家畜诱导性多能干细胞研究进展

目前,家畜胚胎干细胞(Embryonic stem cells,ESCs)建系技术还不完善,很多大型家畜都未能建立ESCs系,这在很大程度上限制了家畜相关研究的开展。诱导性多能干细胞(Induced pluripotent stem cells,iPSCs)技术的建立,为迅速、高效的获得家畜多潜能干细胞提供了新方法。家畜iPSCs的建立,将推动家畜发育生物学、异种器官移植、人类疾病模型建立、家畜品种改良等研究。综述了家畜iPSCs技术的最新进展,并探讨了家畜iPSCs的应用前景。     

诱导性多能干细胞的研究进展及其在再生医学上的应用

通过特定转录因子的过表达使体细胞重编程为诱导性多能干细胞(induced pluripotent stem cells,iPS细胞),这一成果引起了整个生命科学领域的广泛关注.由于iPS细胞不仅具有与人类胚胎干细胞(embryonicstem cell,ES细胞)相似的基本特征,而且与ES细胞相比,不存在免疫排斥和伦理道德问题,因此,具有重要的临床应用潜能.目前,iPS细胞主要用于细胞分化和移植,并可提供体外的疾病模型,以便于研究疾病形成的机制、筛选新药以及开发新的治疗方法.从iPS细胞的产生、诱导方法、生物学特征和在再生医学中的应用作以综述.     

肝细胞治疗的新型种子细胞——诱导性多能干细胞

在回顾iPS细胞研究的基础上,针对肝细胞治疗的研究现状,就iPS细胞诱导分化为肝细胞的研究进展及其在肝病细胞治疗中的潜力进行了探讨,并提出了目前面对的主要问题,希望促进iPS细胞在肝病细胞治疗上的应用。     

猪多能干细胞的研究进展

多能干细胞,如胚胎干细胞(embryonic stem cells,ESCs)、诱导多能干细胞(induced pluripotent stem cells,iPSCs)和成体干细胞(adult stem cells,ASCs),是一类具有巨大潜能的独特细胞。猪作为试验材料,在遗传、代谢、生理生化及基因序列等方面较小鼠更接近于人类,正逐渐成为人类异种移植和再生医学研究的理想生物学模型。然而,目前对猪多能干细胞种类、来源、特征及机制的有限认识直接阻碍了其相关应用。该文将分别对猪ASCs的研究现状、猪类ESCs的分离培养、猪iPSCs的研究进展、多能干细胞间的联系和展望进行论述,以期为从事该领域研究的科研人员提供参考。     

猪多能干细胞的研究进展

多能干细胞,如胚胎干细胞（embryonic stem cells,ESCs）、诱导多能干细胞（induced pluripotent stem cells,iPSCs）和成体干细胞（adultstemcells,ASCs）,是一类具有巨大潜能的独特细胞。猪作为试验材料,在遗传、代谢、生理生化及基因序列等方面较小鼠更接近于人类,正逐渐成为人类异种移植和再生医学研究的理想生物学模型。然而,目前对猪多能干细胞种类、来源、特征及机制的有限认识直接阻碍了其相关应用。该文将分别对猪ASCs的研究现状、猪类ESCs的分离培养、猪iPSCs的研究进展、多能干细胞间的联系和展望进行论述,以期为从事该领域研究的科研人员提供参考。     

诱导多能干细胞技术的优化及其应用前景

诱导多能干细胞(induced pluripotent stem cells, iPSCs)是类似胚胎干细胞的一种细胞类型,可以通过对已分化的体细胞进行诱导重编程获得,具有自我更新能力和多潜能性,在体外疾病模型的建立、移植替代治疗、发育学等方面有广阔的应用前景,但致瘤性、转化率低、疾病模型拟合度差等缺点限制着iPS技术在临床和科研上的推广。对近几年诱导多能干细胞技术优化方面取得的新进展进行综述,重点阐述降低致瘤性和提高转化率的几种方法及iPS在临床和科研上的应用前景。     

猪多能性干细胞研究进展与前瞻北大核心CSCD

多能干细胞具有能够分化为多种特定细胞类型的能力,主要包括胚胎干细胞、胚胎生殖细胞和诱导多能干细胞。猪因其在免疫学、形态学和生理结构上与人有着诸多类似的特点,正逐渐成为人类异种移植、细胞治疗和再生医学研究的理想生物学模型。然而,目前对猪多能干细胞的来源、特征及机制认识的不足直接阻碍了该研究领域的发展。因此,将对猪多能性干细胞的种类、鉴定标准、研究进展、亟待解决的问题进行详细地阐述,并在此基础上对猪多能性干细胞的研究进行了展望,希望为该研究领域的科研人员提供参考。     

