山西省蝶类多样性与地带分布

结合自然地理与植被条件对山西蝶类多样性分布的现状进行研究,结果表明,其特点是：不同林区差异性大,呈南北递减趋势,受小气候环境影响较大,资源呈片段化分布,耕作区种类多样性丧失严重。根据已知的216种蝶类在山西15个林区的分布情况,采用聚类平均法(UPGMA)对这15个林区的蝶类多样性进行聚类分析,在相似性系数为0.85时,可将山西林区划分为5个蝶类分布地带。按照地理位置和自然景观的不同,分别称之为：Ⅰ.南端山地蝴蝶区;Ⅱ.南部盆地蝴蝶区;Ⅲ.中南部山地丘陵蝴蝶区;Ⅳ.中部高山蝴蝶区;Ⅴ.西北部丘陵蝴蝶区。在关键区系分析中,得知南端山地蝴蝶区和中部高山蝴蝶区是山西蝶类多样性分布的重要地区,对这两个区系加以保护,即可保护山西已知蝴蝶种类的97.7%。     

九龙山国家级自然保护区蝶类资源与区系

于1996—2013年,对九龙山国家级自然保护区的蝶类进行调查,并进行了区系分析和相似度比较。结果表明:调查记录到蝴蝶共251种,隶属于11科138属,其中国家保护种6种,有13种为浙江省新记录种;保护区蝶类种类占浙江省已记载种类的70%,表明该地区是浙江地区蝶类的重点分布区域,该地区分布的蝶类以单种属为多;区系分析表明,九龙山地区蝶类东洋种成分占优势,古北、东洋共有种次之,古北种最少;通过与省内其他保护区蝶类相似度比较,九龙山蝶类同天目山、百山祖存在相互联系,与百山祖的相似性较近,相对较天目山疏远。     

安徽省蝶类新记录

安徽省蝶类方面的研究甚少,许雪峰等报导了安徽滁州琅琊山的蝶类７科５４种。１９９７５－１９９８５,笔者结合动物课野外实习,在琅琊山又采集到６种为安徽省蝶类分布新记录,标本存放在滁州师专化生系动物实验室,现将６种蝴蝶作扼要描述如下。１蓝凤蝶Ｐａｐｉｌ...     

吉林省集安地区蝴蝶种类和生态考察报告

为了解掌握吉林集安地区蝴蝶种类及资源的本底资料.笔者在该地区开展了为期三年的蝶类资源考察,采用人工捕捉法捕获蝶类,并对捕获的蝶类进行分类鉴定,已发现蝶类8科64属104种.经调查初步摸清了集安地区蝶类的种类,为今后开展集安地区蝶类调查研究工作提供了科学依据.     

宁波天童森林公园蝶类资源及区系组成

在1990－2001年间对宁波天童国家森林公园的蝶类资源进行了调查,共采集到蝶类68种,隶属于9科52属。其中,东洋种29种,古北种5种,东洋、古北共有种34种,分别占总数的42.6%、7．4％和50．0％,表明该地区蝴蝶以东洋界种类为主要成分。同时还记述了各种蝴蝶的学名和寄主。     

南岭国家级自然保护区蝴蝶多样性与区系研究

广东南岭国家级自然保护区位于南岭山脉中段的核心区域,在生物进化史中具有特殊的地位。对栖息微环境变化敏感的蝶类是生态环境变化的指示物种,对其进行多样性和区系的研究,可为南岭蝶类资源的保护和利用等提供科学依据。于1990-1997年,2006-2016年连续多次对该保护区蝶类进行了调查,结果显示:共记录蝴蝶11科218属501种,是国内诸保护区中蝴蝶种数最多的。分布在东洋区的蝴蝶共377种,占蝶类种数的75.2%,古北区94种,占18.8%,其它跨区系分布的只有30种,属东洋区主导的分布型;国内分布于华南、西南、华中3区的蝴蝶共391种(78.04%),其它分布区种类少,这些说明南岭蝴蝶与南岭植物一样主要属亚热带成分。从自然保护区尺度的蝴蝶区系相似性比较看出,种类数和区系相似性都随着离南岭的距离增大而减少,与海南尖峰岭相比热带成分明显减少,这些说明南岭蝴蝶组分不仅有热带向亚热带过渡的特点,而且明显表现出以南岭为核心向周边扩散,暗示了南岭中段可能为我国蝴蝶的起源和分化中心。弄蝶是蝶类中系统发育过程中最古老的类群,该保护区弄蝶达132种,占我国弄蝶种数的35.68%,这可能与丰富而古老的植物区系紧密相关;黛眼蝶属(幼虫以竹子为寄主)有28种,居国内各保护区之首,这与南岭山地丰富的竹类资源有关,这些表明植物与蝴蝶间密切的协同进化关系。     

