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1.
Soil and climate are major constituents of the French notion of Terroir. This concept implies that there is a strong relationship
between the composition of the grape, the characteristics of the wine and the territory of production. To study this link,
a new method of characterization of the Terroir, including geological and pedological factors, was investigated. It uses a
field model based on depth and clay content of soil, together with the degree of weathering of the parent rock. Consequently,
for every type of parent rock belonging to a given geologic stage, there are a series of soils that show different stages
of pedological evolution. According to the model, three kinds of soils are distinguished with regards to the weathering intensity
of the parent rock, that are named weakly weathered rock (WWR), moderately weathered rock (MWR) and strongly weathered rock
(SWR). By hypothesis, each soil type is considered as a homogeneous unit for vine production from the viewpoint of ecophysiological
factors. Each terroir unit defined by this method is called a Basic Terroir Unit (BTU). To validate this hypothesis, experimental
plots planted with Chenin and Cabernet Franc vines were studied over three consecutive seasons (2000–2002), in the Anjou vineyard
(Loire Valley – France). The major BTUs developed on the two most important geological systems of Anjou (Brioverian and Ordovician–Devonian),
were studied. Results showed that the berries of vines cultivated in WWR were significantly smaller, richer in sugars and
anthocyanins and had a Total Phenolic Index higher than those of the vines cultivated in SWR. They also had a lower titratable
acidity. Cabernet Franc vines cultivated in MWR had berries with sugar and anthocyanin contents but also total phenolics very
close to those of WWR. With Chenin vines there was a good relationship between the global pool of free aromas of berries and
the BTU type. The study showed significant relationships between the quality of grapes and the measured values of several
ecophysiological variables such as the water supply regime or the timing of budburst. 相似文献
2.
Dynamic role of “illite-like” clay minerals in temperate soils: facts and hypotheses 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Analysis of new data and reinterpretation of published information for clay minerals found in temperate climate soil profiles
indicates that there is often a gradient of “illite-like” clay minerals with depth. We used the term “illite-like” because
these observations are based on X-Ray Diffractogram patterns and not on layer charge measurements which allow to define properly
illite. It appears that “illite-like” layers are concentrated in the upper, organic - rich portion of the soil profile both
under grassland and forest vegetation. “Illite-like” layer quantity seems directly related to soil potassium status. Indeed,
intensive agriculture practises without potassium fertilization reduce “illite-like” content in surface soils, whereas several
years of potassic fertilization without plant growth can increase “illite-like” content. The potassic soil clay mineral, illite,
is particularly important in that it can be the major source of readily available potassium for plants. Spatial and temporal
dynamics of clay minerals should be related to the potassium cycle. We propose that the frequently observed general trend
of increasing exchangeable potassium in the top soil can be correlated with an increase in “illite-like” in the clays and
that the decrease of potassium caused by intensive agricultural practices leads to “illite-like” layer destabilization. This
vision of “illite-like” layer as a potassium reservoir refueled by plants and emptied by intensive cropping renews the concept
of potassium availability and indicates a need to be discussed as well in natural ecosystems as in cultivated ecosystems. 相似文献
3.
Use of “cedar glades” and other terms by geologists, botanists, soil scientists, and zoologists to describe vegetation on
rocky limestone soils in the Central (Nashville) Basin of Tennessee from 1851 to 2003 is reviewed. Historically, in the Central
Basin “cedar glades” has been applied to the rocky openings / redcedar / redcedar-hardwood / hardwood forest complex primarily
on the (thin-bedded) Lebanon limestone but also on other (thick-bedded) Ordovician limestones. However, “cedar glades,” “limestone
glades,” and “limestone cedar glades” increasingly are being used by botanists and plant ecologists for the rocky openings
only, which have C4 native annual grass-C3 annual/perennial forb-cryptogam-dominated vegetation. Some erroneous statements
in the literature that have resulted from misinterpretation or misunderstanding of “cedar glades” and other terms are discussed.
Finally, a graphical model of the (apparent) pathways of development of cedar glade vegetation from bare rock to forest in
the Central Basin is presented. 相似文献
4.
