首页 | 本学科首页   官方微博 | 高级检索  
相似文献
 共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 31 毫秒
1.
Chemical inhibition of the glycolate pathway in soybean leaf cells   总被引:19,自引:15,他引:4       下载免费PDF全文
Isolated soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr.) leaf cells were treated with three inhibitors of the glycolate pathway in order to evaluate the potential of such inhibitors for increasing photosynthetic efficiency. Preincubation of cells under acid conditions in α-hydroxypyridinemethanesulfonic acid increased 14CO2 incorporation into glycolate, but severely inhibited photosynthesis. Isonicotinic acid hydrazide (INH) increased the incorporation of 14CO2 into glycine and reduced label in serine, glycerate, and starch. Butyl 2-hydroxy-3-butynoate (BHB) completely and irreversibly inhibited glycolate oxidase and increased the accumulation of 14C into glycolate. Concomitant with glycolate accumulation was the reduction of label in serine, glycerate, and starch, and the elimination of label in glycine. The inhibitors INH and BHB did not eliminate serine synthesis, suggesting that some serine is synthesized by an alternate pathway. The per cent incorporation of 14CO2 into glycolate by BHB-treated cells or glycine by INH-treated cells was determined by the O2/CO2 ratio present during assay. Photosynthesis rate was not affected by INH or BHB in the absence of O2, but these compounds increased the O2 inhibition of photosynthesis. This finding suggests that the function of the photorespiratory pathway is to recycle glycolate carbon back into the Calvin cycle, so if glycolate metabolism is inhibited, Calvin cycle intermediates become depleted and photosynthesis is decreased. Thus, chemicals which inhibit glycolate metabolism do not reduce photorespiration and increase photosynthetic efficiency, but rather exacerbate the problem of photorespiration.  相似文献   

2.
The pathway of autotrophic CO2 fixation was studied in the phototrophic bacterium Chloroflexus aurantiacus and in the aerobic thermoacidophilic archaeon Metallosphaera sedula. In both organisms, none of the key enzymes of the reductive pentose phosphate cycle, the reductive citric acid cycle, and the reductive acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl-CoA) pathway were detectable. However, cells contained the biotin-dependent acetyl-CoA carboxylase and propionyl-CoA carboxylase as well as phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase. The specific enzyme activities of the carboxylases were high enough to explain the autotrophic growth rate via the 3-hydroxypropionate cycle. Extracts catalyzed the CO2-, MgATP-, and NADPH-dependent conversion of acetyl-CoA to 3-hydroxypropionate via malonyl-CoA and the conversion of this intermediate to succinate via propionyl-CoA. The labelled intermediates were detected in vitro with either 14CO2 or [14C]acetyl-CoA as precursor. These reactions are part of the 3-hydroxypropionate cycle, the autotrophic pathway proposed for C. aurantiacus. The investigation was extended to the autotrophic archaea Sulfolobus metallicus and Acidianus infernus, which showed acetyl-CoA and propionyl-CoA carboxylase activities in extracts of autotrophically grown cells. Acetyl-CoA carboxylase activity is unexpected in archaea since they do not contain fatty acids in their membranes. These aerobic archaea, as well as C. aurantiacus, were screened for biotin-containing proteins by the avidin-peroxidase test. They contained large amounts of a small biotin-carrying protein, which is most likely part of the acetyl-CoA and propionyl-CoA carboxylases. Other archaea reported to use one of the other known autotrophic pathways lacked such small biotin-containing proteins. These findings suggest that the aerobic autotrophic archaea M. sedula, S. metallicus, and A. infernus use a yet-to-be-defined 3-hydroxypropionate cycle for their autotrophic growth. Acetyl-CoA carboxylase and propionyl-CoA carboxylase are proposed to be the main CO2 fixation enzymes, and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase may have an anaplerotic function. The results also provide further support for the occurrence of the 3-hydroxypropionate cycle in C. aurantiacus.  相似文献   

