Effects of milk fat,unhydrogenated and partially hydrogenated vegetable oils on serum lipoproteins in growing pigs

• 1.1. Crossbred Yorkshire (Yorkshire × Landrace) pigs were fed butter oil, cream, low erucic acid rapeseed oil, sunflower oil and partially hydrogenated sunflower oil in amounts representing 30% of energy for periods of up to 13 weeks.
• 2.2. After 13 wk of feeding serum total cholesterol levels of pigs fed milk fat were significantly higher than of pigs fed vegetable oils.
• 3.3. The difference in cholesterol was mainly due to an increase in the density range of 1.063–1.125 g/ml containing pig LDL₂ and some HDL.
• 4.4. A shift towards smaller LDL particle size was apparent in pigs fed milk fat.
• 5.5. The effects of dietary trans fatty acids did not differ from cis polyunsaturated or monounsaturated fatty acids.

     

Growth and haematological response of sturgeon hybrids Russian sturgeon (Acipenser guldenstadti brandt) × beluga (Huso huso L.) to protein and lipid contents in the diet

• 1.1. Fingerlings of intergenious hybrid Russian sturgeon (Acipenser guldenstadti) × beluga (Huso huso) weighing 22 g reared in water with salinity 18 ppt were fed nine diets differing in protein and fat content.
• 2.2. The increase of dietary protein content (from 45 to 52%) improved the fingerlings growth rate, food and protein conversion efficiencies. No effect of further protein content increase to 60% was observed.
• 3.3. The increase of dietary fat content from 10 to 20% positively influenced all growth results.
• 4.4. The muscular lipid content increased following the increase in dietary fat due to accumulation of triacylglycerols.
• 5.5. Distinctive leucopenia in neutrophils and leucophilia in lymphocytes following dietary protein and fat content increase were observed.
• 6.6. It was concluded that within the analysed range of values the increase of dietary protein and lipid content improved the physiological status of sturgeon hybrid fingerlings.

     

Effects of high dietary methionine on activities of selected enzymes in the liver of kittens (felis domesticus)

• 1.1. Growing male kittens were fed an 18% casein diet supplemented with 2, 3, or 4% l-methionine (MET) for 6 weeks.
• 2.2. Free MET concentration in liver increased 30-fold and cystathionine two- to three-fold; the activity of adenosyl-MET transferase and cystathionase also increased but remained lower than previously found in rats.
• 3.3. Taurine concentration in liver decreased in cats fed excess MET and appeared to depend on taurine intake.
• 4.4. Alanine aminotransferase activity was high in all groups while serine dehydratase activity was very low.
• 5.5. Pyruvate kinase and malic enzyme activities which are normally low in cat liver increased after excess MET. Also, glucose 6-phosphate and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenases increased.
• 6.6. Cat liver metabolism showed limited adaptation to an excess dietary intake of methionine compared to that found in rats.

     

Blood lipids of the small octopus,Octopus tehuelchus (mollusca,cephalopoda) at different stages of sexual maturation

• 1.1. The lipid and fatty acid composition from the plasma and hemocytes in Octopus tehuelchus at different stages of sexual development, was determined.
• 2.2. The highest content of lipids was found in females engaged in egg development, and the lowest in post-spawning and brooding females. Highest levels occurred during the autumn season in both sexes.
• 3.3. Changes were mainly due to triacylglycerols and diacylglyceryl ethers.
• 4.4. The plasma fatty acid composition did not demonstrate significant changes at different stages of maturation. The arachidonic acid (20:4 ω 6) was present at surprisingly high levels.

     

Transport of cholesterol in the hemolymph of the mollusc Diplodon delodontus

• 1.1. The dietary and inter-organ cholesterol transport in the hemolymph of the bivalve mollusc Diplodon delodontus, was studied. Plasma and hemocytes were obtained after feeding labeled cholesterol to animals or injecting it into the posterior adductor muscle.
• 2.2. In both cases, cholesterol was incorporated either into plasma or hematic cells.
• 3.3. Two plasmatic fractions differing in their hydrated densities were recognized as cholesterol carriers and were isolated. They have characteristics of high density (HDL) and very high density (VHDL) lipoproteins, respectively.
• 4.4. The major lipids in the different classes of lipoproteins were free sterols in HDL and phospholipids in VHDL.
• 5.5. Neither low nor very low density lipoprotein transporting cholesterol was detected.

     

The effect of dietary protein level and ration level on excretion of ammonia in common carp,Cyprinus carpio

• 1.1. Nitrogenous excretion in the form of ammonia was determined in common carp of 65.0 ± 8.0 g body weight in metabolism chambers. The fish were fed with 20, 35 and 50% dietary protein at 1, 2 and 3% body weight per day ration level.
• 2.2. Nitrogenous excretion as a percentage of ingested food increased with an increase of dietary protein but decreased with an increase of ration level.
• 3.3. The energy lost in excretion ranged from 4.19% with 20% dietary protein at 3% ration level to 8.74% with 50% dietary at 1% ration level.