雨雪冰冻灾害对南岭蝴蝶资源的影响

南岭国家级自然保护区巳发现蝴蝶442种,其中不乏有中国分布新纪录和新种。常绿阔叶林中有蝴蝶339种,山地常绿针阔叶林中有蝴蝶369种,山顶常绿阔叶苔藓矮林中有蝴蝶71种;这些蝶类属东洋区的有360种,占总数的81.45%;属古北区的有48种,占总数的10.86%;跨区系分布的有34种,占总数的7.69%;南岭蝶类与福建省蝶类相似百分率高达77.27%,说明两地有共同的起源与演化过程。2008年初的雨雪冰冻灾害使南岭海拨500～1000m森林生态遭受严重破坏,各种蝴蝶在林中的种群密度骤降,海拨700～800m的蝶类仅为海拨1100～1200m冻害较轻林地蝶类数量的23%;整个林区蝶类的种群密度极低,与常年相比,降低率约为90%。凤蝶科的种群在调查地段发现的只占常年见到的37.5%。     

新疆东部天山蝶类多样性及其垂直分布

2006-2008年研究了新疆东部天山蝶类多样性和垂直分布.结果表明:研究区域内共记录蝴蝶7科43属63种,占新疆已记录蝶类种数的24.80％,区系组成主要是古北种,占73％;其次是广布种,占27％,没有发现东洋种.其中蛱蝶科的物种数最多,为11属19种,蚬蝶科的物种数最少,只有1属1种.按海拔将生境分为5个垂直自然带,包括低山灌木草原带、山地森林草原带、亚高山草甸带、高山草甸带、垫状植被带.蝶类物种数和个体数排序为亚高山草甸带＞山地森林草原带＞低山灌木草原带＞高山草甸带＞垫状植被带.采用Shannon-Wiener指数和G-F指数对蝶类物种和科、属的多样性进行了分析评价,结果显示亚高山草甸带的蝶类多样性最为丰富,其次是山地森林草原带和低山灌木草原带,而高山草甸带和垫状植被带的蝶类多样性相对较低,物种和科、属多样性分析结果均一致.蝶类垂直分布明显,物种数和个体数随海拔变化的趋势类似,均为先增加后下降.蝶类区系成分随着海拔升高发生改变,广布种的比例逐渐降低,高山草甸带和垫状植被带只有古北种分布.研究结果显示,生境改变对蝴蝶群落影响明显,保护生境是保护蝴蝶生存的最主要措施.     

陕西太白山南坡蝶类的多样性及区系特征

2009年4—10月,对太白山南坡的蝴蝶进行了系统调查,分析其各科的多样性指数、均匀度指数、优势度指数和物种丰富度.结果表明:太白山南坡有蝴蝶5科77属126种.其中,蛱蝶科的多样性指数和丰富度指数最高,为3.3621和9.9363,粉蝶科的均匀度和优势度指数最高,为0.8352和0.0573.6—8月蝶类属、种数量较多,7月蝴蝶多样性指数最高,为3.4094,8月物种丰富度最高,为10.7.124种蝶类中,广布种最多(51种),占总种数的40.5%;古北种41种,占32.5%;东洋种最少(32种),占25.4%.这反映了该地区古北界和东洋界种类交汇过渡的特点.对比分析太白山南坡和北坡的蝶类种类及区系组成,其共有种为85种,蝶类相似度为62.0%,说明两地虽然地理位置接近,但蝶类仍有一定的差异.     

佳木斯南郊不同生境蝶类多样性调查

2003年4月25日～2004年8月16日间,在佳木斯市南郊范围选择了4种不同生境的样地,对该地区蝴蝶种群结构及其多样性进行调查研究。共采集到蝴蝶1225只,隶属于7科49属71种。种类以蛱蝶最多,绢蝶最少。蝶种分布具有明显的区域性及比较稳定的优势种群分布,其中植被资源最丰富的四丰山区的物种多样性指数均高于其它研究区域,说明植被资源丰富度与蝶类丰富度之间有正相关关系。     

On the origin of the recent fauna of butterflies (Lepidoptera,Rhopalocera) of Vietnam

The following types of ranges of the Vietnamese butterflies are considered: 1) narrow ranges of endemic taxa, 2) continuous and mosaic ranges, 3) disjunct ranges, and 4) vicariant ranges. The endemic butterfly taxa mostly concentrate in isolated mountain areas of central Vietnam and show relationships with the Sino- Himalayan, Malayan, and local Indo-Burmese faunas. The ranges of most Vietnamese butterflies, both eury- and stenobiont species, combine the traits of continuous and mosaic distribution. Disjunctions in the ranges of Vietnamese butterflies vary from dozens to thousands kilometers. Similar habitats in different parts of Vietnam may have different though allied butterfly species. The origin of the recent butterfly fauna is hypothesized.     