3.
Growth of Thermoproteus neutrophilus at 85°C was studied using an improved mineral medium with CO2, CO2 plus acetate, CO2 plus propionate, or CO2 plus succinate as carbon sources; sulfur reduction with H2 to H2S was the sole source of energy. None of the carbon compounds added was oxidized to CO2. The organism grew autotrophically with a generation time of 9–14 h, up to a cell density of 0.5 g dry weight per liter (2×109 cells/ml). Propionate did not stimulate, succinate slightly stimulated the growth rate. Acetate, even at low concentrations (0.5 mM), stimulated the growth rate, the generation time being shortened to 3–4 h. Acetate provided 70% of the cell carbon, which shows that Thermoproteus neutrophilus is a facultative autotroph. The path of these carbon precursors into cell compounds was studied by 14C long-term labelling and investigation of enzyme activities. Propionate could not be used as a major carbon source and was incorporated only into isoleucine, probably via the citramalate pathway. Acetate was a preferred carbon source which suppressed autotrophic CO2 fixation: acetate grown cells exhibited an incomplete citric acid cycle in which 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase was present, but fumarate reductase was repressed. The succinate incorporation pattern and enzyme pattern indicated that autotrophic CO2 fixation proceeded via a yet to be defined reductive citric acid cycle.  相似文献   

4.
The strict anaerobe Desulfobacter hydrogenophilus is able to grow autotrophically with CO2, H2, and sulfate as sole carbon and energy sources. The generation time at 30°C under autotrophic conditions in a pure mineral medium was 15 h, the growth yield was 8 g cell dry mass per mol sulfate reduced to H2S. Enzymes of the autotrophic CO2 assimilation pathway were investigated. Key enzymes of the Calvin cycle and of the acetyl CoA pathway could not be found. All enzymes of a reductive citric acid cycle were present at specific activities sufficient to account for the observed growth rate. Notably, an ATP-citrate lyase (1.3 mol · min-1 · mg cell protein-1) was present both in autotrophically and in heterotrophically grown cells, which was rapidly inactivated in the absence of ATP. The data indicate that in D. hydrogenophilus a reductive citric acid cycle is operating in autotrophic CO2 fixation. Since other autotrophic sulfate reducers possess an acetyl CoA pathway for CO2 fixation, two different autotrophic pathways occur in the same physiological group.Dedicated to Prof. H. G. Wood on the occasion of his 80th birthday  相似文献   

5.
The activities of ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase (RuBPC) and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC), as indicators of autotrophic and nonautotrophic CO2 fixation, were measured in excised cotyledons of Pinus radiata D. Don cultured for 21 days under shoot-forming (SF) and nonshoot-forming (NSF) conditions. The activity of RuBPC was found to increase in both SF and NSF cultures during the initial 5 days of culture. However, it leveled off from day 5 to day 10 and subsequently began to decrease until the end of the culture period under the SF conditions. In contrast, in the NSF cultures, RuBPC activity increased until day 15, when it was twofold higher than the maximum activity found in the SF cultures. An increase in PEPC activity of about 2.5 times the level of activity in freshly excised cotyledons was observed during the initial 5 days of culture under the SF conditions. PEPC activity began to decline after day 5 until it reached the level of activity seen in NSF cotyledons by day 15. In contrast, the activity of PEPC did not show any significant increase during the initial 10 days of culture under the NSF conditions. The Km (phosphoenolpyruvate) of PEPC from SF cotyledons was about 35% higher than that of NSF cotyledons. Cotyledons from two culture periods (days 5 and 15) were incubated for 15 seconds with NaH14CO3. The label in the malate and asparatate fractions as a percentage of total 14C incorporation was 3 times higher in the SF cotyledons than in the NSF cotyledons. A higher incorporation of 14C into products of photosynthesis under the NSF conditions was also observed.  相似文献   

6.
The influence of abscisic acid (ABA) on carbon metabolism, rate of photorespiration, and the activity of the photorespiratory enzymes ribulose bisphosphate oxygenase and glycolate oxidase in 7-day-old barley seedlings (Hordeum vulgare L. var. Alfa) was investigated. Plants treated with ABA had enhanced incorporation of labeled carbon from 14CO2 into glycolic acid, glycine, and serine, while 14C incorporation into 3-phosphoglyceric acid and sugarphosphate esters was depressed. Parallel with this effect, treated plants showed a rise in activity of RuBP oxygenase and glycolic acid oxidase. The rate of photorespiration was increased twofold by ABA treatment at IO−6 molar while the CO2-compensation point increased 46% and stomatal resistance increased more than twofold over control plants.  相似文献   

