Overview of the diversity of erythrocyte blood group antigens

During the differentiation and maturation of erythrocytes, the surface molecules of erythrocytes are gradually expressed and stabilized. These molecules are to be antigenic in addition to their functions of maintaining cell membrane structural stability, material transport and exchange of cells and signal transmission between cells. The antigenic molecules on the erythrocyte surface are called erythrocyte blood group antigens. The blood group antigens and their corresponding blood group antibodies in vivo are important indicators for clinical blood transfusion and organ transplantation, and also form the basis for research on blood group related diseases. Three hundred and sixty-eight erythrocyte blood group antigens have been confirmed so far, which are classified into 39 blood group systems, 5 blood group collections and 2 blood group series. Based on the diversity of blood group antigens and their composition of glycolipids, glycoproteins and other molecules, this study mainly reviews the classification, molecular structure, antibody response and gene regulation of blood group antigens, and explains the main reasons for the diversity of blood group antigens.     

Use of binomial group testing in tests of hypotheses for classification or quantitative covariables

In group testing, the test unit consists of a group of individuals. If the group test is positive, then one or more individuals in the group are assumed to be positive. A group observation in binomial group testing can be, say, the test result (positive or negative) for a pool of blood samples that come from several different individuals. It has been shown that, when the proportion (p) of infected individuals is low, group testing is often preferable to individual testing for identifying infected individuals and for estimating proportions of those infected. We extend the potential applications of group testing to hypothesis-testing problems wherein one wants to test for a relationship between p and a classification or quantitative covariable. Asymptotic relative efficiencies (AREs) of tests based on group testing versus the usual individual testing are obtained. The Pitman ARE strongly favors group testing in many cases. Small-sample results from simulation studies are given and are consistent with the large-sample (asymptotic) findings. We illustrate the potential advantages of group testing in hypothesis testing using HIV-1 seroprevalence data.     

Identification of a family of group II introns encoding LAGLIDADG ORFs typical of group I introns

Group I and group II introns are unrelated classes of introns that each encode proteins that facilitate intron splicing and intron mobility. Here we describe a new subfamily of nine introns in fungi that are group II introns but encode LAGLIDADG ORFs typical of group I introns. The introns have fairly standard group IIB1 RNA structures and are inserted into three different sites in SSU and LSU rRNA genes. Therefore, introns should not be assumed to be group I introns based solely on the presence of a LAGLIDADG ORF.     

The molecular genetics of blood group polymorphism

Over 300 blood group specificities on red cells have been identified, many of which are polymorphic. The molecular mechanisms responsible for these polymorphisms are diverse, though many simply represent single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Other mechanisms include the following: gene deletion; single nucleotide deletion and sequence duplication, which introduce reading-frame shifts; nonsense mutation; intergenic recombination between closely linked genes, giving rise to hybrid genes and hybrid proteins; and a SNP in the promoter region of a blood group gene. Examples of these various genetic mechanisms are taken from the ABO, Rh, Kell, and Duffy blood group systems. Null phenotypes, in which no antigens of a blood group system are expressed, are not generally polymorphic, but provide good examples of the effect of inactivating mutations on blood group expression. As natural human ‘knock-outs’, null phenotypes provide useful clues to the functions of blood group antigens. Knowledge of the molecular backgrounds of blood group polymorphisms provides a means to predict blood group phenotypes from genomic DNA. This has two main applications in transfusion medicine: determination of foetal blood groups to assess whether the foetus is at risk from haemolytic disease and ascertainment of blood group phenotypes in multiply transfused, transfusion-dependent patients, where serological tests are precluded by the presence of donor red cells. Other applications are being developed for the future.     