     

The reproduction strategy of oyster ostrea edulis L. from the biochemical point of view

• 1.1. Influence of the biochemical composition of food (four species of micro-algae and one mixture) on the biochemical composition of gonads and larvae of O. edulis (total protein, lipid, carbohydrate, ash content, neutral and polar lipid class composition, amino acid composition and fatty acid composition of total, neutral and polar lipids) and the size of newly released larvae have been investigated.
• 2.2. Precentage of total lipids and triacylglycerols in gonads depends on that in algae (r = 0.52 and 0.69 accordingly).
• 3.3. Gonads rich in lipids had a higher level of triacylglycerols, phospholipids, polar lipids and a lower value of the ratio phosphatidylethanolamine/phosphatidylcholine (PE/PC) than gonads with a low lipid content.
• 4.4. Amino acid composition of gonads depends on that of food, in this case, essential acids are preferentially accumulated (Asp acid, Ser, Ala, Cys, Tyr and Pro) and two non-essential (Thr and Lys).
• 5.5. Fatty acid composition of total lipids of gonads was rather stable; except for the two essential acids 20:523 and 22:6w3, their percentage depends on that of food r = 0.65 and 0.65 accordingly). Fatty acid composition of neutral lipids was more diverse (in number and degree of variety) as compared to polar lipids.
• 6.6. Larvae released from oysters with gonads rich in lipids had a higher percentage of lipids, triacylglycerols, size and a lower ash percentage and value of ratio PE/PC, as compared to larvae from gonads with low lipid content. Total lipid and triacylglycerol contents in gonads correlate rather well with those in larvae (r = 0.77 and 0.47 accordingly).
• 7.7. Phospholipid class composition of larvae strongly depends on that of gonads. All the correlations are high and positive in character (except for phosphatidylinositol).
• 8.8. Amino acid composition of larvae depends on that of gonads and, as in the case with gonads, the same essential acids are accumulated in the first place.
• 9.9. Fatty acid composition of total lipids of newly released larvae was rather stable and independent on that of gonads except for total polyunsaturated acids (r = 0.70) and 20:5w3 (r = 0.65). Fatty acid composition of neutral lipids was lesser diverse (in number and degree of variation) as compared to polar lipids.

     

Development of hepatic microsomal activity of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme a reductase and cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase in the young chick

• 1.1. The 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase activity increased from 1 to 4 weeks of age, but decreased from 4 to 8 weeks of age.
• 2.2. Cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase activity increased from 1 to 4 weeks, decreased from 4 to 6 weeks, and increased again from 6 to 8 weeks of age.
• 3.3. Serum total and free cholesterol concentrations decreased from 1 to 6 weeks of age, but increased from 6 to 8 weeks of age.

     

Influence of dietary sources of fat on lipid synthesis in mink (Mustela vison) mammary tissue

• 1.1. The fatty acid composition of the triglyceride fraction of mink milk sampled during mid-lactation (day 28 post partum) from two nursing mink was compared to that of plasma samples and to the fatty acid composition of the feed rations used.
• 2.2. Chemical analysis of the triglyceride composition of mink milk demonstrated only minute concentrations of fatty acids with a chain length below C₁₄.
• 3.3. The saturated C_16:0- and C_18:0-unit fatty acids in mink milk made up for 24–40% of the total amount of fatty acids extracted, the remainder being represented by mono and polyunsaturated long-chain (C₁₆-C₂₄) fatty acids.
• 4.4. Preliminary in vitro experiments proved the incorporation of¹⁴C-labelled glucose, acetate or palmitate into triacylglycerols in cultures of mink mammary tissue to be linear for at least 2 hr.
• 5.5. The in vitro capacity for de novo fatty acid synthesis in mink mammary tissue using 14C-labelled glucose or acetate was low, i.e. ranging from 0.096–0.109 nmol/g (fresh tissue)/min, and amounted to only about 5% of that obtained in the case of [¹⁴C]palmitic acid incubation.
• 6.6. Following ¹⁴C-labeIled acetic or palmitic acid incubation of mink mammary tissue neither desaturation nor chain elongation was observed.
• 7.7. In response to long-term feeding on rations with two different sources of animal fat (F = fish oil or L = lard) the influence of compositional changes in dietary neutral lipids on the fatty acid composition of the lipids of mink milk is discussed.