7.
After a 5-second exposure of illuminated bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon L. var. `Coastal') leaves to 14CO2, 84% of the incorporated 14C was recovered as aspartate and malate. After transfer from 14CO2-air to 12CO2-air under continuous illumination, total radioactivity decreased in aspartate, increased in 3-phosphoglyceric acid and alanine, and remained relatively constant in malate. Carbon atom 1 of alanine was labeled predominantly, which was interpreted to indicate that alanine was derived from 3-phosphoglyceric acid. The activity of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase, alkaline pyrophosphatase, adenylate kinase, pyruvate-phosphate dikinase, and malic enzyme in bermudagrass leaf extracts was distinctly higher than those in fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.), a reductive pentose phosphate cycle plant. Assays of malic enzyme activity indicated that the decarboxylation of malate was favored. Both malic enzyme and NADP+-specific malic dehydrogenase activity were low in bermudagrass compared to sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.). The activities of NAD+-specific malic dehydrogenase and acidic pyrophosphatase in leaf extracts were similar among the plant species examined, irrespective of the predominant cycle of photosynthesis. Ribulose-1, 5-diphosphate carboxylase in C4-dicarboxylic acid cycle plant leaf extracts was about 60%, on a chlorophyll basis, of that in reductive pentose phosphate cycle plants.  相似文献   

8.
Nitrogen-limited cells of Selenastrum minutum (Naeg.) Collins are able to assimilate NH4+ in the dark under anaerobic conditions. Addition of NH4+ to anaerobic cells results in a threefold increase in tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCAC) CO2 efflux and an eightfold increase in the rate of anaplerotic carbon fixation via phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase. Both of these observations are consistent with increased TCAC carbon flow to supply intermediates for amino acid biosynthesis. Addition of H14CO3 to anaerobic cells assimilating NH4+ results in the incorporation of radiolabel into the α-carboxyl carbon of glutamic acid. Incorporation of radiolabel into glutamic acid is not simply a short-term phenomenon following NH4+ addition as the specific activity of glutamic acid increases over time. This indicates that this alga is able to maintain partial oxidative TCAC carbon flow while under anoxia to supply α-ketoglutarate for glutamate production. During dark aerobic NH4+ assimilation, no radiolabel appears in fumarate or succinate and only a small amount occurs in malate. During anaerobic NH4+ assimilation, these metabolites contain a large proportion of the total radiolabel and radiolabel accumulates in succinate over time. Also, the ratio of dark carbon fixation to NH4+ assimilation is much higher under anaerobic than aerobic conditions. These observations suggest the operation of a partial reductive TCAC from oxaloacetic acid to malate, fumarate, and succinate. Such a pathway might contribute to redox balance in an anaerobic cell maintaining partial oxidative TCAC activity.  相似文献   

9.
Dark Respiration during Photosynthesis in Wheat Leaf Slices   总被引:6,自引:2,他引:4       下载免费PDF全文
The metabolism of [14C]succinate and acetate was examined in leaf slices of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv Frederick) in the dark and in the light (1000 micromoles per second per square meter photosynthetically active radiation). In the dark [1,4-14C]succinate was rapidly taken up and metabolized into other organic acids, amino acids, and CO2. An accumulation of radioactivity in the tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates after 14CO2 production became constant indicates that organic acid pools outside of the mitochondria were involved in the buildup of radioactivity. The continuous production of 14CO2 over 2 hours indicates that, in the dark, the tricarboxylic acid cycle was the major route for succinate metabolism with CO2 as the chief end product. In the light, under conditions that supported photorespiration, succinate uptake was 80% of the dark rate and large amounts of the label entered the organic and amino acids. While carbon dioxide contained much less radioactivity than in the dark, other products such as sugars, starch, glycerate, glycine, and serine were much more heavily labeled than in darkness. The fact that the same tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates became labeled in the light in addition to other products which can acquire label by carboxylation reactions indicates that the tricarboxylic acid cycle operated in the light and that CO2 was being released from the mitochondria and efficiently refixed. The amount of radioactivity accumulating in carboxylation products in the light was about 80% of the 14CO2 release in the dark. This indicates that under these conditions, the tricarboxylic acid cycle in wheat leaf slices operates in the light at 80% of the rate occurring in the dark.  相似文献   