延胡索乙素与白芷总香豆素、总挥发油配伍药效学比较研究

目的：评价延胡索乙素、白芷总香豆素及总挥发油配伍的药效学比较研究。方法：小鼠醋酸扭体法、热板镇痛法、甩尾法三种模型比较元胡止痛片（A组）、延胡索乙素（B组）、白芷总香豆素（C组）、白芷总挥发油（D组）、延胡索乙素与白芷总香豆素配伍（E组）、延胡索乙素与白芷总挥发油配伍（F组）及延胡索乙素与白芷总香豆素、白芷总挥发油配伍（G组）后的镇痛作用。结果：A、G组镇痛效果最佳,B、E、F组具显著的镇痛作用,C、D组与模型组相比,有一定的镇痛作用,但较弱。结论：延胡索乙素与白芷总香豆素、总挥发油配伍使用,具有显著的镇痛作用,类似于元胡止痛片中元胡白芷的配伍作用,但成分更为明确,标准可控,使用量小,属于分子中药组方范畴。元胡的主要有效成分延胡索乙素与白芷的主要成分白芷总香豆素、总挥发油均具有镇痛作用,符合中药元胡及白芷的功效,本实验采用药物有效成分进行配伍,成分明确,结果可控。     

亚热带常绿阔叶林栲树与薯豆不同龄级种群生态位特征

种群不同年龄组的生态位是种群资源利用随时间变化的一种重要形式。根据高度将植物种群分为乔木组、幼树组和幼苗组3个年龄梯度,对重庆缙云山自然保护区常绿阔叶林优势树种—栲树与薯豆生态位特征进行了比较研究。结果表明：(1)栲树与薯豆3个龄级的实际生态位宽度均较大,但资源利用能力都不强;它们的生态位宽度与资源利用能力随龄级增加而增大趋势很明显。(2)栲树与薯豆幼苗组生态位特化程度高,幼树组与乔木组生态位泛化程度不高。(3)薯豆乔木组、幼树组的生态位宽度和资源利用能力均大于栲树,但薯豆幼苗组生态位宽度和资源利用能力却比栲树小。(4)两个种群生态位重叠较高,资源性竞争激烈;生态位重叠随年龄增长而呈“V”字形,幼树组重叠值低与幼苗组的高竞争导致栲树中等龄级的缺失有关。     

不同剂量甲泼尼龙对急性百草枯中毒大鼠早期肺损伤干预研究

目的：探讨不同剂量的甲泼尼龙（Methylprednisolone,MPS）对急性百草枯（paraquat,PQ）中毒大鼠早期肺损伤的疗效。方法：采用腹腔注射20％的PQ溶液制作大鼠急性PQ中毒的模型,随机均分为五组,正常对照组（A组）、染毒组（B组）、5mg／kg甲泼尼龙干预组（C组）、15mg／kg甲泼尼龙干预组（D组）、30mg／kg甲泼尼龙干预组（E组）。分三个不同时间点（24、72、168h）处死大鼠（每组每时间点6只）。观察各时间点大体标本,组织病理、肺系数和氧合指数。结果：光镜下肺组织病理学观察,与B组比较C、D、E组大鼠肺的病理学改变,肺泡腔内出血、渗出,炎性细胞浸润、肺泡隔炎性细胞浸润相对较轻,其中以C、E组减轻最为明显。在各组相同时间点肺系数：在三个时间点的值均比B组低（P〈0．05）,其中E组在24h、72h时间点上与C、D组有显著差异（P〈0．05）。C、D、E组与B组的氧合指数的比较各个时间点上均与B组有差异（P〈0．05）,三组之间相互无明显差异。结论：本实验结果显示甲泼尼龙对急性百草枯中毒大鼠的肺损伤具有保护作用,且30mg／kg甲泼尼龙组要优于5mg／kg、15mg／kg甲泼尼龙组。     

A revision of the assassin spiders of the Eriauchenius gracilicollis group, a clade of spiders endemic to Madagascar (Araneae: Archaeidae)

