白凤丸对Aβ1-40和C31导致PC12细胞损伤的保护作用

目的:探讨Aβ1-40和C31对体外培养的PC12细胞的作用,同时研究了白凤丸有效成份BFP对其作用的影响.方法:采用四甲基偶氮唑盐(MTT)检测方法,在培养的PC12细胞观察应用Aβ1-40和C31前后对细胞在570 m的吸收值的影响,以及给予BFP和雌二醇共同孵育后吸收值的改变.结果:Aβ1-40和C31可使细胞在570 nm的吸收值显著降低,而应用BFP和雌激素后,能有效地提高细胞在570m的吸收值.结论:Aβ1-40和C31对PC12细胞具有毒性作用,而BFP能显著拮抗这种作用,与雌激素的作用类似,具有一定的神经保护作用.     

Abeta-Cu 复合物与Abeta纤丝对小胶质细胞激活作用比较研究

目的：比较具有氧化还原活性的过渡金属离子Cu2+(Cu)诱导形成的A茁聚集物（Aβ-Cu 复合物）与Aβ自聚集形成的纤丝 （Fibrillar Aβ, fAβ）对小胶质细胞激活作用的差异。方法：制备Aβ-Cu复合物和fAβ,利用小鼠BV-2 小胶质细胞株,分别以不同浓 度的Aβ-Cu 复合物和fAβ于37 ℃刺激24 h,检测细胞上清液中的TNF-α（Tumor necrosis factor-α）、NO（Nitric oxide）以及H2O2 （Hydrogen Peroxide）的含量。分别收集Aβ-Cu复合物和fA茁作用24 h 后的大鼠原代小胶质细胞条件培养液,通过观察该条件培 养液对大鼠原代海马神经元细胞活力的影响,评价小胶质细胞介导的间接神经元毒性。结果：（1）在不引起直接神经毒性剂量 （2.5 uM）下,Aβ-Cu 复合物激活小胶质细胞释放TNF-alpha（P<0.01）、NO（P<0.05）以及H2O2（P<0.05）的作用强于fAβ。（2）在此剂量 下,A茁-Cu 复合物通过激活小胶质细胞引起的间接神经元毒性强于fAβ（P<0.05）。结论：与fAβ相比,非神经毒性剂量的Aβ-Cu 复合物对于小胶质细胞具有更强的激活作用,并由此引发更为明显的神经元毒性。     

维生素C保护Aβ1-40Cu(Ⅱ)复合物引起的神经元氧化损伤

老年斑中存在大量β 淀粉样蛋白（β-amyloid, Aβ）是老年痴呆症（Alzheimer′s disease, AD）的重要病理特征.大量数据表明,Aβ上具有与过渡态金属离子共价结合的位点,二者能结合成为寡聚复合物. Aβ_1-40Cu（Ⅱ）复合物通过Cu²⁺的还原催化O₂产生H₂O₂但反应机制不清.本文尝试以天然抗氧化剂维生素C（VC）来对抗Aβ_1-40及Aβ_1-40Cu（Ⅱ）复合物产生的H₂O₂对原代培养的神经细胞的毒性.结果表明,VC能够起到显著的保护作用,其有效浓度为1mmol/L.本文用胞外乳酸脱氢酶泄漏量和H₂O₂生成量的数据证实了细胞存活率（MTT实验）的实验结果.这些结果表明,Aβ_1-40Cu（Ⅱ）复合物能够释放更多的H₂O₂,引发细胞膜破裂并最终引起细胞死亡.加入VC后,神经元受到的损伤较轻,提示VC在保护细胞免受氧化损伤方面发挥了重要作用.     