诱导性多能干细胞(iPS)的应用和研究进展

体外诱导人类体细胞转变为多能干细胞与传统的胚胎干细胞研究相比,相对简单,摆脱了材料来源和伦理学的诸多限制,因而引起了生命科学领域一次巨大的革命,尤其在医学上进步显著,被用于治疗遗传病、研究发病机制、利用患者自身细胞治疗疾病等方面.虽然目前对诱导性多能干细胞的应用和进展成果显著,但仍存在一系列亟待解决的问题,包括转变机理、安全性和效率低下等同题.本文重点阐述此项技术在医学上的应用和进展,以及仍然存在的问题和突破.     

致心律失常性右室心肌病患者的诱导性多能干细胞系的建立

目的：建立致心律失常性右室心肌病（ARVC）患者特异性的诱导性多能干细胞（iPSCs）,为研究ARVC发病机制提供研究模型。方法：培养来源于ARVC患者皮肤成纤维细胞,并进行突变位点测序鉴定。通过仙台病毒转导入外源性多能转录因子,将ARVC患者皮肤细胞诱导为iPSCs,结合免疫荧光法,实时荧光定量PCR,以及体内外三胚层形成实验对iPS细胞全能型进行鉴定。通过调控Wnt信号通路诱导iPS细胞定向分化为心肌细胞。结果：ARVC患者来源的iPSCs显示碱性磷酸酶阳性,多能性相关基因高表达,胚胎干细胞标志物Oct4,SSEA4,TRA-1-81阳性。体外悬浮培养形成的拟胚体以及体内畸胎瘤形成实验均显示ARVC-iPSCs具有向3个胚层分化能力。经过体外心肌定向,ARVC-iPSC可诱导产生自主节律性搏动细胞团,免疫荧光显示cTnT阳性。结论：本研究使用仙台病毒,建立了无插入型ARVC患者特异的诱导性多能干细胞系,该细胞系具有多能分化特性,并可定向分化为心肌细胞,为研究ARVC的致病因素和药物筛选提供宝贵的实验模型。     

诱导性多能干细胞研究技术的现状与前景

2006年Takahashi研究小组成功地将小鼠的胚胎成纤维细胞和鼠尾成纤维细胞重编成为诱导性多能干细胞(iPSC),开创了体细胞重编程的全新方法,所得iPSC具有和胚胎干细胞相似的生物学特性,不仅解决了人类胚胎干细胞研究所面临的伦理学困境和免疫排斥问题,而且进一步深化了对细胞多能性和基因组重编程的认识,再次掀起了干细胞研究的热潮。iPSC结合基因治疗和细胞治疗的成果已经应用到动物疾病模型上。iPSC能够自我更新并维持未分化状态,可分化为3个胚层来源的所有细胞,参与形成机体所有组织和器官,体外定向诱导能够分化出各种成体细胞,在理论研究和临床应用等方面都极具应用价值。但iPSC技术也存在一系列问题需要研究解决。     

诱导多能干细胞研究进展

人类诱导多能干细胞（induced pluripotent stem cells,iPS细胞）的建立被公认为目前最重要的科技进展之一。iPS细胞在动物疾病模型上的成功治疗,病患特异性iPS细胞的研究及iPS细胞的定向分化研究将有可能使人们避开治疗性克隆的伦理和技术障碍,给人类疾病的干细胞治疗带来光明的前景。本文从iPS细胞的诱导策略和方法,来源细胞及筛选、重编程机制的研究现状、应用前景以及研究中存在的问题等方面对其作一综述和讨论。     

新物种诱导多能干细胞的研究进展

胚胎干细胞（embryonic stem cells,ESC）在人类遗传病学研究、疾病模型建立、器官再生以及动物物种改良和定向变异等方面的地位是其他类型的细胞不可取代的。但是,由于实验技术和体外培养条件的限制,除了小鼠、恒河猴和人之外,大鼠、猪、牛、羊等其他哺乳动物的ES细胞系被证明很难获得。先后有多个研究小组报道了他们利用新兴的诱导多能干细胞（induced pluripotent stem cells,iPS细胞）技术成功建立大鼠和猪的iPS细胞系的研究成果。迄今为止,这两个物种是在未成功建立ES细胞系之前利用iPS技术建立多能干细胞系的成功范例。这些研究对于那些还未建立ES细胞的物种建立多能干细胞系提供了一种新的方案,也将给这些物种的胚胎干细胞的建立、基因修饰动物的产生以及人类医疗事业的促进和发展带来新的希望。     

