千佛山自然保护区种子植物区系特征研究

在对千佛山自然保护区详细调查的基础上,对其种子植物的科、属分布区类型进行了统计分析。结果表明:(1)保护区内种子植物丰富,共153科767属2494种;(2)优势科、属明显;(3)区系起源古老;(4)种子植物地理成分复杂,吴征镒划分的中国种子植物属的15大分布类型在千佛山均有分布;(5)种子植物区系在科和属级水平上均显示出温带性质,温带分布属475属,占总属数的61.9%;(6)特有属、种丰富。     

Observation on Chromosomes of Wildflowers in China

In this paper 7 species of wildflowers were collected from Beijing suburb and Jilin Province. They are all common sightly and hardy perennials in their localities (See the Appendix for detail of the materials). The micrographs of their somatic metaphases are shown in Plate 1; the karyotype formulae, ranges of chromosome length and classification of karyotypes according to Stebbins (1971) are shown in Table 1; the idiograms of 5 species in Figs. 1-5. The karyotype analysis is made on the basis of Li and Chen (1985)⁽¹⁾. The essential points are as follows; (1) Ten pairs of chromosomes of Achyrophorus ciliatus are all submetacentric (sm). (2) Twelve pairs of chromosomes are all metacentric (m), and the short arms of the seventh pair of chromosomes with a pair of satellites in Orychophragmus violaceus. (3) The seventh and nineth pairs of chromosomes are sm and the short arms of latter with satellites in Silene repens var. angustifolia. It is reported for the first time. (4) In Scabiosa tschiliensis. the first, fourth, fifth and eighth pairs of chromosomes are sm, the sixth is terminal (t). The second and seventh are subterminal (st), the third is m. There are satellites on the short arms of third and seventh pairs. It is reported for the first time. (5) The eleventh pair of chromosomes is sm and the others are all m. The short arms of the twelfth pairs with satellites in Lychnis fulgens. (6) The chromosome number (2n) is 42, with a pair of satellites in Papaver pseudo-radicatum. It is also reported for the first time. (7) The chromosome number is2n=56 with two pairs of satellites in Rehmannia glutinosa.     

A Qualitative and Quantitative Study of a Sensory Epithelium in the Inner Ear of a Fish (Colisa labiosa; Anabantidae)

The macula lagenae of the anabantide fish Colisa labiosa was studied with light and transmission electron microscopy. (1) The sensory area is naturally divided in a central area (A) surrounded by a peripheral part (B). (2) Generally the central hair cells are separated by supporting cells, while the peripheral hair cells are found in groups. The cells of a group are not separated by supporting cells. (3) Tubuli-like structures, hexagonal in cross section, are found in all cells. In peripheral hair cells the longitudinally oriented tubuli-like structures are aggregated in thick bundles. (4) Variation in shape, electron density, stereocilia arrangement and size of mitochondria was found in different hair cells. (5) The central hair cells contain large accumulations of presynaptic bodies (10–44). Contrarily, the peripheral hair cells contain only a few pre-synaptic bodies (1–3). (6) The central hair cells are innervated by thick afferent (6–15 μm) and fine presumed efferent (less than 1 μm nerve fibres, while the peripheral hair cells are innervated by thin (1–6 μm) afferent nerve fibres only.     

The carbonate radical is a site-selective oxidizing agent of guanine in double-stranded oligonucleotides