人源性天然抗体库的构建及淀粉样蛋白Aβ1-42寡聚体单链抗体的筛选和鉴定

本研究旨在利用噬菌体展示技术构建人源性天然抗体库,以可溶性Aβ1-42寡聚体对抗体库进行筛选获得针对低分子量Aβ1-42寡聚体的特异性单链抗体.利用RT-PCR法从10个健康人外周血淋巴细胞中得到全套人抗体VH和VL基因,经过重叠延伸PCR将VH和VL连接得到scFv片段,将scFv片段酶切后克隆至pCANTAB5E噬菌体载体,电转化TG1感受态菌,获得库容为2.5×109单链抗体库.经辅助噬菌体M13K07拯救,以可溶性Aβ1-42寡聚体为抗原,对抗体库进行4轮筛选,ELISA法筛选特异性识别Aβ1-42寡聚体的阳性克隆,将筛选到的阳性克隆B19转化至E coliHB2151菌,诱导表达可溶性scFv抗体.SDS-PAGE及Western blotting分析结果显示可溶性scFv抗体获得了正确表达,且能够与Aβ1-42三聚体及纤维特异性结合,亲和力(Kd)为9×10-6 mol/L.Aβ1-42寡聚体特异性单链抗体的获得为老年性痴呆(AD)的治疗研究奠定了基础.     

人源性天然抗体库的构建及淀粉样蛋白Ab1-42寡聚体单链抗体的筛选和鉴定

本研究旨在利用噬菌体展示技术构建人源性天然抗体库,以可溶性Aβ1-42寡聚体对抗体库进行筛选获得针对低分子量Aβ1-42寡聚体的特异性单链抗体。利用RT-PCR法从10个健康人外周血淋巴细胞中得到全套人抗体VH和VL基因,经过重叠延伸PCR将VH和VL连接得到scFv片段,将scFv片段酶切后克隆至pCANTAB5E噬菌体载体,电转化TG1感受态菌,获得库容为2.5×109单链抗体库。经辅助噬菌体M13K07拯救,以可溶性Aβ1-42寡聚体为抗原,对抗体库进行4轮筛选,ELISA法筛选特异性识别Aβ1-42寡聚体的阳性克隆,将筛选到的阳性克隆B19转化至E.coli HB2151菌,诱导表达可溶性scFv抗体。SDS-PAGE及Western blotting分析结果显示可溶性scFv抗体获得了正确表达,且能够与Aβ1-42三聚体及纤维特异性结合,亲和力(Kd)为9×10-6 mol/L。Aβ1-42寡聚体特异性单链抗体的获得为老年性痴呆(AD)的治疗研究奠定了基础。     

ABCA1与NPC1在细胞内胆固醇转运中的作用

腺苷三磷酸结合盒转运蛋白A1（ATP-binding cassette transporter A1,ABCA1）是血浆高密度脂蛋白（high-density lipoprotein,HDL）颗粒形成之初的限速步骤。ABCA1通过膜泡运输脂质至细胞表面的HDL载脂蛋白的作用机制尚未完全阐明。C型尼曼-匹克病（Niemann-Pick disease type C,NPC）主要由NPC1基因突变引起,NPC1蛋白能促进胆固醇和其他脂质从晚期胞内体/溶酶体流入其他细胞结构。ABCA1和NPC1相互作用保持细胞内脂质平衡,与Tangier病和N C P病等病理过程密切相关。     

Aβ1-42淀粉样蛋白在大肠杆菌中的可溶性表达

本研究中用融合标签技术通过单质粒转化和双质粒转化分别促进Aβ1-42淀粉样蛋白的可溶性表达.构建重组载体pET(yd-b42)、pET(Msb-b42)、pET(Od-b42)、pAY-sls[ydb42]、pAY-sls[tydb42],并在大肠杆菌中表达,通过SDS-PAGE验证分析.标签yd、Msb、Od、tyd都能很好的促进ABβ1-42淀粉样蛋白可溶性表达,其中yd、tyd的促溶效果最好.Aβ1-42淀粉样蛋白能在大肠杆菌中可溶性表达.为阿尔茨海默病的治疗提供进一步理论基础.     