Influence of fire prevention management strategies on the diversity of butterfly fauna in the eastern Pyrenees

Fire prevention management is becoming a necessity in many Mediterranean locations to regulate fire of natural or human origin. However, very few studies have determined the real effects of the strategies adopted on local fauna. Butterflies are sensitive to local changes and they can thus serve as indicators of environmental changes. Three different types of fire prevention management approaches in three different localities in the Eastern Pyrenees (France) were performed and the butterfly community composition was investigated. We show that of the 80 species of butterflies observed, 36 % can be considered as biological markers. An original objective treatment of data using hierarchical distance analysis combined with a neural network analysis (Self-Organizing Maps) was applied in this study. Our conclusions are that the overall number of species is maintained independently of the fire prevention type but that some important changes are observed among butterfly communities, with a clear reduction of the numbers of endemic/specialized species in favour of generalist ones for the two most drastic fire prevention management approaches studied here. The influence of such approaches is discussed on the basis of the conservation of Mediterranean species of Lepidoptera.     

Butterfly species richness and abundance in the Katavi ecosystem of western Tanzania

We sampled butterflies in six different habitat types in and around Katavi National Park, a remote reserve consisting primarily of miombo woodland and seasonal lakes in western Tanzania. Blendon traps set for 531 trap days and 143 h of butterfly netting at 35 sites yielded 186 species from five families over a 4‐month period during the wet season. Eight of these species constituted possible range extensions. Butterfly abundance and species richness were low in cultivated habitats but high in open riverine habitats; many butterfly species were found only in seasonally flooded grassland. This study constitutes the first butterfly species inventory from this poorly‐known national park, shows that protection of dry season water sources provides an important conservation service for invertebrates as well as large mammals, and that increased cultivation outside miombo parks can reduce local butterfly diversity.     

Importance of boreal grasslands in Sweden for butterfly diversity and effects of local and landscape habitat factors

A widespread decline in biodiversity in agro-ecosystems has been reported for several groups of organisms in Western Europe. The butterfly fauna was studied in 60 selected semi-natural grasslands in a coniferous-dominated boreal landscape in south-eastern Sweden. The aim was to investigate how butterfly assemblages were affected by the amount of semi-natural grasslands in the surrounding landscape. Furthermore, we wanted to determine if semi-natural grasslands in boreal landscapes harboured species otherwise declining in other parts of Europe. For each study site, the amounts of semi-natural grasslands in the landscape within radii of 500, 2,000 and 5,000 m were studied. Nine local habitat factors were also recorded. Only the amount of semi-natural grasslands within a 5,000 m radius could explain a significant part of the variation in butterfly composition, but there was no clear relationship between the amount of semi-natural grassland and butterfly diversity. Instead, this study showed that local habitat quality was very important for butterfly diversity at individual sites. Flower abundance, sward height and herb composition were the most important local factors. Patches surrounded by a small amount of semi-natural grasslands had high butterfly diversity, contrary to expectations. This may be explained by the fact that forest habitat provides a matrix with several features suitable for butterflies. The butterfly fauna was rich in species representative of low-productivity grasslands, species that are declining in other countries in Western Europe.     

宁夏贺兰山自然保护区蝴蝶群落多样性及其环境影响因子

宁夏贺兰山自然保护区蝴蝶群落多样性及其与环境因素的关系,2017年5-9月采用样线法对贺兰山东麓6类生境和不同干扰类型10条样线的蝴蝶群落结构及其多样性季节动态进行调查。共记录蝴蝶5科36属45种,蛱蝶科Nymphalidae的属和物种数最多,为17属19种;凤蝶科Papilionidae最少,仅1属1种。菜粉蝶Pieris rapae、云粉蝶Pontia daplidice、斑缘豆粉蝶Colias erate和小檗绢粉蝶Aporia hippia是该地区的优势种,个体数量分别占总个体数的11.76%、11.63%、11.21%和10.17%。不同生境样线优势类群和常见类群不同。蝴蝶的栖息地偏好与寄主植物有关,蝴蝶的生境分布类型可分为生境广布型、湿润平原型、荒漠半荒漠草原型和山地森林型。蝴蝶群落Shannon-Wiener多样性和丰富度指数以灰榆疏林草地生境最高,优势度最低。各物种在生境内的季节变化趋势与不同生境植被生长季节相关,高峰期为7-8月。不同调查时间蝴蝶的优势种和常见种不同。物种数以7月份调查最多,有33种,占全年调查总物种数的73.33%;5月份调查最少,有20种。蝴蝶群落Shannon-Wiener多样性和丰富度指数以8月份最大,5月份最小。蝴蝶成虫发生类型分为全年发生型、春季型、夏季型和夏秋季型。不同生境和季节发生的优势种可以作为对生境状况进行评估的指示类群。采用CCA分析物种分布与微环境因子的关系,海拔对蝴蝶物种多样性分布格局有显著影响。蝴蝶丰富度与海拔、温度、风速显著正相关。适度干扰有利于蝶类多样性增加,较强的人为干扰会影响蝶类栖息环境,降低蝶类多样性。因此,生境差异性和干扰与蝴蝶群落的物种多样性密切相关,维持贺兰山垂直植被带的生境异质性和保持适度干扰是保护蝴蝶多样性的关键。     