The carbonate radical anion (CO(3)) is believed to be an important intermediate oxidant derived from the oxidation of bicarbonate anions and nitrosoperoxocarboxylate anions (formed in the reaction of CO(2) with ONOO(-)) in cellular environments. Employing nanosecond laser flash photolysis methods, we show that the CO(3) anion can selectively oxidize guanines in the self-complementary oligonucleotide duplex d(AACGCGAATTCGCGTT) dissolved in air-equilibrated aqueous buffer solution (pH 7.5). In these time-resolved transient absorbance experiments, the CO(3) radicals are generated by one-electron oxidation of the bicarbonate anions (HCO(3)(-)) with sulfate radical anions (SO(4)) that, in turn, are derived from the photodissociation of persulfate anions (S(2)O(8)(2-)) initiated by 308-nm XeCl excimer laser pulse excitation. The kinetics of the CO(3) anion and neutral guanine radicals, G(-H)( small middle dot), arising from the rapid deprotonation of the guanine radical cation, are monitored via their transient absorption spectra (characteristic maxima at 600 and 315 nm, respectively) on time scales of microseconds to seconds. The bimolecular rate constant of oxidation of guanine in this oligonucleotide duplex by CO(3) is (1.9 +/- 0.2) x 10(7) m(-1) s(-1). The decay of the CO(3) anions and the formation of G(-H)( small middle dot) radicals are correlated with one another on the millisecond time scale, whereas the neutral guanine radicals decay on time scales of seconds. Alkali-labile guanine lesions are produced and are revealed by treatment of the irradiated oligonucleotides in hot piperidine solution. The DNA fragments thus formed are identified by a standard polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis assay, showing that strand cleavage occurs at the guanine sites only. The biological implications of these oxidative processes are discussed.     

Regional variation in SE Fennoscandian mire vegetation

The distribution in bogs is outlined for all species occurring in bogs only in part of their SE Fennoscandian area. The patterns displayed by these species are diverse, and different explanations are applicable to different patterns. Regional variation in SE Fennoscandian bog and extremely poor fen vegetation is described, based on all available published material. Carpets, lawns, and hummocks are considered separately. Four regional vegetational gradients are identified: (1) W-E, (2) S-N, (3) SW-NE, and (4) NW-SE. These are related to different underlying climatic gradients: (1) humidity (precipitation surplus), (2) temperature, (3) and (4) combinations of humidity and temperature. Effects of climatic gradients on the ground water regime are outlined. The decisive factor for the SW-NE gradient is probably frequency of ground water table fluctuations, the NW-SE gradient is likely to be caused by differences in water supply and ground water flow rates. The main gradient of carpets is S-N (SE-NW), of lawns SW-NE (W-E), and of hummocks partly SW-NE, partly S-N. The effects of the underlying ecological factors on the different plant groups are discussed in order to explain the patterns of regional variation in vegetation.     

黔桂边境六县植物区系组成及其特点

黔桂边境六县植物区系有维管束植物203科921属2255种(变种)。其中种子植物含25种以上的有22科,代表成分有樟科、山茶科、壳斗科、五加科、桑科和椴树科。区系的特点是:地理成分复杂、分布交错;热带、亚热带性质明显;区系起源古老;特有珍稀种类多;喜酸成分较喜钙成分占优势;草本与木本种类近等。此外,对本区系自然条件及植物资源利用也作了简述。     

Phylogenetic studies on some Japanese amphibia by means of immunoelectrophoresis. II. Relationships of some amphibians to Japanese pond frogs (author's transl)

Since the Japanese pond frogs (Rana nigromaculata and R. brevipoda) are known to be very closely allied with each other in morphological, ecological, physiological or immunological characters, the phylogenetical relationships between the Japanese pond frogs and other 10 species of Japanese amphibians were investigated by means of immunoelectrophoretic analysis of liver extract. The results obtained are as follows: (1) There are conservative antigens which are commonly found in all species of Anura. (2) The Japanese pond frogs have specific antigens. (3) R. nigromaculata and R. brevidpoda are very closely allied with each other. (4) Four species of the genus Rana (R. rugosa, R. catesbeiana, R. ornativentris and R. japonica) are closely related to the Japanese pond frogs. (5) Two species of the genus Rhacophorus (Rh. arboreus and Rh. burergeri) are related to the Japanese pond frogs. (6) R. limnocharis is related to the Japanese pond frogs at the same extent as the genus Rhcophorus is. (7) Tow species of the suborder Procoela (Hyla arbored and Bufo bufo) are only partially related to the Japanese pond frogs. (8) Cynops pyrrhogaster pyrrhogaster of Urodera had only a few common antigens with the Japanese pond frogs.     

