A worldwide phylogenetic classification of the Poaceae (Gramineae) III: An update

We present an updated worldwide phylogenetic classification of Poaceae with 11 783 species in 12 subfamilies, 7 supertribes, 54 tribes, 5 super subtribes, 109 subtribes, and 789 accepted genera. The subfamilies (in descending order based on the number of species) are Pooideae with 4126 species in 219 genera, 15 tribes, and 34 subtribes; Panicoideae with 3325 species in 242 genera, 14 tribes, and 24 subtribes; Bambusoideae with 1698 species in 136 genera, 3 tribes, and 19 subtribes; Chloridoideae with 1603 species in 121 genera, 5 tribes, and 30 subtribes; Aristidoideae with 367 species in three generaand one tribe; Danthonioideae with 292 species in 19 generaand 1 tribe; Micrairoideae with 192 species in nine generaand three tribes; Oryzoideae with 117 species in 19 genera, 4 tribes, and 2 subtribes; Arundinoideae with 36 species in 14 genera and 3 tribes; Pharoideae with 12 species in three generaand one tribe; Puelioideae with 11 species in two generaand two tribes; and the Anomochlooideae with four species in two generaand two tribes. Two new tribes and 22 new or resurrected subtribes are recognized. Forty-five new (28) and resurrected (17) genera are accepted, and 24 previously accepted genera are placed in synonymy. We also provide an updated list of all accepted genera including common synonyms, genus authors, number of species in each accepted genus, and subfamily affiliation. We propose Locajonoa, a new name and rank with a new combination, L. coerulescens. The following seven new combinations are made in Lorenzochloa: L. bomanii, L. henrardiana, L. mucronata, L. obtusa, L. orurensis, L. rigidiseta, and L. venusta.     

Serotaxonomy and systematic relationships of the genus Adenocarpus (Genisteae – Fabaceae)

The storage proteins extracted from the seeds of five species of the genus Adenocarpus and of four subspecies or varieties of the type species A. complicates were studied serologically and compared with the homologous proteins extracted from 20 other species of Genisteae and allied tribes. All taxa of Adenocarpus reacted strongly with an antiserum to A. complicates ssp. complicates; only slight differences were observed between subspecies and between species. Adenocarpus was shown to be isolated from all other Genisteae. However, it was more similar to the Genisteae than to species of other tribes. The highest similarity toward Adenocarpus was presented by Argyrolobium , by some primitive unspecialized genera (Laburnum, Cytisophyllum) , and by such isolated genera as Cytisanthus, Spartium, Echinospartum. Retama and Lupinus were most dissimilar. It is concluded that Adenocarpus , a very uniform and isolated genus, belongs to the Genisteae; it shares many characters with the bulk of primitive genera of the Genisteae; its evolutionary line is independent from all others, but is not very distant from that of Argyrolobium.     

TRACHEID BAR AND VESTURED PITS IN LEGUME SEEDS (LEGUMINOSAE: PAPILIONOIDEAE)

The tracheid bar, a strip composed of vertically oriented large tracheid-like cells (tracheoids), occurs only in the hilum of seeds of papilionoid legumes. An anatomical survey of the bar was made from seeds representing 232 species of 97 genera from 29 of the 31 tribes recognized by Polhill. Seeds were sectioned freehand, coated, then viewed by SEM. The tracheid bar is quite uniform in its general features throughout the subfamily, although differences in size and shape of both the bar and the tracheoids were found. Eight species from tribes considered to be among the primitive elements of the subfamily exhibited three variant forms: horizontal tracheary elements instead of the usual bar (2 species), tracheid bar with subtending but separate vascular bundle (1 species), and the tracheid bar with fused horizontal tracheary elements (5 species). Bordered pits of individual cells in the tracheid bar virtually always lacked a membrane and had smooth, warty, or variously elaborate vestures on the border. This appears to be the first report of vestured pits other than in secondary xylem. With some exceptions, bordered pits tended to be vestured in primitive tribes, warty in intermediate tribes, and smooth or only slightly warty in the most advanced tribes.     

