富硒大豆多肽对高脂致大鼠脂肪肝和抗氧化功能的影响

目的：探讨富硒大豆多肽改善高脂所致脂肪肝大鼠肝抗氧化功能的影响及机制。方法：将40只Wistar大鼠分成4组（n=10）,分别饲喂标准饲料＋水（NC）、标准饲料＋富硒大豆多肽液（SeN）、高脂饲料＋水（HC）、高脂饲料＋富硒大豆多肽液（SeH）,10周后处死,用苏丹Ⅲ染色肝脏组织切片观察脂肪变性程度,免疫组织化学方法测定肝组织葡萄糖调节蛋白78（GRP78）表达情况,并分析其肝功能、血脂及血清和肝匀浆中谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（GSH-Px）、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性和丙二醛（MDA）含量的变化情况。结果：HC组在血清TC、TG水平、肝脏脂肪化程度、GRP78表达情况都明显高于NC、SeN、SeH组（P〈0.01）。SeH组血清和肝组织中MDA含量较HC组降低（P〈0.01）,GSH-Px、SOD活性升高。NC和SeN两组各项指标之间无明显差异。结论：富硒大豆多肽能有效提高脂肪肝大鼠肝内抗氧化酶活性,抑制脂质过氧化反应,降低肝组织内GRP78表达。     

硫化氢对急性心肌缺血大鼠心肌线粒体损伤的影响

目的：探讨硫化氢（H2S）对急性心肌缺血大鼠线粒体功能的影响,并探讨其改善急性心肌缺血损伤的作用机制。方法：通过结扎大鼠左冠状动脉前降支建立急性心肌缺血模型。雄性SD大鼠48只随机分为6组（n=8）：假手术组,缺血组,缺血＋硫氢化钠（NaHS）低、中、高剂量组和缺血＋炔丙基甘氨酸（PPG）组。透射电镜观察心肌组织线粒体超微结构;检测血浆中H2S含量、心肌组织CSE活性;测定心肌线粒体活力、膜肿胀度及线粒体总ATP酶、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（GSH-PX）、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）的活性和丙二醛（MDA）含量。结果：与假手术组比较,缺血组大鼠血浆H2S含量和心肌组织中CSE活性降低;心肌线粒体膜肿胀,线粒体活力下降;线粒体中MDA含量明显升高,ATP酶、SOD、GSH-Px活性明显降低（P〈0.01）。与缺血组比较,缺血＋NaHS低、中、高剂量组大鼠血浆H2S含量和心组织中CSE活性均升高;缺血＋NaHS中、高剂量组大鼠心肌线粒体MDA含量明显减少,膜肿胀度减轻;缺血＋NaHS低、中、高剂量组线粒体活力有所恢复,ATP酶、SOD、GSH-Px的活性明显升高（P〈0.05或P〈0.01）。PPG可部分减弱H2S的心肌保护作用（P〈0.05或P〈0.01）。结论：H2S可增强线粒体ATP酶、SOD、GSH-Px的活性,降低线粒体脂质过氧化水平,从而起到对大鼠急性心肌缺血的保护作用。     

年龄相关性白内障晶状体脂质过氧化及抗氧化能力的变化

摘要目的：观察年龄相关性白内障晶状体中脂质过氧化及抗氧化能力的变化,探讨脂质过氧化与年龄相关性白内障的关系。方法：选择2010年8月至2011年10月我院收治的年龄相关性白内障患者35例（35眼）和透明晶状体15例（15眼）作为白内障纽和对照组,测定其维生素C（VitC）、脂质过氧化物丙二醛（MDA）含量及超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性的改变。结果：与对照组相比,白内障组晶状体内VitC含量和SOD酶活性均显著下降,分别降低了39．30％（P〈0．01）和63．50％（P〈0．01）,MDA含量较明显升高（P〈O．01）。Pearson相关分析显示,对照组透明晶状体中MDA含量与SOD活性、VitC含量均呈显著负相关（r=-0．858,P〈0．01;r-=．0．883,P〈0．01）,而白内障组晶状体中三者未发现明显的直线相关关系（P〉0．05）。结论：脂质过氧化参与了年龄相关性白内障的形成,SOD和VitC对晶状体氧化损伤具有一定的保护作用。     