     

Effects of Echinostoma trivolvis (Trematoda) infection on neutral lipids,sterols, and carotenoids in Helisoma trivolvis (Gastropoda)

• 1.1. Histochemical, thin layer and gas-liquid chromatographic studies were done on neutral lipids, sterols and carotenes in the digestive gland-gonad (DGG) complex of Helisoma trivolvis infected with Echinostoma trivolvis vs uninfected DGG.
• 2.2. Hitochemical Oil Red O staining showed the presence of neutral lipids in the redial body wall and in the digestive cells of the DGG.
• 3.3. TLC showed that free sterols and triacylglycerols were major neutral lipid fractions along with lesser amounts of steryl esters and free fatty acids in the DGG of both populations. The percentage composition of all neutral lipid fractions was greater in infected than uninfected DGG.
• 4.4. Infected DGG contained more carotenoid fractions than uninfected DGG, but only beta-carotene was identified from both.
• 5.5. GLC studies showed that the major sterol present in snail DGG was cholesterol (about 70%) along with lesser amounts of stigmasterol, campesterol, beta-sitosterol and desmosterol. No clear cut distinction was seen in sterols from infected vs uninfected DGG.

     

Specific dynamic action and feeding metabolism in common carp,Cyprinus carpio L.

• 1.1. Oxygen uptake attributable to Specific Dynamic Action (SDA) was measured in common carp, Cyprinus carpio L. (63.6–84.0 g) fed on 20, 35 and 50% dietary protein at 0.40 to 1.00% ration levels at 28°C.
• 2.2. After feeding both SDA magnitude and mean peak oxygen consumption increased directly with dietary protein and ration levels. SDA duration was not significantly related to dietary protein but significantly increased with ration levels.
• 3.3. SDA coefficients were 8.99, 13.51 and 15.94% with 20, 35 and 50% dietary protein showing a direction relationship to the protein content. The SDA coefficient did not change with ration size.
• 4.4. SDA models resulting from this work are of great interest for the aquaculturist, as post-feeding oxygen requirements in an intensive fish culture can be predicted where dietary protein and ration levels are known.

     

Dietary linoleic acid affects phospholipid fatty acid composition in heart and eicosanoid production by cardiomyocytes from atlantic salmon (Salmo salar)

• 1.1. Atlantic salmon post-smolts were fed practical-type diets containing linoleic acid at 10, 25 or 45% of total dietary fatty acids for a period of 20 weeks.
• 2.2. As dietary linoleic acid was increased, individual phospholipids of heart contained increased levels of 18:2n-6, 20:2n-6, 20:3n-6 and 20:4n-6 and reduced levels of 20:5n-3. The ratio of n-3/n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids in heart phospholipids decreased and the ratio of 20:4n-6/20:5n-3 increased.
• 3.3. An increased production of thromboxane B₂ occurred in isolated cardiac myocytes from fish given the highest dietary linoleic acid but the production of 6-keto prostaglandin F_1α was not significantly affected, nor was the activity of heart sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca²⁺-Mg²⁺ ATPase (EC 3.6.1.4).

     

Plasma lipid transport in the horse (Equus caballus)

• 1.1. Equine plasma contains lipoproteins corresponding to very low density (VLDL), low density (LDL) and high density lipoproteins (HDL).
• 2.2. HDL accounts for approximately 60% of plasma lipoprotein mass and consists of a single population of particles.
• 3.3. LDL is heterogeneous comprising three discrete subfractions.
• 4.4. Two proteins are found in the region of apolipoprotein (apo) B-100 in VLDL and LDL and a third similar to apo B-48 is in VLDL.
• 5.5. Lecithin:cholesterol acyl transferase is active in plasma and hepatic lipase and lipoprotein lipase are evident in post-heparin plasma.
• 6.6. There is no significant cholesteryl ester transfer protein activity.

     

A comparison of serum retinol concentration between human and different species of normo and hypercholesterolemic nonhuman primates fed semi-purified diets with defined amounts of vitamin A

• 1.1. Serum retinol and total cholesterol concentrations were determined in several species of nonhuman primates fed semipurified diets. Two species of Old World and three species of New World nonhuman primates were examined.
• 2.2. Retinol levels were significantly lower (up to four-fold) in the serum of the smaller New World than the larger Old World animals and the difference could not be explained by differences in dietary make-up.
• 3.3. Cholesterol levels were not different between the groups but differed within a species when type of dietary fat was altered.
• 4.4. Differences in circulating levels of retinol may reflect differences in levels of retinol binding protein between the groups.