氧化应激与阿尔茨海默病

阿尔茨海默病(Alzheimer disease,AD)是一种多病因神经退行性疾病,以β-淀粉样蛋白(Aβ)聚集沉积引起的老年斑(senile plaque,SP),聚集的磷酸化微管稳定蛋白质(tau)引起的细胞内神经原纤维缠结(neurofibrillary tangle,NFT)为主要病理特征。活性氧(ROS)和活性氮(RNS)的增加引起的氧化应激和抗氧化防御酶功能丧失在AD形成中具有重要作用。综述近年来这方面的研究进展,着重总结了AD中的生物大分子(脂质、蛋白质和核酸)氧化以及Aβ和金属离子(铁、铜和锌等)动态平衡紊乱诱导的氧化应激与AD的关系,同时介绍了AD中氧化应激相关的信号转导,旨在对今后这方面的研究及预防和治疗AD提供帮助。     

Cu（Ⅱ） Potentiation of Alzheimer Aβ1-40 Cytotoxicity and Transition on its Secondary Structure

Mounting evidence has shown that dyshomeostasis of the redox-active biometals such as Cuand Fe can lead to oxidative stress,which plays a key role in the neuropathology of Alzheimer's disease(AD).Here we demonstrate that with the formation of Cu(Ⅱ)·Aβ1-40 complexes,copper markedly potentiatesthe neurotoxicity exhibited by β-amyloid peptide (Aβ).A greater amount of hydrogen peroxide was releasedwhen Cu(Ⅱ)·Aβ1-40 complexes was added to the xanthine oxidase/xanthine system detected by potassiumiodide spectrophotometry.Copper bound to Aβ1-40 was observed by electron paramagnetic resonance(EPR) spectroscopy.Circular dichroism (CD) studies indicated that copper chelation could cause a structuraltransition of Aβ.The addition of copper to Aβ introduced an increase on β-sheet as well as α-helix,whichmay be responsible for the aggregation of Aβ.We hypothesized that Aβ aggregation induced by copper maybe responsible for local injury in AD.The interaction between Cu~(2 ) and Aβ also provides a possible mechanismfor the enrichment of metal ions in amyloid plaques in the AD brain.     

四氯化碳诱导大鼠肝纤维化过程中ACT βA的表达定位

观察四氯化碳（CCl4)诱导大鼠肝纤维化形成过程中激活素βA（activinβA,ACTβA）的表达变化。将74只雄性SD大鼠随机分成对照组（n=10)和模型组（n=64)。40?l4皮下注射模型组大鼠制备肝纤维化模型。注射CCl41、2、3、4、5、6及7周后分批处死,每次6-12只,用免疫组织化学法检测各组ACTβA、转化生长因子β1（transforming growth factorβ1,TGF-β1)及α平滑肌激动蛋白（α-smooth muscle actin,α-SMA）表达,结果显示正常肝脏表达ACTβA,CCl4注射1周后,染色范围缩小,2-3周以后,染色明显减弱,甚至染色阴性,注射4周后,染色又逐渐增强,注射5-7周后染色进一步增强,ACTβA定位于正常肝脏肝细胞胞浆,肝纤维化逐渐形成时则分布在中央静脉,汇管区,纤维间隔等纤维化区域周围的肝细胞。随着纤维化程度加重染色分布范围则进一步扩大,ACTβA与TGF-β1或α-SMA分布不同,βA主要分布在肝细胞,而TGF-β1或β-SMA以间质细胞（肝星状细胞）为主。结果表明肝纤维化时ACTβA表达分布发生改变,ACT可能参与了肝纤维化的形成。     

The effect of fibrillar A Beta 1-40 on membrane fluidity and permeability

The time course of A beta fibril formation was characterized using a variety of assays. The effect of A beta on the membrane fluidity and permeability was assessed by monitoring the anisotropy of the fluorescent probe DPH and TMA-DPH and measuring the release of vesicle-entrapped with three different molecular weight fluorescence probes (ANTS/DPX, Calcein, FD-4). The results show fibrils had formed after 4 days. Aggregated A beta may decrease the membrane fluidity and induce the leakage of ANTS and Calcein in a dose dependent manner. These effects may have some relation with A beta neurotoxicity.     