蜂胶黄酮对小鼠脑so D 、 GsH 一Px 、 MDA 的影响

目的：研究蜂胶黄酮对小鼠脑组织的抗氧化系统的作用,以期探讨蜂胶黄酮的抗衰老作用机制。方法：以小鼠为实验对象,以其脑SOD、GSH—Px、MDA为指标,考察蜂胶黄酮的抗衰老作用。结果：蜂胶乙醇提取物（EEP）可使脑组织中SOD、GSH—Px活性明显增高,和空白组相比具有显著差异（P〈0、01）;使脑组织MDA明显降低,和空白组相比具有显著差异（P〈0．01）。结论：EEP可有效地提高脑组织中抗氧化酶的活性,降低脑MBA的含量,抑制和／或减轻脂质过氧化反应,从而防止了自由基过氧化对脑组织的损伤,可能是有效的脑组织保护荆。     

参麦注射液对高脂血症大鼠血脂的调节作用

目的：通过观察参麦注射液对高脂血症模型大鼠的血脂水平和一系列相关生化指标的影响,探讨其对高脂血症模型大鼠血脂的调节作用。方法：30只SPF级雄性SD大鼠用基础饲料适应性喂养1周,随机分为3组（n=10）：对照组,模型对照组,参麦注射液组。对照组用基础饲料喂养,模型对照组和参麦注射液组用高脂饲料喂养,每周测定动物体重一次。参麦注射液组每天给予2次参麦注射液10 ml/kg,连续灌胃45 d。之后测定大鼠血清总胆固醇（TC）、甘油三酯（TG）、高密度脂蛋白（HDL-C）、低密度脂蛋白（LDL-C）、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、谷胱甘肽过氧物酶（GSH-Px）、丙二醛（MDA）、脂蛋白酯酶（LPL）和肝酯酶（HL）活性。结果：模型对照组大鼠体重、血清中TC、TG、LDL-C和MDA水平较对照组明显升高（P<0.01）,而HDL-C、SOD、GSH-Px、LPL和HL水平明显降低（P<0.01）。参麦注射液组大鼠体重、血清中TC、TG、LDL-C和MDA水平较模型对照组明显降低（P<0.01）,而HDL-C、SOD、GSH-Px、LPL和HL水平明显升高（P<0.05,P<0.01）。结论：参麦注射液对高脂模型大鼠的血脂具有较明显的调节作用,并具有抗脂质过氧化的作用。     

中药银杏叶对老年痴呆症小鼠学习记忆能力的影响

目的研究中药银杏叶与西药脑复康片对老年痴呆症小鼠学习记忆能力恢复效果的差异。方法 KM小鼠随机分为对照组、模型组、银杏叶组和脑复康组,各组20只。除对照组外,其余组采用腹腔注射D-半乳糖和灌胃AlCl3进行造模,连续60 d。银杏叶组和脑复康组自造模起给予相应的药物,连续60 d。试验结束后测定小鼠学习记忆能力,测定脑组织中乙酰胆碱酯酶活性、过氧化脂质（MDA）含量、超氧化岐化酶（SOD）活性、Na＋、K＋-ATPase、游离钙离子含量和进行脑神经元细胞计数。结果与模型组比较,银杏叶组动物潜伏期明显延长,错误次数降低（P〈0.05）;银杏叶组动物脑组织SOD活性明显升高（P〈0.05）,MDA含量、Ca＋浓度含量、乙酰胆碱酯酶活性显著性降低（P〈0.05）,与对照及脑复康组比较未见显著差异（P〉0.05）;银杏叶组动物大脑海马锥体细胞数与模型组比较明显升高（P〈0.01）,大脑皮质神经元细胞数与模型组比较无明显差异（P〉0.05）。结论中药银杏叶改善小鼠学习记忆障碍的作用与西药脑复康片相似。     