The Geographical Distribution of the Subfamily Cyrtandroideae Endl. Emend. Burtt (Gesneriaceae)

Based on Burtts classification and relevant references, the geographical distribution of the subfamily Cyrtandroideae Endl. emend. Burtt is outlined, distribution maps of 79 genera are provided, and some evolutionary trends of the taxa are inferred. The main points may be summarized as follows:1. The centre of distribution The Cyrtandroideae consists of four tribes, 79 genera and about 1770 species, widely distributed in tropical and subtropical regions of the Old World, ranging from Guinea eastwards to Nukuhiva Islands and from Western Bulgaria southwards to Southern Natal, with only one species disjunctly occurring in tropical America. According to Takhtajans (1978) regionalization of the world flora, and referring to Goods (1974) and Wus (1979) scheme, the distribution patterns of Cyrtandroideae may be generalized as: (1) Pantropics, with 3 genera; (2) Palaeotropics, with 47 genera; and (3) North Temperate, with 27 genera. Tropical Asia (Indo Malaysia) is the centre of variation and diversity of the Cyrtandroideae, where the most primitive taxa, with the chromosome number of n=8 or n=9, and all of the four tribes exist, and where more genera(50) and species (1200 odd) are found than elsewhere. Among the four tribes of the Cyrtandroideae, only two tribes are distributed west of India. Three European genera with six species, confined to the Mediterranean, belong to one tribe, Didymocarpeae. Of 10 African and Madagascar genera, 9(7 endemic) belong to Trib. Didymocarpeae, 1 to Trib. Klugieae, and a11 of 168 African and Mada gascar species are not outside both of these regions. 2. Disjunct distribution and dispersal In Trib. Klugieae, two species of Epithema are found disjunctly in west Africa, and one species of Rhynchoglossum, R. azureum, is disjunct in tropical America, from southern Mexico to northern Peru. Their closely allied species and neighbouring genera are in tropical Asia. Rhynchoglossun azureum has a close relationship with R. notonianum, which is located in India and Sri Lanka, so it is hypothesized that Rhyncho glossum existed in north Africa, where there were tropical rain forests similar to those in Malaysia during the Tertiary. The author noticed that seeds of R. obliquum from tropical areas of southern Yunnan can still germinate after seven months at normal temperature. Most seeds of this genus are not only long lived but very tiny (0.3～0.4 mm long), and can be dispersed by wind or birds (epizoochore through the agency of mucus). One or two species of Rhipsalis in Cactaceae was carried by birds from south America to Madagascar, the Mascarene Islands and Sri Lanka at an early period. This example indicates the possibility of this means of distribution. More than 200 species from the volcanic islands of the Polynesian region, including the Hawaiian Islands,all belonging to Cyrtandra, were obviously spread by birds from tropical Asia during an earllier period. The distribution of two species of Boea and one species of Cyrtandra in northeast Queensland shows that some early taxa of the genera entered Yorke Peninsua from New Guinea when the sea level was lower during the Quaternary glaciations The modern vicarious distribution patterns of the two subfamilies indicate that the main taxa of the family were produced during the course of the continental drift and the climatic and environmental changes. According to the principle of common origin, the ancestor of Gesneriaceae appeared most probably not later than the late Cretaceous, and might be traced back to the Mid Cretaceous. 3. Some problems about evolutionary tendencies In general, the actinomorphic corolla precedes the bilabiate one, and the flower with stamens all fertile precedes those with 1 or 3 staminodes (Ivanina, 1965; Wang, 1989、 1992). In some diandrous genera of Cyrtandroideae, 4 or 5 fertile stamens may occur exceptionally, and are associated with a more or less regular corolla. The exceptional appearances may possibly be atavistic, not representing the main evolutionary tendencies. In the genus Aeschynanthus, pollen grains of Sect. Haplotrichum and Sect. Diplotrichum, whose corollas usually have indistinct bilabiate limbs, are comparatively small, but large in sections Microtrichium, Xanthanthos and Aeschynanthus, whose corollas have distinct bilabiate limbs. 4. The relationships of the four tribes he tribes Cyrtandreae, Trichosporeae and Didymocarpeae are closely related (Kvist and Pedersen, 1986). Some terrestrial plants of Trib. Trichosporeae (e.g.Anna and Lysionotus Sect. Didymocarpoides), in which the seeds have subulate appendages at their ends, may represent the intermediate links between tribes Didymocarpeae and Trichosporea.Boeica and Hexatheca form natural links between the tribes Cyrtandreae and Didymocarpeae. The tribes Didymocarpeae and Klugieae probably originated from a common ancestor at an early stage in the evolution of the family.     