Biphasic transitions of a hairpin hexanucleotide triplex DNA

The conformational transitions (helix-coil transitions) of three hairpin triple helices, models 5'-(A-G)(3) + 5'-(T-C)(3)-T(4)-((br)C-T)(3) [CY], 5'-(A-G)(3) + 5'-(T-(br)C)(3)-T(4)-(C-T)(3) [YC] and 5'-(A-G)(3) + 5'-(T-(br)C)(3)-T(4)-((br)C-T)(3) [YY], are characterized in this work by UV spectroscopy. Melting of these triplexes is biphasic, and the profiles are used to obtain the thermodynamic parameters. The thermodynamic properties of the hairpin triplex are T(m) = 19.45 degrees C and DeltaH(vH) = 293.12 kJ mol(-1) for CY, T(m) = 22.85 degrees C and DeltaH(vH) = 256.63 kJ mol(-1) for YC and T(m) = 28.47 degrees C and DeltaH(vH) = 234.68 kJ mol(-1) for YY at pH 4.4. Those of the duplex are T(m) = 30.50 degrees C and DeltaH(vH) = 427.09 kJ mol(-1) for CY, T(m) = 32.96 degrees C and DeltaH(vH) = 374.47 kJ mol(-1) for YC and T(m) = 33.24 degrees C and DeltaH(vH) = 329.67 kJ mol(-1) for YY at pH 4.4. The distinct transitions of triplex to duplex and duplex to single strands are analyzed using the nearest-neighbor Ising model. Electrostatic effects on each conformation are also analyzed.     

Developmental cytology of the midgut in the flesh-fly, Sarcophaga bullata (Parker)

The cytological comparisons of the midgut in Sarcophaga bullata (Parker) between the second instar, the third instar larvae and the adult are made. The adult midgut differs from that of the larvae in the following ways: (1) the peritrophic membrane is thicker than in the larvae and has become multi-layered; (2) epithelial cells are smaller; (3) branched microvilli are present throughout the entire midgut instead of being present only in the posterior region as in the larval midgut; (4) nuclear pores are less frequent; (5) lysosome-type structures occur less frequently; (6) the basal membrane is thicker; (7) the z-bands in the surrounding muscle fibers are more distinct in adults. The possible function and the significance of these structures related to previous observations in Sarcophaga and other Diptera are discussed.     

Biochemical and genetic bases of microbial degradation of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)

The microbial degradation of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) has been extensively conducted by many workers, and the following general results have been obtained. (1) PCBs are degraded oxidatively by aerobic bacteria and other microorganisms such as white rot fungi. PCBs are also reductively dehalogenated by anaerobic microbial consortia. (2) The biodegradability of PCBs is highly dependent on chlorine substitution, i.e., number and position of chlorine. The degradation and dehalogenation capabilities are also highly strain dependent. (3) Biphenyl-utilizing bacteria can cometabolize many PCB congeners to chlorobenzoates by biphenl-catabolic enzymes. (4) Enzymes involved in the PCB degradation were purified and characterized. Biphenyl dioxygenase, ring-cleavage dioxygenase, and hydrolase are crystallized, and two ring-cleavage dioxygenases are being solved by x-ray crystallography. (5) The bph gene clusters responsible for PCB degradation are cloned from a variety of bacterial strains. The structure and function are analyzed with respect to the evolutionary relationship. (6) The molecular engineering of biphenyl dioxygenases is successfully performed by DNA shuffling, domain exchange, and subunit exchange. The evolved enzymes exhibit wide and enhanced degradation capacities for PCBs and other aromatic compounds.     

Advances in the Taxonomy of Spiders in Miocene Amber from the Dominican Republic (Arthropoda: Araneae)