五鹤续断抗小鼠衰老的作用及其机制研究

目的：研究五鹤续断（WHDA）注射液对D-半乳糖所致小鼠衰老模型的抗衰老作用及其机制。方法：昆明种小鼠（雌雄各半）48只,随机分为对照组、模型组、阳性WHDA组、7．2g/kgWnDA组、3．6g/kgWHDA组及1．8g/kgWHDA组,每组8只。腹腔注射D-半乳糖造模,Morris水迷宫测量小鼠学习和记忆能力。检测各组小鼠皮肤羟脯氨酸、脑组织MDA、LP、SOD及GSH-Px含量,采用双抗体夹心ELISA法检测小鼠血清中IL-2及IL-6含量。结果：Morris水迷宫实验结果表明WHDA各组潜伏期与模型组相比较明显减少（P〈0．05）,模型组小鼠穿越平台的次数比其它各组小鼠少（P〈0．05）。脑组织氧化性指标（SOD、MAD、LP及GSH．Px）检测,对照组及WHDA各组MAD与LP含量低于模型组（P〈0．05）。对照组及WHDA各组SOD与GSH-Px的活性明显高于模型组（P〈0．05）。注射过D-半乳糖小鼠皮肤羟脯氨酸含量都明显低于对照组（P〈0．05）,WHDA组小鼠皮肤中羟脯氨酸的含量明显高于模型组（P〈0．05）。WHDA组小鼠血清中IL-2、IL-6含量显著高于对照组和模型组（P〈0．05）,模型组小鼠血清中的IL-2、IL-6比对照组要低（P〈0．05）。结论：WHDA能改善D．半乳糖所致的衰老小鼠的学习记忆能力,消除其体内自由基,增强机体免疫能力,具有较好的抗衰老作用。     

黄芪对肠缺血／再灌注时脂质过氧化损伤的防护作用及其机制

目的：探讨黄芪对肠缺血／再灌注（I／R）时脂质过氧化损伤的防护作用及其机制。方法：检测红细胞膜和组织匀浆丙二醛（MDA）含量以及红细胞超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性。结果：黄芪可使MDA含量降低,且可防止SOD减少,与1／R组比较均P〈0．01。结论：肠I／R过程中体内脂质过氧化过程加强,黄芪通过抗脂质过氧化作用能稳定细胞膜,减轻组织损伤,延缓I／R损伤的进行性加剧。     

昆布（海带）对高脂血症大鼠血脂的调节作用和机制

目的：探讨昆布（海带）在实验性高脂血症大鼠中的降血脂作用和机制。方法：健康雌性Wistar大鼠40只,应用高脂饲料喂养方法建立高脂血症动物模型,海带粉饲料喂养干预治疗。生化法检测大鼠血清甘油三酯（TG）、总胆固醇（TC）、低密度脂蛋白（LDL）和高密度脂蛋白（HDL）水平。硫代巴比妥酸法和硝酸还原酶法分别检测脂质过氧化物丙二醛（MDA）和一氧化氮（NO）含量,黄嘌呤氧化酶法和化学比色法分别测定超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（GSH-PX）活性。结果：经海带干预治疗后,动物血清TG、TC和LDL水平较模型组显著降低、HDL水平显著升高（P〈0.05）。治疗组动物血清和肝组织MDA和NO水平显著低于、而SOD和GSH-PX活性均显著高于模型组（P〈0.05）。结论：海带可能影响TG、TC、LDL和HDL等组分的代谢,通过增强抗氧化SOD和GSH-PX的活性,降低体内MDA和NO的水平,发挥调节血脂水平的作用。     

富硒板党抗疲劳和抗缺氧作用的实验研究

目的：探讨富硒板党抗疲劳、抗缺氧作用及其机制。方法：昆明种小鼠随机分为对照组和富硒板党低、中、高剂量组,小鼠连续灌胃30d,分别测定小鼠负重游泳、抗缺氧时间;测定血红蛋白（Hb）、血乳酸（LAC）、血清尿素氮（BUN）和肝糖原含量;测定乳酸脱氢酶（LI）H）及超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）fi~活性。结果：与对照组比较,富硒板党低、中、高剂量组可延长小鼠负重游泳、抗缺氧时间（P〈O．05,P〈O．01）,明显增加陆和肝糖原舍量（P〈O．05）,明显增加LDH及SOD的活性（P〈0．05,P〈0．01）,降低LAC及BUN的含量（P〈O．05）,与低剂量组比较,中、高剂量组作用效果较好（P〈O．05）。结论：富硒板党具有明显抗疲劳、抗缺氧作用。     

Salt Stress in Arabidopsis： Lipid Transfer Protein AZI1 and Its Control by Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase MPK3