Analysis of phylogenetic relationships of Brassicaceae species based on Chs sequences

Sequences of nuclear chalcone synthase gene (Chs) were analyzed for species of the Brassicaceae family to reconstruct phylogenetic relationships. The phylogeny for 106 species of 60 genera was reconstructed, and assigned to 24 tribes, using maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood, and neighbor-joining methods. Most of the tribes can be assigned to the major lineages (Lineages I–III) suggested by Beilstein et al. (2006). The tribe Camelineae was not monophyletic. Conringia planisiliqua together with Orychophragmus violaceus would not be recognized as a new tribe proposed by the previous studies, and C. planisiliqua should be a member of tribe Isatideae. The genera delimitation and monophyly of the expanded Solms-laubachia were also confirmed by our data. Furthermore, one parent of inter-tribal allopolyploid Pachycladon appeared to be most closely associated with Crucihimalaya, Transberingia and tribes Boechereae and Halimolobeae, another parent was proved to be in tribe Smelowskieae.     

Modern classification and distribution of the family Issidae Spinola (Homoptera,Auchenorrhyncha: Fulgoroidea)

The modern classification of the family Issidae s. str. is presented according to which the family consists of 3 tribes: Issini, Hemisphaeriini, and Parahiraciini and comprises a total of 994 species and subspecies in 159 genera. The largest tribe, Issini, is distributed worldwide and comprises 129 genera with 755 species and subspecies. The tribes Hemisphaeriini and Parahiraciini are much smaller and mostly distributed in the Indo-Malayan Realm with some taxa also present in the Eastern Palaearctic and the Oceania. The tribe Hemisphaeriini consists of 15 genera with 187 species and subspecies while Parahiraciini includes 14 genera with 38 species. The Palaearctic and Indo-Malayan Realms have the richest faunas of Issidae. In contrast, Equatorial Africa has a very poor fauna of the family, whereas the Australian fauna is still almost undescribed. Chimetopon camerunensis Schmidt is recorded for the first time from Central African Republic and Gabon, and Sarima erythrocyclos Fennah, from Taveuni Island (Fiji).     

G-banding homologies of some Australian rodents

G-banding comparisons of 26 species in 10 genera of three tribes of Australian rodents show that at least one representative of each of the three tribes has autosomal complements that are indistinguishable on G-banding, implying unusually high conservation of karyotypes. Three genera (Pseudomys, Notomys, and Mastacomys) are distinguished karyotypically by a reciprocal translocation, one genus (Uromys) by a tandem fusion, and one genus (Zyzomys) by a radically altered karyotype. The only other rearrangements identified from G-banding are pericentric inversions, all 12 of which involve breaks in the proximal area.     