The presence of large amounts of trace metals creates a hazard in some soils that is strongly related to the speciation of
these metals. The aim of this work was to apply an operationally defined fractionation based on kinetics, which could distinguish
“labile” (quickly extracted) and “non-labile” (or slowly labile i.e. slowly extracted) cations by using the extraction kinetics
of trace metals by EDTA. This kinetic fractionation was applied to 10 unpolluted soil samples from Burgundy (France) in order
to determine their labile concentrations of lead and cadmium. According to this method, cadmium was found to be more mobile
than lead, with respect to both labile concentration and the kinetic constants. Moreover, it was also found that the labile
concentration of cadmium was related (R
2=0.6) to its concentration in wheat shoots; however, no such correlation was found for lead. 相似文献
5.
Depth of edge influence of the agricultural-forest landscape boundary,Southwestern China 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
The landscape boundary is an important component of a landscape and often plays an indispensable role in regulating ecological
flows. The primary objective of this study was to estimate how far the edge effects on agricultural-forest landscape boundaries
can penetrate into the forest and agricultural field. This will serve as a basis for understanding the interaction between
forest and agricultural fields in the mountainous area of southwestern China and provide scientific basis for the practice
of the policy of “returning agricultural field to forest.” Based on field investigations, three types of boundaries with six
sampling transects were selected. We investigated the soil moisture, soil nutrients and vegetation diversity along the transect
gradient and explored the depth of edge influence (DEI) with moving split-window techniques for analyzing the data. DEI for
soil moisture changed with the seasons, ranging from 6 m in the pepper field to 2 m in the forest during the dry season, and
from 12 m in the pepper field to 2 m in the forest after heavy rain. DEI based on soil organic matter ranged from 1.5 to 10 m
in the forest field, while it was not detected based on other soil nutrient factors. DEI based on vegetation diversity varied
from 4 to 26 m and from 10 to 31 m in the forest and agricultural fields, respectively. These results provide the scientific
basis for the policy “returning agricultural field to forest”. Based on these field observations, reducing human disturbance
and revegetating with natural shrubs and meadows could be more effective for vegetation conservation in terms of soil moisture
and soil nutrient content in the arid valley of the Minjiang River. 相似文献
6.
José A. Ramos-Zapata Patricia Guadarrama Jorge Navarro-Alberto Roger Orellana 《Mycorrhiza》2011,21(2):139-144
The present study was aimed at comparing the number of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) propagules found in soil from a
mature tropical forest and that found in an abandoned cornfield in Noh-Bec Quintana Roo, Mexico, during three seasons. Agricultural
practices can dramatically reduce the availability and viability of AMF propagules, and in this way delay the regeneration
of tropical forests in abandoned agricultural areas. In addition, rainfall seasonality, which characterizes deciduous tropical
forests, may strongly influence AMF propagules density. To compare AMF propagule numbers between sites and seasons (summer
rainy, winter rainy and dry season), a “most probable number” (MPN) bioassay was conducted under greenhouse conditions employing
Sorgum vulgare L. as host plant. Results showed an average value of 3.5 ± 0.41 propagules in 50 ml of soil for the mature forest while the
abandoned cornfield had 15.4 ± 5.03 propagules in 50 ml of soil. Likelihood analysis showed no statistical differences in
MPN of propagules between seasons within each site, or between sites, except for the summer rainy season for which soil from
the abandoned cornfield had eight times as many propagules compared to soil from the mature forest site for this season. Propagules
of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi remained viable throughout the sampling seasons at both sites. Abandoned areas resulting from
traditional slash and burn agriculture practices involving maize did not show a lower number of AMF propagules, which should
allow the establishment of mycotrophic plants thus maintaining the AMF inoculum potential in these soils. 相似文献
7.
Masayoshi Maehata 《Ichthyological Research》2001,48(3):283-287
The mating behavior of the rock catfish Silurus lithophilus (Siluriformes: Siluridae), a species endemic to the Lake Biwa system, was observed from May to July in 1989–1994 along the
rocky shore of the lake's outlet, the Seta River. The mating behavior of S. lithophilus involved a certain behavioral sequence: “chasing,”“clinging,” and “enfolding” while “squeezing” by the male; and “circling”
by the spawned pair. The mating behavior of this species was basically similar to that of S. biwaensis, but greatly different from that of S. asotus, which spawns in running water (in ditches). The mating behavior of S. lithophilus (and S. biwaensis) might have developed as an adaptation to lentic environments such as the shores of the large river or the lake.