常州地区蝶类资源及区系组成

在1991～2002年间,笔者对江苏常州地区蠊类资源进行了调查,共采集到蠊类64种(或亚种),隶属于8科46属。其中古北种14种,东洋种10种,古北—东洋共有种37种,广布种3种,分别占总数的21．9％、15．6％、57．8％和4．7％,表明该地区蝴蝶以古北、东洋混生种类为主要成份,并且有由古北区向东洋区过渡的特征。同时还记述了各种蝴蝶的学名和寄主。调查还发现江苏省新记录1属10种．     

齐云山国家级自然保护区蝴蝶群落多样性

为研究齐云山国家级自然保护区蝴蝶群落多样性, 2016年4月至2018年10月, 作者在江西齐云山国家级自然保护区不同生境选取5条长2,000 m的固定样线进行了每年6次、累计18次的蝶类多样性调查。共记录到蝴蝶6,946只, 隶属5科106属189种, 其中东洋界种类是优势类群(183种, 占总种数的96.8%)。蛱蝶科的种类最多(81种, 占42.9%), 其物种丰富度指数(R = 8.42)、多样性指数(H′= 3.21)和优势度指数(D = 0.60)较高, 属于优势类群。齐云山国家级自然保护区蝴蝶个体数从4月开始逐渐增加, 到6-7月基本稳定并维持到10月;物种数在4-10月基本稳定, 具有较高的多样性指数。保护区内不同生境观测样线的蝴蝶种类和数目有较大的差异: 针阔混交林的桐江样线蝴蝶种类(126种, 占66.7%)及数目(1,945只, 占28.2%)最多, 其物种丰富度指数(R = 16.51)最高; 常绿阔叶林的上十八垒样线蝴蝶数目相对较少(905只, 占13.0%), 但是蝴蝶种类相对较多(103种, 占54.5%), 所以多样性指数(H′= 3.93)和优势度指数(D = 0.85)较高; 农田和果园生境的三角潭样线由于生境简单且人为干扰强度较大, 蝴蝶物种数相对较少(97种, 占51.3%)。研究表明: 江西省齐云山国家级自然保护区的蝴蝶区系组成以东洋区为绝对主导的分布类型, 蝴蝶群落多样性与生境类型有明显的相关性, 季节性的农耕活动、除草剂农药的大量使用、寄主植物的大量砍伐等人类活动威胁到蝴蝶的多样性及蝶类群落结构的稳定性。     

The differences of butterfly (Lepidoptera, Papilionoidea) communities in habitats with various degrees of disturbance and altitudes in tropical forests of Vietnam

A survey was conducted on the species composition, richness and abundance of Papilionoidea (excluding Lycaenidae) butterfly fauna in habitats with various degrees of disturbance and altitudes in tropical forests at Tam Dao National Park, northern Vietnam in 2001. The transect method was used to collect data in the survey. Six transects representing different habitat types at two sites, one site located at a low elevation of 200–250 m a.s.l., and the other located at a high elevation of 950–1000 m a.s.l., were chosen: three transects for each site, with a length of 500 m for each transect. A total of 3594 individuals of 127 species in 240 sets of data were recorded from various habitats. The differences in butterfly composition, species richness, abundance and diversity in different habitat types and altitudes were analyzed. The results showed significant differences of butterfly diversity among the different habitat types and between the low and high altitude sites. The butterfly diversity, species richness and species abundance in the low elevation habitats were higher than in the high elevation habitats. The highest diversity of butterflies occurred in the mixed habitats of agriculture, scrub and clearing lands of high disturbance. However, butterflies most important for conservation are associated with undisturbed or moderately disturbed forests only.