Trachelas poinari sp. nov. (Corinnidae), Miagrammopes sp. indet. (Uloboridae) and the first indisputable fossil Lycosidae (gen. et sp. indet.) are newly identified and described in Miocene amber from the Dominican Republic. The following are junior synonyms: Nops segmentatus Wunderlich, 1988 of N. lobatus Wunderlich, 1988 (Caponiidae); Azilia muellenmeisteri Wunderlich, 1988 of A. hispaniolensis Wunderlich, 1988 (Tetragnathidae); and Lyssomanes galianoae Reiskind, 1989 of L. pristinus Wunderlich, 1986 (Salticidae). The specimens described as Nops sp. (Caponiidae), Selenops beynai Schawaller, 1984, S. sp. 1, and S. sp. 2 (Selenopidae) by Wunderlich (1988) are unrecognizable as distinct species. The following new combinations are presented: gen. indet. clypeatus (Wunderlich, 1988) (= Anelosimus clypeatus ) (Theridiidae); Meioneta bigibber (Wunderlich, 1988) (= Agyneta bigibber ), M. fastigata (Wunderlich, 1988) (= Agyneta fastigata ), M. separata (Wunderlich, 1988) (= Agyneta separata ) (Linyphiidae); Enacrosoma verrucosa (Wunderlich, 1988) (= Cyclosa verrucosa ) (Araneidae); Pseudosparianthis pfeiferi (Wunderlich, 1988) (= Tentabunda pfeiferi ) (Sparassidae). Theridion wunderlichi nom. nov. is proposed as a replacement name for T. ovale Wunderlich, 1988 (nom. preocc.). The previously unknown male of Styposis pholcoides Wunderlich, 1988 (Theridiidae) is described. Additional features of Argyrodes crassipatellaris Wunderlich, 1988 (Theridiidae) are described; this species is transferred from the trigonum to the cancellatus species group. Nine specimens belonging to six previously described species, and six juvenile Selenops sp. (including one exuvium) are newly identified. These are the first fossil records of Trachelas, Enacrosoma and Pseudosparianthis, giving them stratigraphic ranges of 15–20 my; the genera Anelosimus, Cyclosa and Agyneta are unknown in the fossil record.     

Computer simulation of a cerebellar cortex compartment

Here, Marr's theory of the cerebellum is elaborated at a detailed cellular level. The experimental grounds for the theory are briefly reviewed and problems related to (mossy-fibres) - (granule cell) coding are formulated. The properties of several particular types of (mossy-fibres) - (granule cell) connection matrices are illustrated through computer simulation.     

Intercalation of proflavine and a platinum derivative of proflavine into double-helical Poly(A)

The equilibria and kinetics of the interactions of proflavine (PR) and its platinum-containing derivative [PtCl(tmen)(2)HNC(13)H(7)(NHCH(2)CH(2))(2)](+) (PRPt) with double-stranded poly(A) have been investigated by spectrophotometry and Joule temperature-jump relaxation at ionic strength 0.1 M, 25 degrees C, and pH 5.2. Spectrophotometric measurements indicate that base-dye interactions are prevailing. T-jump experiments with polarized light showed that effects due to field-induced alignment could be neglected. Both of the investigated systems display two relaxation effects. The kinetic features of the reaction are discussed in terms of a two-step series mechanism in which a precursor complex DS(I) is formed in the fast step, which is then converted to a final complex in the slow step. The rate constants of the fast step are k(1) = (2.5 +/- 0.4) x 10(6) M(-1) s(-1), k(-1) = (2.4 +/- 0.1) x 10(3) s(-1) for poly(A)-PR and k(1) = (2.3 +/- 0.1) x 10(6) M(-1) s(-1), k(-1) = (1.6 +/- 0.2) x 10(3) s(-1) for poly(A)-PRPt. The rate constants for the slow step are k(2) = (4.5 +/- 0.5) x 10(2) s(-1), k(-2) = (1.7 +/- 0.1) x 10(2) s(-1) for poly(A)-PR and k(2) = 9.7 +/- 1.2 s(-1), k(-2) = 10.6 +/- 0.2 s(-1) for poly(A)-PRPt. Spectrophotometric measurements yield for the equilibrium constants and site size the values K = (4.5 +/- 0.1) x 10(3) M(-1), n = 1.3 +/- 0.5 for poly(A)-PR and K = (2.9 +/- 0.1) x 10(3) M(-1), n = 2.3 +/- 0.6 for poly(A)-PRPt. The values of k(1) are similar and lower than expected for diffusion-limited reactions. The values of k(-1) are similar as well. It is suggested that the formation of DS(I) involves only the proflavine residues in both systems. In contrast, the values of k(2) and k(-2) in poly(A)-PRPt are much lower than in poly(A)-PR. The results suggest that in the complex DS(II) of poly(A)-PRPt both proflavine and platinum residues are intercalated. In addition, a very slow process was detected and ascribed to the covalent binding of Pt(II) to the adenine.     