Received: October 25, 2000 / Revised: February 25, 2001 / Accepted: March 8, 2001 相似文献
8.
Carbon content of soil in urban parks in Tokyo,Japan 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Terumasa Takahashi Yoshihiro Amano Kayo Kuchimura Tatsuaki Kobayashi 《Landscape and Ecological Engineering》2008,4(2):139-142
Because of difficulties in estimating the carbon fixation rate, we alternatively investigated the C content of the soil in
19 urban parks in the Tokyo metropolitan area. The C content of the soil under three vegetation types was measured: grassland/turf
(“turf”); tree-planting area with plant management (with weeding and removal of fallen leaves) (“tree-planting area”); coppice
or tree-planting area without plant management (“coppice”); bare land was used as control. Average C contents of turf, tree-planting
area and coppice were about 82, 79 and 120 Mg–C ha−1, respectively, and were larger than the C content of trees in an urban park, as estimated in previous studies. The results
indicate that the soils of urban parks function as a C sink. 相似文献
9.
Lloyd T. AckertJr. 《Journal of the history of biology》2007,40(1):109-145
Historians of science have attributed the emergence of ecology as a discipline in the late nineteenth century to the synthesis
of Humboldtian botanical geography and Darwinian evolution. In this essay, I begin to explore another, largely neglected but
very important dimension of this history. Using Sergei Vinogradskii’s career and scientific research trajectory as a point
of entry, I illustrate the manner in which microbiologists, chemists, botanists, and plant physiologists inscribed the concept
of a “cycle of life” into their investigations. Their research transformed a longstanding notion into the fundamental approaches
and concepts that underlay the new ecological disciplines that emerged in the 1920s. Pasteur thus joins Humboldt as a foundational
figure in ecological thinking, and the broader picture that emerges of the history of ecology explains some otherwise puzzling
features of that discipline – such as its fusion of experimental and natural historical methodologies. Vinogradskii’s personal
“cycle of life” is also interesting as an example of the interplay between Russian and Western European scientific networks
and intellectual traditions. Trained in Russia to investigate nature as a super-organism comprised of circulating energy,
matter, and life; over the course of five decades – in contact with scientists and scientific discourses in France, Germany,
and Switzerland – he developed a series of research methods that translated the concept of a “cycle of life” into an ecologically
conceived soil science and microbiology in the 1920s and 1930s. These methods, bolstered by his authority as a founding father
of microbiology, captured the attention of an international network of scientists. Vinogradskii’s conceptualization of the
“cycle of life” as chemosynthesis, autotrophy, and global nutrient cycles attracted the attention of ecosystem ecologists;
and his methods appealed to practitioners at agricultural experiment stations and microbiological institutes in the United
States, Western Europe, and the Soviet Union. 相似文献
10.
火干扰对森林土壤斥水性的影响研究进展 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
土壤斥水性是指水分不能或很难湿润土壤颗粒表面的现象,很多植被类型及气候带森林存在土壤斥水性。土壤斥水性受水分、温度、干湿交替、土壤质地、植被类型等生物和非生物因子的影响。而火干扰是森林生态系统土壤斥水性的重要影响因子,使森林土壤斥水性增强,渗透率降低,地表截留体减少,从而增加地表径流和土壤侵蚀。就火干扰对土壤斥水性的发生机理及其对水文过程的影响进行了较为全面的总结和讨论,并指出目前存在的问题和未来的研究重点。森林火灾后火烧迹地地表径流和土壤侵蚀显著增加,定量预测火灾后土壤斥水性对径流与侵蚀的影响比较困难,因此,基于不同尺度和自然降雨的火灾后斥水性对地表径流和土壤侵蚀的实验及长期定位观测是今后的研究方向与重点。 相似文献
11.
12.