10.
The activities of alternative pathways of glucose metabolism in developing rat brain were evaluated by measurement of the yields of 14CO2 from glucose labeled with 14C on carbons 1, 2, 3 + 4, 6 and uniformly labeled glucose, from the detritiation of [2-3H]glucose and from the incorporation of 14C from specifically labeled glucose into lipids by brain slices from cerebral hemispheres and cerebellum. The glycolytic route and tricarboxylic acid cycle (14CO2 yield from carbons 3, 4, and 6 of glucose) increased during development. The flux through the glutamate-γ-aminobutyric route (14CO2 yield from carbon 2-carbon 6 of glucose) also showed an increase with development. In contrast, the proportion of glucose metabolized via the pentose phosphate pathway was markedly decreased as development progressed. The artificial electron acceptor, phenazine methosulfate, was used as a probe to investigate the effect of alterations in the redox state of NADP+NADPH couple on a number of NADP-linked systems in developing brain. Phenazine methosulfate produced a massive (20- to 50-fold) stimulation of the pentose phosphate pathway, in contrast, the incorporation of glucose carbon into fatty acids and flux through the glutamate-γ-aminobutyrate shunt were sharply decreased. The effects of phenazine methosulfate on the incorporation of glucose into glyceride glycerol, on the flux of glucose through the pyruvate dehydrogenase reaction and tricarboxylic acid cycle, all processes linked to the NAD+NADH couple, appeared to be minimal in the brain at the stages of development studied, i.e., 1, 5, 10, 20 days, and in the adult rat. The significance of the massive reserve potential of the pentose phosphate pathway in the developing brain is discussed.  相似文献   

11.
Addition of millimolar sodium glyoxylate to spinach (Spinacia oleracea) chloroplasts was inhibitory to photosynthetic incorporation of 14CO2 under conditions of both low (0.2 millimolar or air levels) and high (9 millimolar) CO2 concentrations. Incorporation of 14C into most metabolites decreased. Labeling of 6-P-gluconate and fructose-1,6-bis-P increased. This suggested that glyoxylate inhibited photosynthetic carbon metabolism indirectly by decreasing the reducing potential of chloroplasts through reduction of glyoxylate to glycolate. This hypothesis was supported by measuring the reduction of [14C]glyoxylate by chloroplasts. Incubation of isolated mesophyll cells with glyoxylate had no effect on net photosynthetic CO2 uptake, but increased labeling was observed in 6-P-gluconate, a key indicator of decreased reducing potential. The possibility that glyoxylate was affecting photosynthetic metabolism by decreasing chloroplast pH cannot be excluded. Increased 14C-labeling of ribulose-1,5-bis-P and decreased 3-P-glyceric acid and glycolate labeling upon addition of glyoxylate to chloroplasts suggested that ribulose-bis-P carboxylase and oxygenase might be inhibited either indirectly or directly by glyoxylate. Glyoxylate addition decreased 14CO2 labeling into glycolate and glycine by isolated mesophyll cells but had no effect on net 14CO2 fixation. Glutamate had little effect on net photosynthetic metabolism in chloroplast preparations but did increase 14CO2 incorporation by 15% in isolated mesophyll cells under air levels of CO2.  相似文献   

12.
Autotrophic carbon dioxide (CO2) fixation by microbes is ubiquitous in the environment and potentially contributes to the soil organic carbon (SOC) pool. However, the multiple autotrophic pathways of microbial carbon assimilation and fixation in paddy soils remain poorly characterized. In this study, we combine metagenomic analysis with 14C-labelling to investigate all known autotrophic pathways and CO2 assimilation mechanisms in five typical paddy soils from southern China. Marker genes of six autotrophic pathways are detected in all soil samples, which are dominated by the cbbL genes (67%–82%) coding the ribulose-bisphosphate carboxylase large chain in the Calvin cycle. These marker genes are associated with a broad range of phototrophic and chemotrophic genera. Significant amounts of 14C-CO2 are assimilated into SOC (74.3–175.8 mg 14C kg−1) and microbial biomass (5.2–24.1 mg 14C kg−1) after 45 days incubation, where more than 70% of 14C-SOC was concentrated in the relatively stable humin fractions. These results show that paddy soil microbes contain the genetic potential for autotrophic carbon fixation spreading over broad taxonomic ranges, and can incorporate atmospheric carbon into organic components, which ultimately contribute to the stable SOC pool.  相似文献   