A plant＇s capability to cope with environmental challenges largely relies on signal transmission through mitogen-activated protein kinase （MAPK） cascades. In Arabidopsis thaliana, MPK3 is particularly strongly associated with numerous abiotic and biotic stress responses. Identification of MPK3 substrates is a milestone towards improving stress resistance in plants. Here, we characterize AZI1, a lipid transfer protein （LTP）-related hybrid proline-rich protein （HyPRP）, as a novel target of MPK3. AZI1 is phosphorylated by MPK3 in vitro. As documented by co-immunoprecipitation and bimolecular fluorescence complementation experiments, AZI1 interacts with MPK3 to form protein complexes in planta. Furthermore, null mutants of azil are hypersensitive to salt stress, while AZIl-overexpressing lines are markedly more tolerant. AZI1 overexpression in the mpk3 genetic background partially alleviates the salt-hypersensitive phenotype of this mutant, but functional MPK3 appears to be required for the full extent of AZIl-conferred robustness. Notably, this robustness does not come at the expense of normal development. Immunoblot and RT-PCR data point to a role of MPK3 as positive regulator of AZI1 abundance.     

Redox Regulation of Arabidopsis Mitochondrial Citrate Synthase

Citrate synthase has a key role in the tricarboxylic （TCA） cycle of mitochondria of all organisms, as it cata- lyzes the first committed step which is the fusion of a carbon-carbon bond between oxaloacetate and acetyl CoA. The regulation of TCA cycle function is especially important in plants, since mitochondrial activities have to be coordinated with photosynthesis. The posttranslational regulation of TCA cycle activity in plants is thus far almost entirely unexplored. Although several TCA cycle enzymes have been identified as thioredoxin targets in vitro, the existence of any thioredoxin-dependent regulation as known for the Calvin cycle, yet remains to be demonstrated. Here we have investigated the redox regulation of the Arabidopsis citrate synthase enzyme by site-directed mutagenesis of its six cysteine residues. Our results indicate that oxidation inhibits the enzyme activity by the formation of mixed disulfides, as the partially oxidized citrate synthase enzyme forms large redox-dependent aggregates. Furthermore, we were able to demonstrate that thioredoxin can cleave diverse intraas well as intermolecular disulfide bridges, which strongly enhances the activity of the enzyme. Activity measurements with the cysteine variants of the enzyme revealed important cysteine residues affecting total enzyme activity as well as the redox sensitivity of the enzyme.     

Dissecting the Heat Stress Response in Chlamydomonas by Pharmaceutical and RNAi Approaches Reveals Conserved and Novel Aspects

To study how conserved fundamental concepts of the heat stress response （HSR） are in photosynthetic eukaryotes, we applied pharmaceutical and antisense/amiRNA approaches to the unicellular green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. The Chlamydomonas HSR appears to be triggered by the accumulation of unfolded proteins, as it was induced at ambient temperatures by feeding cells with the arginine analog canavanine. The protein kinase inhibitor staurosporine strongly retarded the HSR, demonstrating the importance of phosphorylation during activation of the HSR also in Chlamydomonas. While the removal of extracellular calcium by the application of EGTA and BAPTA inhibited the HSR in moss and higher plants, only the addition of BAPTA, but not of EGTA, retarded the HSR and impaired thermotoler- ance in Chlamydomonas. The addition of cycloheximide, an inhibitor of cytosolic protein synthesis, abolished the attenu- ation of the HSR, indicating that protein synthesis is necessary to restore proteostasis. HSP90 inhibitors induced a stress response when added at ambient conditions and retarded attenuation of the HSR at elevated temperatures. In addition, we detected a direct physical interaction between cytosolic HSP90A/HSP70A and heat shock factor 1, but surprisingly this interaction persisted after the onset of stress. Finally, the expression of antisense constructs targeting chloroplast HSP70B resulted in a delay of the cell＇s entire HSR, thus suggesting the existence of a retrograde stress signaling cascade that is desensitized in HSP7OB-antisense strains.     