球形芽孢杆菌Mtx1蛋白和苏云金杆菌Cyt1Aa晶体蛋白的协同作用

采用常规的生物测定方法确定了纯化的球形芽孢杆菌(Bacillus sphaericus)的缺失信号肽的97kDa营养期杀蚊毒素(Mosquitocidal toxin 1,Mtx1)蛋白和苏云金芽孢杆菌(Bacillus thuringiensis)27.3kDa的Cyt1Aa晶体蛋白对致倦库蚊(Culex quinquefasciatus)幼虫的杀虫活性。结果表明Mtx1和Cyt1Aa不同比例的混合物对致倦库蚊的毒力比单独毒素蛋白高,经统计分析表明两毒素蛋白对目标蚊幼虫具有明显的协同作用。在LC98处理浓度下,Mtx1和Cyt1Aa按3∶1混合的混合物LT50值比单独Mtx1的提前了6.36h。表明Cyt1Aa和Mtx1对致倦库蚊具有协同毒杀作用,提高对目标蚊虫的毒力、缩短半致死时间。该结果为深入研究Mtx1和Cyt1Aa的杀蚊作用方式奠定了基础,同时为其在蚊虫防治中的应用提供了新的思路和方法。     

Vip3Aa及Cry1Ac对棉铃虫幼虫多种酶活力的影响

为了明确Vip3Aa的作用机制,为其作为新毒素策略重要蛋白的应用提供理论依据,本文比较了Vip3Aa、Cry1Ac对棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera(Hübner)主要蛋白酶、解毒酶、APN活性的影响,并研究了Vip3Aa和Cry1Ac共同使用对几种酶活力的作用。室内生测结果表明,Vip3Aa对棉铃虫的杀虫效果低于Cry1Ac,但Vip3Aa对棉铃虫幼虫生长有明显的抑制作用。取食含Cry1Ac、Vip3Aa或Cry1Ac+Vip3Aa饲料的棉铃虫,总蛋白酶和类胰凝乳蛋白酶活性很快升高;但经Cry1Ac处理12 h后这2种酶活性与对照差异不显著或低于对照,而取食含Vip3Aa饲料的棉铃虫酶活力显著高于对照的时间明显延长,而且类胰蛋白酶活性也显著高于对照;表明Cry1Ac降解速度比Vip3Aa快,可能是由于降解2种蛋白参与的酶系存在差异,同时Cry1Ac+Vip3Aa混用可以延长蛋白被酶解的时间。谷胱甘肽S-转移酶和α-乙酸萘酯酶活性在棉铃虫取食含Vip3Aa、Cry1Ac或Cry1Ac+Vip3Aa蛋白的饲料后活性升高,说明这2种酶可能参与了对Cry1Ac、Vip3Aa的解毒作用。但Cry1Ac、Vip3Aa对氨肽酶活性影响不大,可能在毒蛋白发挥毒性的过程中与氨肽酶活力变化无关。     

苏云金杆菌以色列亚种杀蚊蛋白Cyt1Aa在离中不粘柄菌中的表达

在蚊幼虫生活水域里的离中不粘柄菌(Asticcacaulis excentricus,Ae)中已成功表达苏云金芽孢杆菌以色列亚种(Bacillus thuringiensis subsp.israelensis,Bti)杀蚊蛋白基因cry11Aa的基础上,将另一Bti杀蚊蛋白基因cyt1Aa转化入Ae中表达。构建并转化了分别单独含有cyt1Aa基因、及同时含有cry11Aa基因的表达质粒pSODCyt20和pSODCryCyt20,蛋白免疫杂交检测相应的Ae重组子分别表达产生了Cyt1Aa和Cry11Aa蛋白。为了探究Ae(pSODCryCyt20)重组子不能表达cyt1Aa的原因,提取了重组子总RNA、并与同是革兰氏染色阴性的大肠杆菌的总RNA比较,结果显示两者RNA系统显著不同,推测Ae中多个外源基因的表达,可能要求每个基因必需一个启动子。     