Over two consecutive years in the North Bank Plain Zone of Assam, India, during the spring growing season (February–June)
of- 2006 and 2007 we examined effects of morpho-physiological characteristics of rice (Oryza sativa L.) plants in relation to methane (CH4) emission from paddy fields. Traditional cultivar “Agni” and modern improved cultivar “Ranjit” were grown in light textured
loamy soil under irrigation. A higher seasonal integrated methane flux (E
sif) was recorded from “Agni” compared to “Ranjit”. Both cultivars exhibited an emission peak during active vegetative growth
and a second peak at panicle initiation. Leaf and tiller number, leaf area, length, and volume of root were greater in “Agni”,
but grain yield and yield-related parameters such as increased photosynthate partitioning to panicles at the expense of roots
were greater in “Ranjit”. “Ranjit” also photosynthesed faster than “Agni” during panicle development but slower than “Agni”
at tillering. In both the years, a higher soil organic carbon content was recorded in plots of “Agni”. Our results suggest
that in “Agni” enhanced diversion of photosynthate to roots resulted in more substrate being available to methanogenic bacteria
in the rhizosphere. Additionally, the more extensive vegetative growth of this cultivar may enhance methane transport from
the soil to the above-ground atmosphere. 相似文献
13.
Yingxin Huang Xueyong Zhao Hongxuan Zhang Wisdom Japhet Xiaoan Zuo Yayong Luo Gang Huang 《Journal of Plant Biology》2009,52(3):210-219
We monitored the allometric effects for greenhouse-grown Agriophyllum squarrosum plants in response to variations in population density and the availability of soil nutrients and water. Biomass allocations
were size-dependent. The plasticity of roots, stems, leaves, and reproductive effort was “true” in response to changes in
nutrient content. At a low level of soil minerals, plants allocated more resources to the development of roots and reproductive
organs than to leaves, but data for stem allocations were consistent for tradeoffs between the effects of nutrients and plant
size. The plasticities of leaf allocation and reproductive effort were “true” whereas those of root and stem allocations were
“apparent” in response to fluctuations in soil water, being a function of plant size. Decreasing soil water content was associated
with higher leaf allocation and lower reproductive effort. Except for this “apparent” plasticity of leaf allocation, none
was detected with population density on biomass allocation. Architectural traits were determinants of the latter. For roots,
the determining trait was the ratio of plant height to total biomass; for stems and reproduction, plant height; and for leaves,
the ratio of branch numbers to plant height. 相似文献
14.
Jing Zhang Yan Liu Dan Yu Hongze Song Jingjin Cui Tao Liu 《Journal of applied phycology》2011,23(2):165-171
Hybridization of gametophytes, continuous self-crossing and targeted selection were utilized to breed a new Laminaria variety. After five-generation selection breeding, the new variety “Rongfu” was obtained. Its male parent “Yuanza No.10”
was the high-yield cultivation variety, and its female parent was variety “Fujian” which could tolerate relatively high seawater
temperature. “Yuanza No.10” and “Fujian” were different but complement in their morphological characteristics and biological
habits. Variety “Rongfu” was bred through their hybridization which exhibited high-yield potential and high seawater temperature
tolerance. The results of traits evaluation in consecutive years showed that “Rongfu” attained higher yields by 24–27% compared
to the control (widely used commercial variety) and also contained considerable amounts of iodine, mannitol, and algin. When
seawater temperature was 18–21°C, the blade growth of “Rongfu” was maintained and tissue loss by abrasion was significantly
lower than the control. Since the adoption of variety “Rongfu” in 2001, its cultivation areas have been extended to Shandong,
Fujian and Guangdong province and have reached 14,133 ha currently, i.e., almost one-tenth of the total cultivation areas
of Laminaria in China. The results of Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA analysis showed that the relationship between “Rongfu” and other
cultivation varieties in China was very close. 相似文献
15.
The effect of fire on nutrients in a pine forest soil 总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7
The effect of a hot summer fire on soil nutrient contents in the upper 2 cm of Aleppo pine forest with a dense woody understory
was studied from September 1985 to May 1986.
In comparison with the adjacent unburned forest, total nitrogen decreased by 25% but available forms of nitrogen were much
higher. In burned and unburned soils there was a similar trend to increase and decrease in NH
4
+
−N, However, while (NO
2
−
+NO
3
−
−N decreased in the unburned soil it rose rapidly in the burned ash soil. Total phosphorus increased by 300% after the fire
but decreased again 2 months later. Also water-soluble P increased up to November and then decreased to the levels of the
unburned soils. The same was true for electrical conductivity and pH, increasing immediately after the fire and then leveling
off again.