An endemic group of Malagasy spiders (Araneae: Archaeidae: Eriauchenius ) called the gracilicollis group is revised. The monophyly and phylogenetic relationships of the gracilicollis group are tested based on morphological characters. Archaeid spiders of Madagascar have evolved varying degrees of elongation in the cephalic area. Historically, it was believed that the extremely elongated cephalic area had evolved only once. These morphological data support the monophyly of the gracilicollis group and suggest that the elongated cephalic area has evolved more than once. All 14 species from the gracilicollis group are described and keyed, of which nine are new species: Eriauchenius ambre sp. nov. , Eriauchenius anabohazo sp. nov. , Eriauchenius borimontsina sp. nov. , Eriauchenius griswoldi sp. nov. , Eriauchenius halambohitra sp. nov. , Eriauchenius lavatenda sp. nov. , Eriauchenius namoroka sp. nov. , Eriauchenius spiceri sp. nov. and Eriauchenius voronakely sp. nov . The morphology of the gracilicollis group is examined in detail and figures of the male and female genitalia are presented. The distributions of the gracilicollis group species are presented and discussed and higher species group relationships within the Archaeidae are discussed.  © 2008 The Linnean Society of London, Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society , 2008, 152 , 255–296.     

垂体后叶素联合催产素对腹腔镜下子宫肌瘤剔除术患者循环系统的影响及止血效果

目的:研究垂体后叶素联合催产素对腹腔镜下子宫肌瘤剔除术患者循环系统的影响及止血效果。方法:收集本院2011年10月至2013年10月进行腹腔镜下子宫肌瘤剔除术的75例子宫肌瘤患者,采用简单随机分组的方法将研究样本序贯分为A组(垂体后叶素组)、B组(催产素组)、C组(垂体后叶素联合催产素组)三组,各25例。比较各组循环系统和止血效果指标是否有变化及差异。结果:三组之间收缩压、舒张压、心率差异有统计学意义(P0.05),不同时间的收缩压、舒张压、心率差异有统计学意义(P0.05),收缩压、舒张压、心率分组与时间之间有交互作用(P0.05)。A组较B组低血压、心动过速及出血量更少,B组较A组高血压、心动过缓更少,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05);C组较A组高血压、心动过缓更少,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);C组较B组低血压、心动过速及出血量更少,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:腹腔镜下子宫肌瘤剔除术患者联合应用垂体后叶素与催产素后循环波动小,止血效果好,值得在临床上推广应用。     

Revision of the Boophis majori group (Amphibia: Mantellidae) from Madagascar, with descriptions of five new species

A systematic revision of the Malagasy frogs hitherto attributed to the Boophis difficilis group is presented. The difficilis holotype is not conspecific with other specimens hitherto named Boophis difficilis but belongs to the B. tephraeomystax group based on lack of webbing between fingers and the presence of heterogeneously granular ventral skin. Rhacophorus difficilis Boettger, 1892 is considered as junior synonym of Boophis tephraeomystax. The Boophis difficilis group is dissolved and its species are transferred to a new species group named after Boophis majori , the oldest of the included taxa. All species of the B. majori group, their type specimens, and their geographical distributions are revised based on new morphological, bioacoustic and ecological data. Five new species of the group from the eastern rainforests of Madagascar are described. Morphological differentiation within the B. majori group is low, although some species can be distinguished by characters such as snout-vent length, relative tympanum size, or coloration. The most reliable character for species identification are advertisement calls which are strikingly different between most species of the group. Species diversity in Boophis is highest in central eastern Madagascar and gets lower at the northern and southern borders of the island. Available data do not allow a comprehensive phylogenetic analysis of the B. majori group, but a northern subgroup of small species without red coloration and a southern subgroup of larger species with distinct red pigments can be distinguished. Osteological data for B. miniatus are provided. Within Boophis , representatives of all species groups except the B. tephraeomystax group are characterized by a synapomorphic reduction of the anterolateral hyoidal process.     

激光联合注射曲安奈德治疗婴幼儿血管瘤的疗效分析

目的：分析激光联合注射曲安奈德治疗婴幼儿血管瘤的疗效。方法：将120例处于增殖期血管瘤患儿分成观察组和对照组各60例,观察组给予激光联合注射曲安奈德治疗,对照组采用激光治疗,比较两组患者的治疗疗效。结果：观察组和对照组的总有效率分别为96．7％和66．7％,两组比较具有显著差异,P〈0．05;对于表浅病灶,观察组治疗的有效率为96．8％,对照组为84．8％,两组之间无差异,P〉0．05;对于深部病灶,观察组和对照组的总有效率分别为96．6％和44．4％,具有显著差异（P〈0．05）。结论：激光联合注射曲安奈德治疗婴幼儿血管瘤具有较好的疗效,尤其对深部增殖期的血管瘤具有较好的效果,适合在临床推广应用。     