Construction and analysis of Sip1Aa insecticidal protein random recombination library

The Sip1Aa protein from Bacillus thuringiensis is highly toxic to Colaphellus bowringi Baly. In order to obtain mutant proteins with higher insecticidal activity, a random recombinant library of Sip1Aa protein was constructed using error-prone PCR. A total number of 100 positive transformants were randomly selected for sequence determination, and 25 mutants (M1 to M25) were selected and expressed the respective Sip1Aa mutants. These Sip1Aa variants had a total of 29 base mutations, with an average of 1.2 base mutations per mutant. Compared with that of the wild-type Sip1Aa protein, the insecticidal activity of the mutants M1 (A31G, Y118C, D227E), M5 (K168R) and M21 (I307T) was significantly decreased, with and LC₅₀ values 4 to 6 times higher than the Sip1Aa protein. The mutant M8 (R174S) showed increase in the insecticidal activity against the Colaphellus bowringi Baly was obtained, with an LC₅₀ value 4-fold less than the Sip1Aa protein. The results of this study provide reference for the molecular modification of Sip1Aa protein and the study of key sites of its insecticidal activity.     

Interaction of Bacillus thuringiensis svar. israelensis Cry toxins with binding sites from Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) larvae midgut

This work shows in vitro processing of Bacillus thuringiensis svar. isralensis Cry toxins and the capacity of the active fragments to bind the midgut microvilli of Aedes aegypti larvae. Processing of Cry11Aa, Cry4Aa and Cry4Ba yielded double fragments of 38-30, 45-20 and 45-18 kDa, respectively. Competition assays showed that all active (125)I-Cry toxins are able to specifically bind to brush border membrane fractions and they might share a common class of binding sites. The values of IC(50) suggested that toxins do not display high affinity for the receptors from brush border membrane fractions, while dissociation assays showed that binding was irreversible, indicating the insertion of toxins in the cell membrane.     

苏云金杆菌辅助蛋白基因p19和orf1-orf2对杀虫晶体蛋白Cyt1 Aa表达的影响(英文)

为检测苏云金杆菌辅助蛋白P19和ORF1 ORF2对杀虫晶体蛋白Cyt1Aa表达的影响 ,构建了 5个重组表达质粒。 5个质粒都含有cyt1Aa基因 ,但pT1只含有cyt1Aa基因 ,pT2同时含有p19基因 ,pT3同时含有orf1 orf2串联基因 ,pT4同时含有p19基因和p2 0基因 ,pT5同时含有orf1 orf2串联基因和p2 0基因。将这 5个表达质粒和质粒pWF4 5电转化到苏云金杆菌晶体缺陷型 4Q7中 ,分别获得转化菌株Bt T1、Bt T2、Bt T3、Bt T4、Bt T5和Bt WF4 5。SDS PAGE结果显示 ,菌株Bt T1、Bt T2和Bt T3只产生少量的 2 7kDCyt1Aa蛋白 ,而且部分降解为大约 2 4kD的蛋白。而Bt T4和Bt T5能产生大量的Cyt1Aa蛋白 ,但Bt T4和Bt T5的Cyt1Aa蛋白产量都明显少于Bt WF4 5。电镜观察和生物测定结果表明Bt T4和Bt T5与Bt WF4 5的晶体大小和杀蚊毒力没有显著性差异。研究表明P19和ORF1 ORF2对Cyt1Aa蛋白的合成显示可能有抑制作用。     