Closing the gaps: phylogenetic relationships in the Brassicaceae based on DNA sequence data of nuclear ribosomal ITS region

Sequence data from the nuclear encoded ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region were used to determine monophyly of tribes, tribal limits, and tribal relationships of 96 so far unassigned or tentatively assigned genera (represented by 101 taxa/accessions) within the Brassicaceae. Maximum-parsimony and maximum-likelihood analyses of 185 ITS Brassicaceae sequences, which also included representatives of each of the 34 currently recognized tribes, supported the separate phylogenetic distinctness of these tribes and permitted the tribal assignment of all but 12 of the unassigned genera into tribal clades. The data support the recognition of eight new, well-resolved, uni- or oligogeneric tribes recognized herein as the Alyssopsideae [96% bootstrap support (BS); including the central and southwestern Asian Alyssopsis and Calymmatium], Asteae (100% BS; including the Mexican Asta), Eudemeae (97% BS; South American Brayopsis, Eudema, and Xerodraba), Kernereae (96% BS; European Kernera and Rhizobotrya), Notothlaspideae (100% BS; New Zealandic Notothlaspi), Oreophytoneae (100% BS; eastern African Oreophyton and southern European Murbeckiella), and Yinshanieae (100% BS; Chinese Yinshania), as well as the moderately supported Microlepidieae (75% BS; Australian Microlepidium and Carinavalva). Furthermore, the results fully support the recent findings that the tribes Schizopetaleae and Thelypodieae ought to be recognized as two distinct tribes instead of a single tribe, as well as provide some support for the re-establishment of the tribe Cremolobeae, bringing the total number to 44 tribes in the family. Nearly 92% (308) of the 336 genera in the family have been assigned to a tribe. The earlier-published Anastaticeae is taken here to replace the Malcolmieae.     

西双版纳不同经济作物环境泥蜂物种多样性研究

泥蜂是一类重要的捕猎性天敌昆虫和传粉昆虫。本研究于2018年6月-2019年11月对西双版纳地区观赏经作区、柚林区、古茶林区和农田区(样地Ⅰ-Ⅳ)4个调查区采用马氏网诱捕方法定期定点调查,每月调查一次。结果如下：西双版纳调查区域分布有泥蜂类群3科15族27属110种;其中,泥蜂科包括3族5属7种;蠊泥蜂科包括2族3属8种;方头泥蜂科包括10族19属95种,为该地区的优势科。脊短柄泥蜂属Psenulus、小唇泥蜂属Larra和短翅泥蜂属Trypoxylon为优势属,刻臀小唇泥蜂Larra fenchihuensis、磨光小唇泥蜂红腿亚种Larra polita luzonensis为优势种。4个作物区的优势科均为方头泥蜂科,但不同作物区泥蜂的优势属种存在差异,观赏经作区(样地Ⅰ)优势属为脊短柄泥蜂属和短翅泥蜂属,优势种为普氏脊短柄泥蜂指名亚种Psenulus pulcherrimus pulcherrimus(17.4%)和岩田隆痣短柄泥蜂Carinostigmus iwatai(15.6%);柚木林区(样地Ⅱ)优势属为脊短柄泥蜂属和短翅泥蜂属,优势种为普氏脊短柄泥蜂指名亚种(17.7%...     