Review of the sejunctus Species Group of the Split-footed Lacewing Genus Osmylops Banks (Neuroptera: Nymphidae), with Remarks on the Functional Morphology of Terminalic Coupling

The sejunctus species group is created for two Australian species of the split-footed lacewing genus Osmylops. the species group is characterised, Osmylops sejunctus (Walker) is redescribed and O. ectoarticulatus n.sp. is described. the male and female terminalia of both species are illustrated. Prior literature references to the species of the sejunctus group are clarified. Males and females of the sejunctus group possess coordinated, species-specific, suites of terminalic structures. the probable functions of these morphological structures during copulation are discussed.     

Group connection and the number of males in female-philopatric animal groups

Previous studies have considered the equilibrium group size in gregarious animal species assuming isolated groups. Neighboring groups usually interact, which likely affects the equilibrium group size. Here I examine the possibility that the movements of solitary males between areas near neighboring groups cause the number of group males to increase in female-philopatric animal species when groups are connected. I hypothesized the following mechanisms. In habitats where groups are connected, solitary males move easily between areas near adjacent groups. Group males will accept one solitary male as a new member. Another solitary male migrates from an area near the group to an area near a neighboring group defended by relatively fewer group males. The model predicts that the number of group males increases through the hypothesized mechanisms when groups are connected if group males and solitary males do not cooperate effectively.     

90株链球菌血清学及生化特征分群鉴定的研究

本文报告90株链球菌血清学和生化特征分群鉴定结果。研究结果表明,90株链球菌用血清学分群,属A群的63株,B群3株,C群12株,D群10株,G群2株。采用生化鉴定,对链球菌属的确认有参考价值。对分群鉴定无鉴别意义。我国过去沿用的非血清学推测性分群法,只适用于B、D群和绝大部分A群菌的鉴定,对C群和G群菌无鉴别意义。因此,在链球菌分群鉴定时,要采用血清学方法,对非血清学推测性分群需进一步完善,以提高其鉴定的准确性。     

Robustness of group testing in the estimation of proportions

In binomial group testing, unlike one-at-a-time testing, the test unit consists of a group of individuals, and each group is declared to be defective or nondefective. A defective group is one that is presumed to include one or more defective (e.g., infected, positive) individuals and a nondefective group to contain only nondefective individuals. The usual binomial model considers the individuals being grouped as independent and identically distributed Bernoulli random variables. Under the binomial model and presuming that groups are tested and classified without error, it has been shown that, when the proportion of defective individuals is low, group testing is often preferable to individual testing for identifying infected individuals and for estimating proportions of defectives. We discuss the robustness of group testing for estimating proportions when the underlying assumptions of (i) no testing errors and (ii) independent individuals are violated. To evaluate the effect of these model violations, two dilution-effect models and a serial correlation model are considered. Group testing proved to be quite robust to serial correlation. In the presence of a dilution effect, smaller group sizes should be used, but most of the benefits of group testing can still be realized.     