     

Influence of recombinant bovine growth hormone on growth and feed intake in juvenile Nile crocodiles (Crocodylus niloticus)

• 1.1. Slow-growing juvenile Nile crocodiles were injected with recombinant bovine growth hormone (rbGH) once a week for 6 weeks and then re-treated after 4 weeks.
• 2.2. The feed intake of the treated crocodiles was 26 g/kg/meal during the three periods, while the intakes of the controls were 15, 20 and 2 g/kg.
• 3.3. The treated gained 2.3 and 0.9%/week in weight during the first and second injection period and the feed conversion efficiencies were 28 and 13%. The controls lost weight.
• 4.4. The treated animals grew at rates of 0.98 and 0.43%/week during the first and the second injection period.
• 5.5. Bovine GH enhances growth in juvenile crocodiles and seems to have less adverse effects than human GH.

     

Alteration of the protein composition of bothrops jararaca venom and venom gland by isoproterenol treatment

• 1.1. The protein composition of Bothrops jararaca venom and venom gland was analyzed through SDS-PAGE, after isoproterenol (IPR) treatment.
• 2.2. Some proteins (47, 48, 57 and 72 kDa) were detected in the gland homogenate from the control but not from the IPR-treated samples.
• 3.3. Three proteins (26.5, 44.5 and 53 kDa) were detected in the venom gland from IPR-treated snakes but not from the venom gland from the control.
• 4.4. In the venom samples proteins of 41 and 74 kDa were detected only in the IPR treated samples, while proteins of 17 and 28 kDa were detected only in the control.
• 5.5. The biological activity of the venom did not change with IPR treatment.

     

Some physical and chemical properties of purified nematocysts of Hydra attenuata pall. (Hydrozoa,cnidaria)

• 1.1. A method for purifying undischarged nematocysts from Hydra and other cnidarians is described.
• 2.2. Isolated cysts (relative densities 1.22–1.24) evaginate their tubular content even after previous dehydration.
• 3.3. The cyst wall is permeable to dyes of mol. wts up to 600,000.
• 4.4. Approximately two-thirds of the cyst's dry wt are soluble proteins. Eighty per cent of them are of low mol. wt and highly anionic, presumably serving as binding sites for Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺.
• 5.5. The other 20% includes 30 different proteins amongst them toxins and enzymes (phospholipase and little proteases but no collagenase, chitinase or hyaluronidase).

     

Adaptive changes in total pyruvate dehydrogenase activity in lipogenic tissues of rats fed high-sucrose or high-fat diets

• 1.1. Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC) activity was measured in several tissues of rats fed for 7 or 15 days on control, or high-sucrose or high-fat diets.
• 2.2. Total activity in adipose tissue increased in the three groups 3–4-fold as compared with chow-fed animals in the first week. Total activity was 60% lower in rats fed the diet containing 22% corn oil for 2 weeks.
• 3.3. Hepatic total and PDCa activities were 50–80% higher in rats fed the sucrose diet for 7 or 15 days and decreased 30–40% in those fed on the high-fat diet for 2 weeks.

     

Accumulation,distribution and toxicity of selenium in the adult house fly,Musca domestica

• 1.1. Accumulation and distribution of dietary Se in relation to mortality was investigated in adult house flies.
• 2.2. The midgut preferentially accumulated Se and thereby limited toxicity.
• 3.3. Midgut Se concentrations were from 6- to 107-fold higher than in carcass, and from 15 to 71% of the total Se was associated with midgut.
• 4.4. When dietary levels of Se were raised the midgut saturated at 15 μg Se/g tissue, followed by a rise in carcass levels to greater than 0.5 μg Se/g tissue and increased mortality.
• 5.5. Se levels in lysosomal fractions were from 3- to 50-fold higher than in other subcellular fractions, suggesting that Se is sequestered in lysosomes.
• 6.6. Se added to drinking water was toxic at 4–8 ppm.

     

Effects of niacin deficiency on the relative turnover rates of proteins in various tissues of Japanese quail

• 1.1. The effects of niacin deficiency on the relative turnover rates of proteins in various tissues of Japanese quail were investigated.
• 2.2. The level of liver NAD was not affected by niacin deficiency whereas the level of pectoral muscle NAD was markedly reduced.
• 3.3. In all dietary treatments the liver had the highest turnover rates of proteins, heart and brain had intermediate rates, and pectoral muscle had the lowest rates.
• 4.4. Relative turnover rates of proteins in all tissues (particularly pectoral muscle) of the niacin deficient group were significantly higher than those of pair-fed control group, although there were no significant differences in turnover rate between pair-fed control and control groups.
• 5.5. The high turnover rate of proteins in niacin deficiency was primarily attributed to enhanced degradation rate of proteins rather than enhanced synthesis rate of proteins.
• 6.6. Optical density scanning (or densitometric) of water-soluble pectoral muscle proteins separated by isoelectric focusing revealed several additional minor protein bands between major protein bands in the niacin deficient group which were more pronounced in the acidic region of the gel.
• 7.7. These results suggest that proteins with a low pI value in pectoral muscle of the niacin deficient animal are highly sensitive to protein degradation.