1型糖尿病小鼠肝脏的口服葡萄糖代谢及差异表达基因

目的：观察口服葡萄糖在1型糖尿病小鼠肝脏的代谢,比较1型糖尿病小鼠与正常小鼠口服葡萄糖后肝组织基因表达的差异。方法：链脲霉素（STZ）诱导C57雄性小鼠1型糖尿病模型为实验组（n=8）,正常C57雄性小鼠为对照组（n=8）。每组随机取2只,按50ml／kg给予4％葡萄糖生理盐水溶液灌胃,2h取肝组织检测基因表达谱（Mouse Genome 430 2．0Array）。每组另6只．同样剂量给予含14C标记葡萄糖。结果：糖尿病小鼠口服14C标记葡萄糖2h后,肝组织同位素水平是正常对照组的4倍。以正常对照组为参比,共有舛条基因的表达变化差异在2倍以上,其中上调基因61个,下调基因33个。根据功能基因组分析,11条差异表达基因与脂代谢、胆固醇代谢相关,其中7条上调基因与脂、胆固醇合成相关,1条下调基因与脂肪酸分解相关。结论：SIZ诱导的1型糖尿病小鼠口服葡糖后2h,肝脏脂、胆固醇合成相关基因表达增高。     

Cell Wall,Cytoskeleton, and Cell Expansion in Higher Plants

To accommodate two seemingly contradictory biological roles in plant physiology, providing both the rigid structural support of plant cells and the adjustable elasticity needed for cell expansion, the composition of the plant cell wall has evolved to become an intricate network of cellulosic, hemicellulosic, and pectic polysaccharides and protein. Due to its complexity, many aspects of the cell wall influence plant cell expansion, and many new and insightful observations and technologies are forthcoming. The biosynthesis of cell wall polymers and the roles of the variety of proteins involved in polysaccharide synthesis continue to be characterized. The interactions within the cell wall polymer network and the modification of these interactions provide insight into how the plant cell wall provides its dual function. The complex cell wall architecture is controlled and organized in part by the dynamic intracellular cytoskeleton and by diverse trafficking pathways of the cell wall polymers and cell wall-related machinery. Meanwhile, the cell wall is continually influenced by hormonal and integrity sensing stimuli that are perceived by the cell. These many processes cooperate to construct, maintain, and manipulate the intricate plant cell wall--an essential structure for the sustaining of the plant stature, growth, and life.     

Organelle pH in the Arabidopsis Endomembrane System

The pH of intracellular compartments is essential for the viability of cells. Despite its relevance, little is known about the pH of these compartments. To measure pH in vivo, we have first generated two pH sensors by combining the improved-solubility feature of solubility-modified green fluorescent protein （GFP） （smGFP） with the pH-sensing capabil- ity of the pHluorins and codon optimized for expression in Arabidopsis. PEpHluorin （plant-solubility-modified ecliptic pHluorin） gradually loses fluorescence as pH is lowered with fluorescence vanishing at pH 6.2 and PRpHluorin （plant- solubility-modified ratiomatric pHluorin）, a dual-excitation sensor, allowing for precise measurements. Compartment- specific sensors were generated by further fusing specific sorting signals to PEpHluorin and PRpHluorin. Our results show that the pH of cytosol and nucleus is similar （pH 7.3 and 7.2）, while peroxisomes, mitochondrial matrix, and plastidial stroma have alkaline pH. Compartments of the secretory pathway reveal a gradual acidification, spanning from pH 7.1 in the endoplasmic reticulum （ER） to pH 5.2 in the vacuole. Surprisingly, pH in the trans-Golgi network （TGN） and mul- tivesicular body （MVB） is, with pH 6.3 and 6.2, quite similar. The inhibition of vacuolar-type H＋-ATPase （V-ATPase） with concanamycin A （ConcA） caused drastic increase in pH in TGN and vacuole. Overall, the PEpHluorin and PRpHluorin are excellent pH sensors for visualization and quantification of pH in vivo, respectively.     

How does the host-specialized aphid deal with food deficiency？

Aphis gossypii Glover shows obvious host specialization, with cucurbit- and cotton-specialized biotypes or host races in many regions. Because its annual natal hostcrops senesce earlier the cucurbit-specialized biotype may suffer food deficiency. The method this biotype uses to overcome this challenge is still poorly understood. In orderto understand the potential of the cucurbit-specialized biotype aphids in host shift and usage, the performance of this biotype on cotton （Gossypium hirsutum）, a common butpoor quality host plant, was explored in this study. The cucurbit-specialized aphids could establish populations on cotton only when these plants had at least nine leaves, and subsequent populations developed rather slowly. The presence of whitefly populations on cotton improved the success rate of cucurbit-specialized aphids. The cucurbit-specialized aphidswere mainly distributed on the older leaves of cotton, with only a few settling on the upper leaves. The cucurbit-specialized aphids reared on cotton for 40, 54 and 61 days stillmaintained strong preference for their natal host plant, cucumber （Cucumis sativus）, rather than cotton, and their net reproductive rates and intrinsic rates of natural increase weredramatically lower when they were transferred onto new six-leaf cotton plants or detached leaves. Therefore, we concluded that the cucurbit-specialized aphids have the potentialto utilize mature or whitefly-stressed cotton plants, but that this feeding experience on cotton did not alter their specialization for cucurbits. Some cotton plants could act as atemporary host for the cucurbit-specialized aphids to overcome food deficiency arising from senescing cucurbits.     