国产藜科14种植物种皮微形态特征比较研究

应用扫描电子显微镜和光学显微镜观察了中国产藜科(Chenopodiaceae)5族10属14种植物的种子形态和种皮微形态结构。观察结果表明:供试的14种藜科植物的种子多为卵形和圆形,少数为双凸镜形;种皮表面都具有网状纹饰,包括浅网纹、负网纹和穴状网纹。种皮可分为膜质和壳质2类,其中,膜质型种皮表面不光滑,除网状纹饰外,还有瘤状或褶皱状等纹饰,网眼无规则,纹饰排列无序,猪毛菜族(Salsoleae C.A.Mey.)的松叶猪毛菜(Salsola laricifolia Turcz.ex Litv.)及樟味藜族(Camphorosmeae Moq.)的地肤〔Kochia scoparia(L.)Schrad.〕、全翅地肤(K.krylovii Litv.)、黑翅地肤(K.melanoptera Bunge)、雾冰藜〔Bassia dasyphylla(Fisch.et Mey.)O.Kuntze〕、钩刺雾冰藜〔B.hyssopifolia(Pall.)O.Kuntze〕、樟味藜(Camphorosma monspeliaca L.)、兜藜(Panderia turkestanica Iljin.)和棉藜(Kirilowia eriantha Bunge)均属此类;壳质型种皮表面近光滑,网眼规则,排列整齐有序,少数为不规则浅穴,网脊平而不明显或凹陷,滨藜族(Atripliceae C.A.Mey.)的滨藜〔Atriplex patens(Litv.)Iljin.〕、碱蓬族(Suaedeae Reich.)的角果碱蓬〔Suaeda corniculata(C.A.Mey.)Bunge〕、纵翅碱蓬〔S.pterantha(Kar.et Kir.)Bunge〕和异子蓬(Borszczowia aralocaspica Bunge)以及藜族(Chenopodieae C.A.Mey.)的刺藜(Chenopodium aristatum L.)均属此类。各族之间种皮微形态结构也有一定的区别。根据种皮微形态,地肤属(Kochia Roth)与雾冰藜属(Bassia All.)的关系较近,属的界限和部分种类的亲缘关系需要进一步界定。藜科植物种皮表面大部分凹凸不平,这种结构可能与荒漠干旱生境下吸收和保留水分有关。     

Molecular and morphological phylogeny of Menispermaceae (Ranunculales)

The phylogeny of Menispermaceae (Ranunculales) is reconstructed here using both morphological and molecular data from a broad sample of species. Morphological data include characters of leaves, wood, flowers, fruits, seeds, pollen and phytochemistry from 73 species representing the different subgroups recognized within the family. This dataset allowed us to study the morphological evolutionary trends in Menispermaceae. The molecular data focused on cpDNA sequences: rbcL and atpB. Maximum parsimony (MP) and Bayesian methods were used to reconstruct the phylogeny of Menispermaceae. The results obtained from the three datasets are partly incongruent. The morphology indicates that Menispermaceae can be divided into two major groups, one including the tribes Fibraureae and Tinosporeae, the other one including the tribes Anomospermeae, Pachygoneae and Menispermeae. Only Burasaia Thouars was not included in any of these groups. The characters of fruits and seeds appeared to be most useful to differentiate these groups whereas convergences were found for the androecium.     

Recognition of two major clades and early diverged groups within the subfamily Cyperoideae (Cyperaceae) including Korean sedges

We aim to present phylogenetic major groups within the subfamily Cyperoideae (Cyperaceae) on the basis of three molecular data sets; nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer and 5.8S ribosomal RNA region, the ribulose-1, 5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase large subunit gene, and trnL intron and trnL-F intergenic spacer. Three molecular data and two combined data sets were used to obtain robust and detailed phylogenetic trees by using maximum parsimony and Bayesian inference, respectively. We analyzed 81 genera and 426 species of Cyperaceae, including Korean species. We suggest one early diverged group (EDGs), and two major clades (FAEC and SDC) within the subfamily Cyperoideae. And the clade EDGs comprises six tribes (Schoeneae, Bisboeckelereae, Sclerieae, Cryptangieae, Trilepideae, and Rhynchosporeae) at the basal nodes of Cyperoideae. The FAEC clade (posterior probability [PP]/bootstrap value [BS] = 1.00/85) comprises four tribes (Fuireneae, Abildgaardieae, Eleocharideae, Cypereae), and the SDC clade (PP/BS = 1.00/86) comprises three tribes (Scirpeae, Dulichieae, Cariceae). These three clades used for phylogenetic groups in our study will be useful for establishing the major lineage of the sedge family. The phylogeny of Korean sedges was also investigated within the whole phylogeny of Cyperaceae. The 20 genera of Korean sedges were placed in 10 tribes forming 14 clades.     

