differed among species and plant parts. Plant species grown in substrata with elevated metal levels contained significantly higher metal levels. Using the most common criteria, Euphorbia macroclada and Centaurea virgata can be classified as hyperaccumulators of specific heavy metals measured in this study and they might potentially be used for the phytoremediation of contaminated soils.     

蚯蚓和铁处理对苹果根铁营养影响

试验于2007～2009年在河北省永年县曹庄村和中国农业大学曲周实验站进行。在苹果树根际用不同价态的2500、5000、10000、20000mg/kg的铁处理玉米秸秆后接种蚯蚓,研究蚯蚓和铁对苹果根系生长、蚯蚓对铁的富集转移及根质外体铁的影响。结果表明:蚯蚓对铁有很大的富集量,在20000mg/kg(试验所用最高浓度)二价铁和三价铁处理的秸秆中可以成活并把秸秆转化为蚯蚓粪,促进根系生长,提高根的质外体铁含量,蚯蚓对二价铁的适应性高于三价铁。蚯蚓可将有机物料中的铁转移到果树根系内,5000mg/kg铁处理增加蚯蚓体内Fe2+含量和根质外体铁含量效果最好,蚯蚓、蚯蚓粪和根中的全铁含量随铁处理浓度的增加而增加。铁显著促进果树根系生长,没有用铁处理过的秸秆接种蚯蚓诱导的新根量明显少于用铁处理的,两种不同价态的铁都是以5000mg/kg的新根量最多。蚯蚓显著促进根系生长,没有接种蚯蚓的处理新根量显著少于接种蚯蚓的处理。     

Mercury uptake and phytotoxicity in terrestrial plants grown naturally in the Gumuskoy (Kutahya) mining area,Turkey

This study investigated mercury (Hg) uptake and transport from the soil to different plant parts by documenting the distribution and accumulation of Hg in the roots and shoots of 12 terrestrial plant species, all of which grow naturally in surface soils of the Gumuskoy Pb-Ag mining area. Plant samples and their associated soils were collected and analyzed for Hg content by ICP-MS. Mean Hg values in the soils, roots, and shoots of all plants were 6.914, 460, and 206 µg kg^?1, respectively and lower than 1. The mean enrichment factors for the roots (ECR) and shoots (ECS) of these plants were 0.06 and 0.09, respectively and lower than 1. These results show that the roots of the studied plants prevented Hg from reaching the aerial parts of the plants. The mean translocation factor (TLF) was 1.29 and higher than 1. The mean TLF values indicated that all 12 plant species had the ability to transfer Hg from the roots to the shoots but that transfer was more efficient in plants with higher ECR and ECS. Therefore, these plants could be useful for the biomonitoring of environmental pollution and for rehabilitating areas contaminated by Hg.     

Translocation and Accumulation of Boron in Roots and Shoots of Plants Grown in Soils of Low Boron Concentration in Turkey's Keban Pb-Zn Mining Area

Boron (B) concentrations were investigated in both shoots and roots of Euphorbia macroclada, Verbascum cheiranthifolium, and Astragalus gummifer grown in soil of the Keban, Turkey, Lead–zinc–copper–fluoride mining area, which has an arid climate. Soil B concentrations were also investigated. Plants and their associated soil samples were collected and analyzed by Inductively Coupled Plasma–Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS). Total B concentrations of soils in the study area were very low (mean: 4.97 mg kg^?1) as compared with those in surface soils in other countries. Boron concentrations of plant organs were several times higher than those in their associated soils. The mean values of B concentrations in roots of E. macroclada, V. cheiranthifolium, and A. gummifer were 25, 70, and 69 mg kg^?1, respectively, while those in shoots were 75, 115, and 77 mg kg^?1, respectively. Results indicate that roots and shoots of plants grown in soils with low B concentrations can be used both as biomonitors for environmental contamination and biogeochemical indicators for B.     

羊草种群克隆分株之间光合产物的转移

羊草 (L eymuschinensis)是具有克隆生长习性的多年生根茎植物。其分株系统能存活 7a,其根茎甚至可在地上部分死亡后继续存活。羊草分株可分为 7个年龄 (AC) ,有 :AC0、AC1、AC2、AC3、AC4、AC5和 AC6 ;4个世代 ,即祖代开花分株世代 (G(1) )或祖代营养分株世代 (G1)、母代开花分株世代 (G(2 ) )或母代营养分株世代 (G2 )、当代开花分株世代 (G(3) )或当代营养分株世代 (G3)和子代营养分株世代 (G4 )。揭示了羊草克隆分株之间存在 3种光合产物的转移格局 ,它们是向项性转移、向基性转移和水平性转移。还观察到 ,不同类型分株可调节不同类型分株之间的光合产物转移量。对于向项性转移 ,光合产物主要输出到营养分株 (VR) ,以低转移速率输出到开花分株 (FR)。对于向基性转移 ,光合产物主要输出到 FR,而以低转移速率输出到 VR。对于水平性转移 ,该种转移出现在同一世代的姊妹分株 (SR)之间 ,在从 FR到 VR的转移或在从 VR到 FR的转移 ,转移速率较高 ,但在同种类型分株 (即从 FR到 FR或从 VR到 VR)之间的转移速率较低。幼嫩的 VR比同一世代的 FR能保留更多的光合产物     

Comparative study of enrichment methods for the isolation of autotrophic nitrifying bacteria from soil, estuarine and marine sediments

Abstract A comparative study has been undertaken to determine the efficiency of methods for the enrichment and isolation of autotrophic nitrifying bacteria from soils and estuarine and marine sediments. Chemostat enrichments proved to be the most efficient means of isolating autotrophic NH⁺₄ oxidisers whereas NO⁻₂ oxidising bacteria were never successfully enriched by this method. In contrast, gel enrichment and traditional batch culture enrichments of nitrifying bacteria were comparatively time consuming procedures and the degree of enrichment obtained for NH⁺₄ oxidising bacteria never approached that obtained with continuous culture enrichments. Gel enrichments, however, because they have continuous physicochemical gradients provide qualitative advantages in that morphologically distinct types of nitrifying bacteria can be isolated from the same gel.     