Water-dispersible superparamagnetic microspheres adorned with two types of surface chains

Water-dispersible superparamagnetic polymer/γ-Fe(2)O(3) composite microspheres adorned with two types of surface polymer chains are prepared and characterized. To prepare these spheres, we first synthesize uniform γ-Fe(2)O(3) nanoparticles that are covered by poly(2-cinnamoyloxyethyl methacrylate)-block-poly(acrylic acid) (PCEMA-b-PAA). These nanoparticles are then mixed with a PCEMA homopolymer in CHCl(3) to form an oil phase. The oil phase is dispersed into water under vigorous stirring with the help of two diblock copolymer surfactants, PGMA-b-PCEMA and PSGMA-b-PCEMA. Here PGMA and PSGMA denote poly(glyceryl monomethacrylate) and succinated PGMA, respectively. Solid microspheres with cores composed of PCEMA and PCEMA-b-PAA-covered γ-Fe(2)O(3) nanoparticles are obtained after CHCl(3) evaporation and PCEMA photo-cross-linking. Under certain conditions, the coronal PGMA and PSGMA chains become segregated, thus producing surface bumps, ridges, and valleys. The PSGMA chains preferentially cover the protruding regions. The PSGMA carboxyl groups are used to immobilize bovine serum albumin (BSA). The immobilized BSA retains its activity and binds with anti-BSA. These spheres should be useful in immunoassays.     

辽西义县组孢粉植物群指示的古气候条件

迄今为止,在辽西北票义县地区的下白垩统义县组二段沉积层中,已发现孢粉化石62属,82种,藻类化石3种。本文对产于不同地点沉积层中的孢粉化石进行了系统研究和总结。根据孢粉母体植物形态和生态特征、生长的气候环境和干湿度环境,对义县组二段的孢粉植物群进行了植被类型、气候带类型和干湿度类型的统计和划分,认为义县组二段沉积时期,其孢粉植被类型为针叶林,所处的气候环境为湿润的亚热带一暖温带。由于植被成分中存在落叶阔叶植物和旱生植物,推测气候环境存在季节性变化,间有干旱一半干旱气候条件。     

洛南盆地槐树坪地点2013年出土的石制品

洛南盆地槐树坪旧石器地点最初发现于1999年,该地点位于南洛河左岸(北部)支流石门河及石门河的二级支流东麻坪河(石门河一级支流为麻坪河)之间的第四级阶地上,是洛南盆地高阶地旷野旧石器地点群的代表性遗址之一。2004年4~5月和2006年6~7月,槐树坪地点曾历经两次小规模试掘。2013年4~6月,我们对该遗址进行了较大规模的系统发掘,发掘面积56 m~2,出土石锤、石料、石核、石片、工具、断块、碎屑等不同类型石制品830件。本文对2013年发掘出土的石制品进行了初步研究,统计分析结果显示,槐树坪地点加工石制品的原料来自遗址附近河流阶地砾石层中的砾石,其中以石英和石英岩为主,石英砂岩和细砂岩也有使用。剥片方式主要采用锤击法,偶见砸击法和碰砧法。石制品以中型和小型为主。工具多为石片加工而成的刮削器,偶见手斧、薄刃斧、石刀等大型工具。石器加工方向以正向居多。光释光测年数据表明,槐树坪地点埋藏石制品地层堆积物形成年代大约为距今8~9万年到1.3万年之间,其中7~8万年段的地层堆积物中包含石制品较多。槐树坪地点发现的石制品丰富了洛南盆地旧石器遗址的材料,可以使我们更深刻的了解洛南盆地高阶地旧石器遗址群的地层埋藏情况、遗址年代和石器工业内涵。     