Plastid Signals and the Bundle Sheath： Mesophyll Development in Reticulate Mutants

The development of a plant leaf is a meticulously orchestrated sequence of events producing a complex organ comprising diverse cell types. The reticulate class of leaf variegation mutants displays contrasting pigmentation between veins and interveinal regions due to specific aberrations in the development of mesophyll cells. Thus, the reticulate mutants offer a potent tool to investigate cell-type-specific developmental processes. The discovery that most mutants are affected in plastid-localized, metabolic pathways that are strongly expressed in vasculature-associated tis- sues implicates a crucial role for the bundle sheath and their chloroplasts in proper development of the mesophyll cells. Here, we review the reticulate mutants and their phenotypic characteristics, with a focus on those in Arabidopsis thali- ana. Two alternative models have been put forward to explain the relationship between plastid metabolism and meso- phyll cell development, which we call here the supply and the signaling hypotheses. We critically assess these proposed models and discuss their implications for leaf development and bundle sheath function in C3 species. The characteriza- tion of the reticulate mutants supports the significance of plastid retrograde signaling in cell development and highlights the significance of the bundle sheath in C3 photosynthesis.     

七叶皂苷钠对肠缺血/再灌注肠过氧化损伤的影响

目的：探讨七叶皂苷钠对肠缺血/再灌注肠过氧化损伤的影响及其机制。方法：复制大鼠肠缺血/再灌注（I/R）损伤模型,观察七叶皂苷钠对血浆和肠组织超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、丙二醛（MDA）、二胺氧化酶（DAO）、髓过氧化物酶（MPO）的影响,同时观察肠组织水肿和病理损害。结果：七叶皂苷钠可显著改善肠损伤,降低肠组织湿/干比值及含水率,同时升高血浆和肠组织SOD活性,降低血浆和肠组织MPO活性及MDA含量（P〈0.01）。结论：七叶皂苷钠对肠I/R后肠黏膜具有保护作用,其机制可能与抑制中性粒细胞的聚集与活化,对抗脂质过氧化损伤有关。     

Aphis （Hemiptera： Aphididae） species groups found in the Midwestern United States and their contribution to the phylogenetic knowledge of the genus

A phylogeny of the genus Aphis Linnaeus, 1 758 was built primarily from specimens collected in the Midwest of the United States. A data matrix was constructedwith 68 species and 41 morphological characters with respective character states of alate and apterous viviparous females. Dendrogram topologies of analyses performed usingUPGMA （Unweighted Pair Group Method with Arithmetic Mean）, Maximum Parsimony and Bayesian analysis of Cytochrome Oxidase I, Elongation Factor 1-α and primary endosymbiont Buchnera aphidicola 16S sequences were not congruent. Bayesian analysis strongly supported most terminal nodes of the phylogenetic trees. The phylogeny wasstrongly supported by EFI-α, and analysis of COl and EFI-α molecular data combined with morphological characters. It was not supported by single analysis of COI or Buch-hera aphidicola 16S. Results from the Bayesian phylogeny show 4 main species groups： asclepiadis,fabae, gossypii, and middletonii. Results place Aphis and species of the generaProtaphis Bōrner, 1952, Toxoptera Koch, 1856 and Xerobion Nevsky, 1928 in a monophyletic clade. Morphological characters support this monophyly as well. The phylogenyshows that the monophyletic clade of the North American middletonii species group belong to the genus Protaphis： P. debilicornis （Gillette ＆ Palmer, 1929）, comb. nov., P. echinaceae（Lagos and Voegtlin, 2009）, comb. nov., and P. middletonii （Thomas, 1879）. The genus Toxoptera should be considered a subgenus of Aphis （stat. nov.）. The analysis also indicatesthat the current genus Iowana Frison, 1954 should be considered a subgenus of Aphis （stat. nov.）.