苏云金芽孢杆菌的cry2A芽孢期启动子和分子伴侣ORF1-ORF2对Cry11Aa蛋白表达的影响

[目的]分析苏云金芽孢杆菌的cry2A型芽孢期启动子对晶体蛋白Cry11Aa的协调作用和分子伴侣ORF1-ORF2对Cry11Aa表达的促进功能.[方法]3个包括cry11Aa编码区的重组质粒pHcy1、pHcy2和pHcy4被构建并电激转化到苏云金芽孢杆菌晶体缺陷株4Q7中,其中pHcy1质粒携带cry11Aa基因自身启动子和分子伴侣p19基因,pHcy2携带cry2A型芽孢期启动子和分子伴侣orf1-orf2基因,pHcy4质粒在pHcy1的上游插入了cry2A型芽孢期启动子和分子伴侣orf1-orf2基因.SDS-PAGE分析了Cry11Aa蛋白在各重组苏云金菌株中的表达情况,并通过生物测定确定了其对蚊虫的生物活性.[结果]SDS-PAGE结果表明,Cry11Aa蛋白在4Q7(pHcy1)和4QT(pHcy4)均获得了表达,在4Q7(pHcy2)中未检测到Cry11Aa蛋白,推测晶体蛋白Cry11A不能利用cry2A型启动子进行表达调控;Cry11Aa蛋白在等体积4Q7(pHcy4)培养液中的表达量是4Q7(pHcy1)菌株的1.25倍,暗示着分子伴侣ORF1-ORF2在某种程度上能提高Cry11Aa的蛋白表达量.4Q7(pHcy1)和4Q7(pHcy4)形成的Cry11Aa蛋白晶体的形状和大小相似,两者对致倦库蚊的生物活性没有明显差异,LC50s分别为59.33 ng/mL和66.21 ng/mL,.[结论]推测晶体蛋白Cry11A能否成功表达与其使用启动子的类型和两者的协调配合有关.分子伴侣ORF1-ORF2虽然在某种程度上能提高Cry11Aa的蛋白表达量,但对提高Cry11Aa蛋白的杀蚊毒力没有显著性帮助.     

Structure-function relationships of a membrane pore forming toxin revealed by reversion mutagenesis

Cyt2Aa1 is a haemolytic membrane pore forming toxin produced by Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kyushuensis. To investigate membrane pore formation by this toxin, second-site revertants of an inactive mutant toxin Cyt2Aa1-I150A were generated by random mutagenesis using error-prone PCR. The decrease in side chain length caused by the replacement of isoleucine by alanine at position 150 in the αD-β4 loop results in the loss of important van der Waals contacts that exist in the native protein between I150 and K199 and L203 on αE. 28 independent revertants of I150A were obtained and their relative toxicity can be explained by the position of the residue in the structure and the effect of the mutation on side-chain interactions. Analysis of these revertants revealed that residues on αA, αB, αC, αD and the loops between αA and αB, αD and β5, β6 and β7 are important in pore formation. These residues are on the surface of the molecule suggesting that they may participate in membrane binding and toxin oligomerization. Changing the properties of the amino acid side-chains of these residues could affect the conformational changes required to transform the water-soluble toxin into the membrane insertion competent state.     

IDENTIFICATION OF A CALMODULIN-BINDING SITE WITHIN THE DOMAIN I OF BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS Cry3Aa TOXIN

Bacillus thuringiensis Cry3Aa toxin is a coleopteran specific toxin highly active against Colorado Potato Beetle (CPB).We have recently shown thatCry3Aa toxin is proteolytically cleaved by CPBmidgut membrane associated metalloproteases and that this cleavage is inhibited by ADAMmetalloprotease inhibitors. In the present study, we investigated whether the Cry3Aa toxin is a calmodulin (CaM) binding protein, as it is the case of several different ADAMshedding substrates. In pull-down assays using agarose beads conjugated with CaM, we demonstrated that Cry3Aa toxin specifically binds to CaMin a calcium-independent manner. Furthermore, we used gel shift assays and (1) H NMRspectra to demonstrate that CaMbinds to a 16-amino acid synthetic peptide corresponding to residues N256-V271 within the domain I of Cry3Aa toxin. Finally, to investigate whether CaM has any effect on Cry3Aa toxin CPBmidgut membrane associated proteolysis, cleavage assays were performed in the presence of the CaM-specific inhibitor trifluoperazine. We showed that trifluoperazine significantly increased Cry3Aa toxin proteolysis and also decreased Cry3Aa larval toxicity.