The neurolathyrogen, α-amino-β-oxalylaminopropionic acid in legume seeds

The neurotoxic lathyrogen, α-amino-β-oxalylaminopropionic acid (β-oxalyldiaminopropionic acid, ODAP) accumulates in the seeds of 13 species of Crotalaria and 17 species of Acacia as well as in seeds of Lathyrus. The compound was not detected in seeds representing 250 other legume genera—these are listed.     

Calystegines as chemotaxonomic markers in the Convolvulaceae

An extended GC-MS study of 129 convolvulaceous species belonging to 29 genera (all 12 tribes) including the results of a previous survey (65 spp.) revealed the occurrence of one to six polyhydroxy alkaloids of the nortropane type (calystegines) in 62 species belonging to 22 genera of all tribes except the unique parasitic Cuscuteae. The large genus Ipomoea turned out to comprise calystegine-positive species in at least eight out of ten sections checked. The number of the calystegines used as reference compounds has been increased from seven (previous survey) to 11 (present study). Furthermore, the results concerning these additional four alkaloids could also be completed for all species of the previous survey. The plant material (epigeal vegetative parts and/or roots, flowers, fruits/seeds) was obtained from collections in the wild from a wide range of tropical, subtropical, and temperate locations of all continents as well as from cultivation in the greenhouse. All plant organs turned out to be potential locations for the occurrence of these metabolites though they are detectable often only in certain organs of a given species. Three genera (Cuscuta, Operculina, Polymeria) might have lost the ability to synthesize these plesiomorphic characters in the course of the evolution since the examination of several different organs and/or provenances of five species each failed to show calystegines as constituents. Nevertheless, the present data clearly demonstrate that the occurrence of calystegines is an almost consistent trait in the Convolvulaceae in principle, from basal to most advanced tribes.     

Contribution to ITS phylogeny of the Brassicaceae, with special reference to some Asian taxa

Sequence data from the nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region for 189 accessions representing 184 species in 121 genera of Brassicaceae were used to determine monophyly of tribes and genera, tribal boundaries, and component genera. Parsimony analysis and Bayesian inference suggest that the tribes Camelineae and Arabideae are polyphyletic and should be subdivided into smaller tribes. The study also supports the recent recognition of the new tribes Aphragmeae, Biscutelleae, Buniadeae, Calepineae, Conringieae, Dontostemoneae, Erysimeae, Malcolmieae, Megacarpaeeae, and Turritideae. The data argue for the placement of Borodinia in the tribe Boechereae, Litwinowia and Pseudoclausia in the Chorisporeae, Atelanthera and Streptoloma in the Euclidieae, and Megacarpaea and Pugionium in the Megacarpaeeae, and exclusion of Asperuginoides, Didymophysa, and Ptilotrichum from the Alysseae, Macropodium, Pseudoturritis, and Stevenia from the Arabideae, and Crucihimalaya, Irenepharsus, Pachycladon, and Turritis from the Camelineae. Finally, the findings support the expansion of Stevenia to include both Berteroella and Ptilotrichum, Sterigmostemum to include Oreoloma and one species of Anchonium, Crucihimalaya to include Transberingia and several species of Arabis, and Parrya to include Pseudoclausia. The data also suggest that Calymmatium and Olimarabidopsis may be congeneric.     

Relationship between subfamilies,tribes and genera in iridaceae inferred from chemical characters

Free amino acids and γ-glutamyl peptides have been examined in 22 species of Iridaceae. 3-(3′-Carboxyphenyl)alanine and 3′-carboxyphenylglycine, previously known from the tribes Irideae and Tigridideae in the subfamily Iridodeae have been identified also in the tribe Mariceae of Iridoideae and the genera Bobartia, Orthrosanthus and Libertia of the subfamily Sisyrinchioideae. γ-Glutamyl peptides, previously known from the tribe Irideae, have been found also in the tribe Mariceae, both tribes being from subfamily Iridoideae. γ-Glutamyl-S-methylcysteine, γ-glutamylmethionine and the corresponding sulphoxides are the dominating γ-glutamyl peptides in the genera Dietes, Gynandriris, Moraea (tribe Irideae), Neomarica and Trimezia (tribe Mariceae), whereas γ-glutamyl peptides with non-sulphur amino acids are predominant in genera Ferraria, Hermodactylus, Homeria, Iris, Iridodyctyum and Xiphium (tribe Irideae). Dietes robisoniana, endemic to Lord Howe Island, has the same technical characters as other Dietes species from Southern Africa. The results are discussed in relation to botanical classification of and within the subfamilies Iridoideae and Sisyrinchoideae.     