The prospect of pluripotent stem cell-based therapy

Human embryonic stem cells (hESC) are able to maintain pluripotency in culture, to proliferate indefinitely and to differentiate into all somatic cell types. Due to these unique properties, hESC may become an exceptional source of tissues for transplantation and have a great potential for the therapy of incurable diseases. Here, we review new developments in the area of embryonic stem cells and discuss major challenges — standardization of protocols for cell derivation and cultivation, identification of specific molecular markers, development of new approaches for directed differentiation, etc. — which remain to be settled, prior to safe and successful clinical application of stem cells. We appraise several potential approaches in hESC-based therapy including derivation of autologous cells via therapeutic cloning (1), generation of immune tolerance to allogenic donor cells via hematopoetic chimerism (2), and development of the banks of hESC lines compatible with the main antigens and exhibiting equivalent pluripotency (3). In addition, we discuss briefly induced pluripotent cells, which are derived via genetic modification of autologous somatic cells and are analogous to ESC. Our analysis demonstrates that uncontrollable differentiation in vivo and teratogenic potential of hESC are critical limitations of their application in clinical practice. Therefore, the major approach in hESC therapy is derivation of a specific differentiated progeny, which has lower proliferative potential and immune privilege, yet poses fewer risks for organism. The review demonstrates that cell therapy is far more complex and resource-consuming process as compared with drug-based medicine and consequently pluripotent stem cell biology and technology still requires further investigation and development before these cells can be used in clinical practice.     

Methods to produce induced pluripotent stem cell-derived mesenchymal stem cells: Mesenchymal stem cells from induced pluripotent stem cells

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have received significant attention in recent years due to their large potential for cell therapy. Indeed, they secrete a wide variety of immunomodulatory factors of interest for the treatment of immune-related disorders and inflammatory diseases. MSCs can be extracted from multiple tissues of the human body. However, several factors may restrict their use for clinical applications: the requirement of invasive procedures for their isolation, their limited numbers, and their heterogeneity according to the tissue of origin or donor. In addition, MSCs often present early signs of replicative senescence limiting their expansion in vitro, and their therapeutic capacity in vivo. Due to the clinical potential of MSCs, a considerable number of methods to differentiate induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) into MSCs have emerged. iPSCs represent a new reliable, unlimited source to generate MSCs (MSCs derived from iPSC, iMSCs) from homogeneous and well-characterized cell lines, which would relieve many of the above mentioned technical and biological limitations. Additionally, the use of iPSCs prevents some of the ethical concerns surrounding the use of human embryonic stem cells. In this review, we analyze the main current protocols used to differentiate human iPSCs into MSCs, which we classify into five different categories: MSC Switch, Embryoid Body Formation, Specific Differentiation, Pathway Inhibitor, and Platelet Lysate. We also evaluate common and method-specific culture components and provide a list of positive and negative markers for MSC characterization. Further guidance on material requirements to produce iMSCs with these methods and on the phenotypic features of the iMSCs obtained is added. The information may help researchers identify protocol options to design and/or refine standardized procedures for large-scale production of iMSCs fitting clinical demands.     

Induced pluripotent stem cells for modelling human diseases

Research into the pathophysiological mechanisms of human disease and the development of targeted therapies have been hindered by a lack of predictive disease models that can be experimentally manipulated in vitro. This review describes the current state of modelling human diseases with the use of human induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cell lines. To date, a variety of neurodegenerative diseases, haematopoietic disorders, metabolic conditions and cardiovascular pathologies have been captured in a Petri dish through reprogramming of patient cells into iPS cells followed by directed differentiation of disease-relevant cells and tissues. However, realizing the true promise of iPS cells for advancing our basic understanding of disease and ultimately providing novel cell-based therapies will require more refined protocols for generating the highly specialized cells affected by disease, coupled with strategies for drug discovery and cell transplantation.     

体细胞诱导为多能干细胞的最新进展

2007年11-12月,Cell、Science和Nature发表一系列体外诱导人类体细胞转变为多能干细胞的论文。来自日本和美国的研究小组利用慢病毒载体分别将Oct-4、Sox2、C-Myc、Klf4和Oct-4、Sox2、Nanog、Lin28两套基因转入人成纤维细胞,均获得类似ES细胞的克隆。小鼠诱导性多能干细胞已初步用于镰刀细胞性贫血的基因治疗。短短一年半,诱导性多能干细胞的研究和关注度呈现了爆炸式成长;体细胞重编程、去分化、多能干细胞来源等一系列热点问题再次成为大众瞩目的中心。