低温条件下ABA和钨酸钠对茶树叶片中渗透调节物质含量及抗氧化酶活性的影响

为探讨外源脱落酸( ABA)及其抑制剂钨酸钠对茶树﹝Camellia sinensis ( Linn.) O. Ktze.﹞耐寒性的影响效应,以茶树品种‘龙井43’(‘Longjing 43’)的2年生幼苗为实验材料,在低温(4℃)条件下分别设置50 mg·L-1 ABA和20 mmol·L-1钨酸钠单一及复合处理共6个处理组( T1：仅喷施蒸馏水,对照;T2：仅喷施ABA;T3：仅喷施钨酸钠;T4：同时喷施ABA和钨酸钠; T5：0 h时喷施ABA,24 h时喷施钨酸钠; T6：0 h时喷施钨酸钠,24 h时喷施ABA),对处理0~72 h叶片中渗透调节物质含量和抗氧化酶活性的变化进行了比较分析。结果显示：低温条件下,各处理组幼苗叶片中可溶性糖、游离脯氨酸和可溶性蛋白质含量以及超氧化物歧化酶( SOD)、过氧化氢酶( CAT)和过氧化物酶( POD)活性均在处理初期逐渐升高,之后各指标的变化趋势存在差异。在处理的中后期,除T4处理组的游离脯氨酸含量低于对照组外,各处理组的可溶性糖、游离脯氨酸和可溶性蛋白质含量总体上显著高于对照组;T2处理组的SOD、CAT和POD活性均显著高于对照组,而T3处理组仅SOD活性明显高于对照组,其CAT和POD活性则低于或略高于对照组。对各单一与复合处理组的比较结果显示：T4处理组的SOD和POD活性总体上低于T2处理组,但高于T3处理组;而其CAT活性总体上低于T2和T3处理组。在处理24 h后,T5处理组的可溶性糖、游离脯氨酸和可溶性蛋白质含量以及SOD和POD活性的变化趋势与T2处理组一致;T6处理组的可溶性糖和游离脯氨酸含量及POD活性变化趋势与T3处理组一致,而其可溶性蛋白质含量以及SOD和CAT活性的变化趋势却与T3处理组有一定差异。上述研究结果表明：低温条件下喷施适量的ABA或钨酸钠均可以提升茶树叶片中渗透调节物质含量及抗氧化酶活性,但同时喷施ABA和钨酸钠对茶树叶片中渗透调节物质含量及抗氧化酶活性的影响却不显著。     

Further developments in the breeding population of lowland gorillas at Apenheul

In 1987 a second group of lowland gorillas was formed at Apenheul. Aspects of the zoo-technical management (diet, accommodation, etc.) are described. The management and the development of the population, including mother-rearing of all offspring, are described. Special attention is given to the formation of a second group by introducing two zoo-born females and a non-breeding female from one group to a nonrelated male to form a second group. These transfers of group members resulted rather quickly in pregnancies. The two groups are housed on adjacent islands, and the advantages and disadvantages of such a facility are discussed.     

The minor receptor group of human rhinovirus (HRV) includes HRV23 and HRV25, but the presence of a lysine in the VP1 HI loop is not sufficient for receptor binding

Like all 10 minor receptor group human rhinoviruses (HRVs), HRV23 and HRV25, previously classified as major group viruses, are neutralized by maltose binding protein (MBP)-V33333 (a soluble recombinant concatemer of five copies of repeat 3 of the very-low-density lipoprotein receptor fused to MBP), bind to low-density lipoprotein receptor in virus overlay blots, and replicate in intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1)-negative COS-7 cells. From phylogenetic analysis of capsid protein VP1-coding sequences, they are also known to cluster together with other minor group strains. Therefore, they belong to the minor group; there are now 12 minor group and 87 major group HRV serotypes. Sequence comparison of the VP1 capsid proteins of all HRVs revealed that the lysine in the HI loop, strictly conserved in the 12 minor group HRVs, is also present in 9 major group serotypes that are neutralized by soluble ICAM-1. Despite the presence of this lysine, they are not neutralized by MBP-V33333 and fail to replicate in COS-7 cells and in HeLa cells in the presence of an ICAM-1-blocking antibody. These nine serotypes are therefore "true" major group viruses.     

抗癌方对裸鼠移植性人肝癌细胞形态学及P21waf1/Cip1蛋白表达的影响

为了探索中药抗癌方的疗效机理,采用裸鼠移植性人肝癌细胞,分中药组（ＴＣＭ）、环磷酰胺（ＣＴＸ）组和空模组对照治疗试验。结果发现：中药组中癌细胞的形态改变以凋亡为主,而ＣＴＸ组中癌细胞的形态改变主要为坏死。在可疑凋亡细胞处,光镜常见Ｐ２１＾Ｗａｆ１／Ｃｉｐ１表达。其疗效机理与诱导ＨｅｐＧ２调亡,提高Ｐ２１＾Ｗａｆ１／Ｃｉｐ１蛋白表达有关。