凝集素法与酰肼法富集糖肽的方法学比较

蛋白质糖基化(glycosylation)是最常见和最重要的翻译后修饰之一.大规模N-连接糖基化位点鉴定是糖蛋白质组学研究的重要组成部分,而N-连接糖肽富集是高通量N-连接糖基化位点鉴定的关键步骤.凝集素富集法和酰肼化学法是目前被广泛应用的N-连接糖肽富集技术,有报道认为两种方法具有很强的互补性,联合使用能提高糖基化位点的鉴定数目.本文以Hep G2细胞系为模型,系统比较了这两种方法的富集效率和糖蛋白鉴定数目.结果表明,虽然酰肼法的糖肽富集效率为76.6%,远高于凝集素法的54.6%,但是凝集素法却能鉴定到825个糖蛋白和1 959个N-连接糖基化位点,显著多于酰肼法富集到的522个糖蛋白和1 014个糖基化位点.并且,两种方法并未显示出显著的互补性,仅28个糖蛋白和80个糖基化位点未在凝集素法中鉴定到.     

A facile reporter system for the experimental identification of twin-arginine translocation (Tat) signal peptides from all kingdoms of life

We have developed a reporter protein system for the experimental verification of twin-arginine signal peptides. This reporter system is based on the Streptomyces coelicolor agarase protein, which is secreted into the growth medium by the twin-arginine translocation (Tat) pathway and whose extracellular activity can be assayed colorimetrically in a semiquantitative manner. Replacement of the native agarase signal peptide with previously characterized twin-arginine signal peptides from other Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria resulted in efficient Tat-dependent export of agarase. Candidate twin-arginine signal peptides from archaeal proteins as well as plant thylakoid-targeting sequences were also demonstrated to mediate agarase translocation. A naturally occurring variant signal peptide with an arginine-glutamine motif instead of the consensus di-arginine was additionally recognized as a Tat-targeting sequence by Streptomyces. Application of the agarase assay to previously uncharacterized candidate Tat signal peptides from Bacillus subtilis identified two further probable Tat substrates in this organism. This is the first versatile reporter system for Tat signal peptide identification.     

Malfolded recombinant Tat substrates are Tat-independently degraded in Escherichia coli

The twin-arginine translocation (Tat) system translocates folded proteins across biological membranes. It has been suggested that the Tat system of Escherichia coli can direct Tat substrates to degradation if they are not properly folded [Matos, C.F., Robinson, C. and Di Cola, A. (2008) The Tat system proofreads FeS protein substrates and directly initiates the disposal of rejected molecules. EMBO J. 27, 2055-2063; Matos, C.F., Di Cola, A. and Robinson, C. (2009) TatD is a central component of a Tat translocon-initiated quality control system for exported FeS proteins in Escherichia coli. EMBO Rep. 10, 474-479]. Contrary to the earlier reports, it is now concluded that reported differences between tested strains were due to variations in expression levels and inclusion body formation. Using the native Tat substrate NrfC and a malfolded variant thereof, we show that the turnover of these proteins is not affected by the absence of all known Tat components. Malfolded NrfC is degraded more quickly than the native protein, indicating that Tat-independent protease systems can recognize malfolded Tat substrates.     

玉米冠层的数学描述与三维重建研究

采用Lang提出的原理开发了空间坐标仪。利用该仪器测定玉米冠层的空间坐标,以此提出了应用一般二次方程描述玉米叶曲线和叶形的数学方法,方程的系数由最小二乘回归方法得到,其中叶曲线系数由叶片主脉坐标决定,叶形系数由沿叶长方向叶宽测定值决定。从而使应用较少参数描述真实的玉米群体结构成为可能。另外,还实现了玉米冠层的计算机三维重建,为农业生态系统研究提供了新的手段。     

双歧杆菌活菌制剂对烧伤鼠肠源性感染的预防作用

本文以３０％烫伤同时口服抗生素,喂饲双歧杆菌制剂的大鼠为模型,将Ｗｉｓｔａｒ大鼠分为烧伤治疗组,烧伤对照组及正常对照组。并于伤后２４、４８、７２、９６小时分别观察盲肠内容物菌群,粘蛋白,分泌型免疫球蛋白Ａ（ＳＩｇＡ）;肠道细菌移位率;腔静脉内毒素含量。结果发现烧伤后肠道菌群有不同程度的变化,念珠菌迅速过度生长、厌氧菌下降、肠内需厌氧菌比例严重失调,治疗组中粘蛋白含量,肠道细菌移位率均明显小于烧伤对照组;而ＳＩｇＡ含量则高于对照组,菌群改变较对照组轻。故认为双歧杆菌制剂有助于预防烧伤肠源性感染的发生。     

“细菌移位”还是“细菌易位”？

关于“Bacterial translocation”的研究虽已有几十年的历史,但是国内文献对将“Bacterial Translocation”翻译为“细菌移位”还是“细菌易位”还一直存在广泛争议。为对“Bacterial Translocation”的准确翻译提供理论依据,本文阐明了其研究背景及定义、发生机制及生物学意义;系统总结了国内文献中“细菌移位”和“细菌易位”的使用现状,从中文词义和生物学过程2个角度探讨了“Bacterial Translocation”对应的中文翻译;最终认定翻译为“细菌移位”更准确、认可度更高、更有利于推进相关研究的规范化。