13.
Summary A comparison of light and dark short-term incorporation of [14C]-carbon dioxide by Rhodospirillum rubrum grown in turbidostat continuous-flow culture at two different steady states on medium containing malate has shown that the labelling of phosphate esters was the main light-dependent process. Thus, the reductive pentose phosphate cycle appears to be the major pathway of carbon dioxide assimilation in the light under these growth conditions.The labelling of glutamate was also light-dependent and was most marked in the most rapidly growing steady state culture.The assimilated [14C]carbon was transferred to metabolites of the tricarboxylic acid cycle, particularly C4-dicarboxylic acids, and the transfer involved additional carboxylations which were not light-dependent. The activity of these reactions accounted for initial high rates of carbon dioxide assimilation in the dark.In the dark assimilated [14C]carbon accumulated in succinate.  相似文献   

14.
The involvement of reactions of the tricarboxylic acid cycle in autotrophic CO2 fixation in Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum was investigated. The incorporation of succinate into glutamate (=-ketoglutarate), aspartate (=oxaloacetate) and alanine (=pyruvate) was studied. The organism was grown on H2 plus CO2 at pH 6.5 in the presence of 1 mM [U-14C-]succinate. Significant amounts of the dicarboxylic acid were incorporated into cellular material under these conditions. Alanine, aspartate, and glutamate were isolated and their specific radioactivities were determined. Only glutamate was found to be labelled. Degradation of glutamate revealed that C-1 of glutamate was derived from CO2 and C-2-C-5 from succinate indicating that in M. thermoautotrophicum -ketoglutarate is synthesized via reductive carboxylation of succinyl CoA. The finding that succinate was not incorporated into alanine and aspartate excludes that oxaloacetate and pyruvate are synthesized from -ketoglutarate via isocitrate or citrate. This is taken as evidence that a complete reductive carboxylic acid cycle is not involved here in autotrophic CO2 fixation.  相似文献   

15.
Creach E 《Plant physiology》1979,63(4):788-791
When dark 14CO2 fixation in maize leaves was carried out under anaerobic conditions after preillumination in the absence of O2, the 14C incorporation in aspartic acid was transient; its maximum level was very low compared with that of malic acid. The addition of 5% O2 during the dark fixation period increased the total uptake of 14CO2 and the 14C incorporation into aspartic acid.  相似文献   

16.
Kent SS 《Plant physiology》1979,64(1):159-161
In the higher plant Vicia faba, anomalous labeling patterns in the organic acids and related amino acids of the tricarboxylic acid cycle which result from photosynthetic 14CO2 fixation (in conjunction with an enzyme localization pattern unique to plant mitochondria) suggest that the tricarboxylic acid cycle functions primarily as a pathway leading to glutamic acid biosynthesis during autotrophic growth. The distribution of isotope in citrate indicates little recycling of oxaloacetate for the resynthesis of citrate. Rather, malate appears to provide both the C2 and C4 fragments for the synthesis of citrate, and [3H]formate and 14CO2-labeling patterns implicate serine as the ultimate C3 precursor of malate.  相似文献   

17.
Chlorella pyrenoidosa were allowed to photosynthesize for short periods of time in the presence of 14CO2 and HTO. Analysis of tritium and 14C labeling of photosynthetic intermediate compounds showed that the T/14C ratio of glycolic acid was comparable to that of intermediate compounds of the photosynthetic carbon reduction cycle when photosynthesis was performed in nearly 100% oxygen and only slightly higher under steady-state conditions. It is concluded that formation of labeled glycolic acid as a consequence of its proposed hydrogen transport role in photosynthesis is quantitatively of limited importance compared to the net synthesis of glycolic acid from CO2.  相似文献   