Interactions of cytochrome c with DNA at glassy carbon surface

Cyclic voltammetry (CV) was used to investigate the interactions of Cytochrome c (Cyt c) with deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) at glassy carbon (GC) electrodes. The results indicate that there are strong interactions between Cyt c and DNA. The binding constant (k(A)) and binding free energy (Delta(r)G) of Cyt c with dsDNA are (1.69+/-0.38) x 10(5) L.mol(-1) and -(29.76+/-0.56) kJ.mol(-1), respectively; and those of Cyt c with ssDNA are (3.35+/-0.50) x 10(5) L.mol(-1) and -(31.49+/-0.37) kJ.mol(-1), respectively. The binding sites are achieved to be 3.3 bp per Cyt c molecule with dsDNA and 4.0 nucleotides (ssDNA) binding one Cyt c molecule. This experiment affords a valid method for investigating the interactions between DNA and proteins by electrochemical techniques.     

重庆市种子植物区系特征分析

对重庆市种子植物区系进行了研究,其区系特征如下:(1)植物种类和区系组成丰富,共分布有野生种子植物208科1 127属4 764种,其科包含12种分布型和13个变型,属包含15种分布型和23个变型;(2)科的区系组成以热带成分占主要,总共包含83科,达到重庆地区种子植物总科数的39.90%,这说明重庆种子植物区系带有一定的热带亲缘关系.属的区系组成以热带成分最多,达到454属,占重庆市种子植物总属数的40.28%,表明重庆地区种子植物区系的热带亲缘关系较强;(3)特有现象明显,虽然本地区分布的特有科属相对较少,但特有种丰富.     

Preparative isolation of di-, tri- and tetrapyrimidine nucleotides from depurinated herring sperm DNA (author's transl)

The pyrimidine nucleotides p(dT)3, p(dT)2p, pdCp, p(dC)2p and p(dC)3 and the mixtures of sequence isomers p(dC, dT), p(dC, dT)p, p(dT2, dU), (dT2, dU)p, p(dC, dT2), p(dC, dT2)p, p(dC, dT3), p(dC, dT), p(dC2, dT)p, and p(dC2, dT2) are isolated on a preparative scale from depurinated hydrolysates of herring sperm DNA by the following procedure. The DNA hydrolysate is first separated into a low and a high molecular weight mixture of pyrimidine nucleotides by column chromatography on DEAE-cellulose. The nucleoside bisphosphates pdCp and pdTp, the dinucleotides p(dC)2 and p(dT)2 and the sequence isomers p(dC, dT) are largely separated out of the mixture of the low molecular weight pyrimidine nucleotides. The remaining mixture is rechromatographed at pH 3.5 on QAE-Sephadex. This separates the pyrimidine nucleotides containing a majority of cytidylic acid units from those containing more thymidylic acid units, which are then fractionated at pH 7.5 according to the number of bases in the chain. The pyrimidine nucleotides and mixtures of sequence isomers separated to 83-99% purity by column chromatography are further separated by paper chromatography and are obtained in chromatographically pure form after this step. The structures of the isolated DNA fragments are determined from chromatographic data, absorption and enzymatic degradation.     

Application of particle swarm optimization and proximal support vector machines for fault detection

This paper presents a novel application of particle swarm optimization (PSO) in combination with another computational intelligence (CI) technique, namely, proximal support vector machine (PSVM) for machinery fault detection. Both real-valued and binary PSO algorithms have been considered along with linear and nonlinear versions of PSVM. The time domain vibration signals of a rotating machine with normal and defective bearings are processed for feature extraction. The features extracted from original and preprocessed signals are used as inputs to the classifiers (PSVM) for detection of machine condition. Input features are selected using a PSO algorithm. The classifiers are trained with a subset of experimental data for known machine conditions and are tested using the remaining data. The procedure is illustrated using the experimental vibration data of a rotating machine. The influences of the number of features, PSO algorithms and type of classifiers (linear or nonlinear PSVM) on the detection success are investigated. Results are compared with a genetic algorithm (GA) and principal component analysis (PCA). The PSO based approach gave test classification success above 90% which were comparable with the GA and much better than PCA. The results show the effectiveness of the selected features and classifiers in detection of machine condition.