l-3-(3′-Carboxy-4′-hydroxyphenyl)alanine (3-carboxytyrosine) in seeds of Neonotonia wightii (Glycine wightii) and its possible systematic significance

l-3-(3′-Carboxy-4′-hydroxyphenyl)alanine (3-carboxytyrosine) constitutes 3% of the seeds of Neonotonia wightii (Glycine wightii); it has also been detected in the seeds of 3 species belonging to 2 other genera of the Glycineae. The systematic significance of these findings is discussed.     

A comprehensive generic-level phylogeny of the sunflower family: Implications for the systematics of Chinese Asteraceae

The sunflower family (Asteraceae) is the largest and the most diverse flowering plant family, comprising 24 000–30 000 species and 1600–1700 genera. In China, Asteraceae are also the largest family, with approximately 2336 indigenous species in 248 genera. In the past two decades, molecular phylogenetic analyses has contributed greatly to our understanding of the systematics of Asteraceae. Nevertheless, the large-scale analyses and knowledge about the relationships of Chinese Asteraceae at the generic level as a whole are far from complete due to difficulties in sampling. In this study, we presented a three-marker (rbcL, ndhF, and matK) phylogeny of Asteraceae, including 506 genera (i.e., approximately one-third of Asteraceae genera). The study sampled 200 Chinese genera (i.e., approximately 80% of Chinese Asteraceae genera). The backbones of the new phylogeny were largely congruent with earlier studies, with 13 subfamilies and 45 tribes recognized. Chinese Asteraceae were distributed in 7 subfamilies (Mutisioideae, Wunderlichioideae, Carduoideae, Pertyoideae, Gymnarrhenoideae, Cichorioideae, and Asteroideae) and 22 tribes (Mutiseae, Hyalideae, Cardueae, Pertyeae, Gymnarrheneae, Vernonieae, Cichorieae, Doroniceae, Senecioneae, Astereae, Anthemideae, Gnaphalieae, Calenduleae, Inuleae, Athroismeae, Helenieae, Coreopsideae, Neurolaeneae, Tageteae, Millieae, Eupatorieae, and Heliantheae). Chinese Asteraceae lacked 6 basal subfamilies and 23 tribes. Several previously ambiguous relationships were clarified. Our analyses also resolved some unplaced genera within Chinese Asteraceae. Finally, our phylogenetic tree was used to revise the classification for all genera of Chinese Asteraceae. In total, 255 genera, 22 tribes, and 7 subfamilies in China are recognized.     

Molecular phylogeny of Palaearctic genera of Gomphocerinae grasshoppers (Orthoptera, Acrididae)

Abstract.  Molecular phylogenetic methods were used to examine morphologically based hypotheses concerning the taxonomic structure and relationships of the grasshopper subfamily Gomphocerinae. Two mitochondrial gene (cytochrome b and cytochrome oxidase subunit I) sequences were determined for twenty-five species representing eleven Palaearctic genera. The studied Gomphocerinae species constituted a monophyletic group; furthermore, the earlier division of Gomphocerinae into tribes was supported, with each tribe monophyletic. There was no support for various systems uniting Stenobothrini and Gomphocerini into one tribe. Two separate clusters were discerned in Gomphocerini and two tribes were distinguished – Gomphocerini (genera Aeropus , Stauroderus , Chorthippus ) and Stenobothrini (genera Omocestus , Stenobothrus ).