18.
Measurements of the incorporation of radiolabeled precursors into orotic acid in tissue slices and minces provided evidence of the participation of the intramitochondrial carbamoylphosphate synthetase (CPSase-I) in the de novo biosynthesis of pyrimidines in rat liver. Ammonia, the only nitrogen source utilized by CPSase-I, markedly stimulated the incorporation of NaH14CO3 into orotic acid in liver slices, and ornithine, which enhances the intramitochondrial consumption of carbamoylphosphate (CP) in citrulline synthesis, antagonized the stimulation by ammonia. Sensitivity of the incorporation of NaH14CO3 into orotic acid to stimulation by ammonia was found to increase with age in concert with the emergence of CPSase-I in the liver during late fetal and neonatal development. Tissues lacking in CPSase-I activity did not exhibit the responses to ammonia and ornithine observed with the adult rat liver. While the occurrence of CPSase-I in the liver contributes extensively toward the exceptionally high capacity of that tissue for the de novo biosynthesis of orotic acid, our results also indicate that the physiological rate of orotic acid biosynthesis in rat liver is approximately one-third of capacity; the incorporation of NaH14CO3 into orotic acid averaged 488 nmol/g of tissue in 3 h in the presence of toxic levels of ammonia, but declined to 160 nmol/g of tissue in 3 h when physiological levels of both ammonia and ornithine were provided. However, the rate of orotic acid biosynthesis observed with physiological concentrations of ammonia and ornithine could be reduced further, to about one-quarter of the physiological rate, by providing additional ornithine; thus, physiological levels of ornithine do not prevent the escape of intramitochondrial CP into the cytoplasm. Finally, over 80% of the incorporation of NaH14CO3 into orotic acid at physiological levels of ammonia and ornithine was found to be ammonia dependent, and all but a small fraction of the ammonia-dependent incorporation could be blocked by providing ornithine in amounts in excess of physiological. These results indicate that CPSase-I is the major source of CP in the biosynthesis of hepatic pyrimidines under normal (physiological) conditions as well as in ammonia toxicity.  相似文献   

19.
Analysis of steady state photosynthesis in alfalfa leaves   总被引:8,自引:8,他引:0       下载免费PDF全文
A method for carrying out kinetic tracer studies of steady state photosynthesis in whole leaves has been developed. An apparatus that exposes whole leaves to 14CO2 under steady state conditions, while allowing individual leaf samples to be removed as a function of time, has been constructed. Labeling data on the incorporation of 14C into Medicago sativa L. metabolite pools are reported. A carbon dioxide uptake rate of 79 micromoles 14CO2 per milligram chlorophyll per hour was observed at a CO2 level slightly below that of air. Several actively turning over pools of early and intermediate metabolites, including 3-phosphoglyceric acid, glycerate, citrate, and uridine diphosphoglucose, showed label saturation after approximately 10 to 20 minutes of photosynthesis with 14CO2 under steady state conditions. Alanine labeling increased more rapidly at first, and then at a lower rate as saturation was approached. Sucrose was a major product of photosynthesis and label saturation of the sucrose pool was not observed. Labeled carbon appeared rapidly in secondary metabolites. The steady state apparatus used has numerous advantages, including leaf temperature control, protection against leaf dehydration, high illumination, known 14CO2 specific radioactivity, and provision for control and adjustment of 14CO2 concentration. The apparatus allows for experiments of long duration and for sufficient sample points to define clearly the metabolic steady state.  相似文献   

20.
Radiorespirometric Studies of Leucothrix mucor   总被引:6,自引:6,他引:0  
Catabolic capabilities of Leucothrix mucor were studied by radiorespirometric technique with a liquid scintillation spectrometer. Through measurement of relative rates and total percentages of 14CO2 produced, together with the determination of the cellular incorporation of 14C from different carbon atoms of various labeled substrates, such as simple carbohydrates, intermediary metabolites, and amino acids, the essential characteristics of the primary and secondary pathways operative in this organism were examined. These substrates appeared to be degraded mainly via enzymes of the Entner-Doudoroff pathway in conjunction with the tricarboxylic acid cycle. Estimation of concurrent participation of pathways indicated that 20 to 25% of the administered carbohydrate was catabolized via the pentose phosphate pathway. There was no evidence of the Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas pathway operating in this organism.  相似文献   

设为首页 | 免责声明 | 关于勤云 | 加入收藏

Copyright©北京勤云科技发展有限公司  京ICP备09084417号