This increase in nutrient levels in the “ash soil” was reflected in the striking increase in shoot and root biomass and in
the content of N, P, Mg, K, Ca, Zn and Fe in wheat and clover plants grown in pots in these soils. These nutrient levels were
much higher in the wheat plants, which also produced 12 times more seeds in the “ash soil.”
It seems that fire in these pine forests causes a short-term flush of the mineral elements in the upper “ash soil” layer which
is reverted gradually via the herbaceous post-fire to the ecosystem. 相似文献
16.
Guoqin Huang Xiuying Liu Longwang Liu Fang Ye Mingling Zhang Yanhong Shu 《Frontiers of Biology in China》2008,3(3):344-350
According to the principles and methods of ecology and system engineering, we set up an evaluation indicator system for multi-component
and multiple cropping systems, evaluated the comprehensive benefits of multi-component and multiple cropping systems using
grey relation clustering analysis and screened out the optimized model based on research done in the upland red soil in Jiangxi
Agricultural University from 1984 to 2004. The results show that the grey relation degree of “cabbage/potato/maize — sesame”
was the highest among 23 multi-component and multiple cropping systems and was clustered into the optimized system. This indicates
that “cabbage/potato/maize — sesame” can bring the best social, economic and ecological benefits, increase product yield and
farmers’ income and promote sustainable development of agricultural production. Therefore, it is suitable for promotion on
upland red soil. The grey relation degree of “canola/Chinese milk vetch/maize/mung bean/maize” was second, which is suitable
for implementation at the city outskirts. In conclusion, these two planting patterns are expected to play important roles
in the reconstruction of the planting structure and optimization of the planting patterns on upland red soil.
__________
Translated from Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2006, 26(8): 2532–2539 [译自: 生态学报] 相似文献
17.
Temporal changes in soil microbial biomass carbon in an arable soil. Consequences for soil sampling 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Sugar beet, winter wheat and winter barley were planted within a crop rotation on an arable soil with conventional soil management.
Soil samples were taken monthly from different depths of the whole plough layer (0–10, 10–20 and 20–30 cm) during a 56 month
period. The samples were analysed for microbial biomass carbon using the substrate-induced respiration technique.
Temporal changes in the amount of microbial biomass carbon were observed. Within a year, microbial biomass-C varied from low
values (−15% of total mean) in winter to high values (+15% of total mean) in summer. Relative deviations from the annual means
were calculated for each month in the year to demonstrate these fluctuations.
Temporal changes in microbial biomass-C depended on the sources of sample variation (5 years, 3 crops, 3 sampling depths).
The highest relative deviation from the annual mean microbial biomass-C was attributable to the factor “year”. Less variations
were caused by “crops” and “sampling depth”.
Soil microbial biomass-C remained constant during frost periods. From the observed temporal changes, recommendations for a
suitable date for soil sampling are given, which allows a representative estimation of the mean annual microbial biomass-C
content in arable soils. 相似文献
18.
Fruit ethylene production genotypes for Md-ACS1 and Md-ACO1 were determined for 60 apple cultivars and 35 advanced breeding
selections. Two alleles for each gene are commonly found in cultivated apple. Earlier studies showed that genotypes homozygous
for the ACS1-2 allele produce less ethylene and have firmer fruit than ACS1-1/2 and ACS1-1/1 genotypes. ACO1 plays a minor
role compared to ACS1, with homozygous ACO1-1 having lower ethylene production. In this study, ACS1-2 and ACO1-1 homozygotes
had firmer fruit at harvest and after 60 days of 0–1°C cold storage compared to other genotypes. These genotypes, ACS1-2/2
and ACO1-1/1, were observed for the following 8 of 95 cultivars/selections: “Delblush”, “Fuji”, “Pacific Beauty”, “Sabina”
and four breeding selections. Cultivars/selections that were homozygous ACS1-2 but not ACO1-1 were: “Ambrosia”, “Aurora Golden
Gala”, “CrimsonCrisp”, “Gala”, “GoldRush”, “Huaguan”, “Pacific Rose, “Pacific Queen”, “Pinova”, “Sansa”, “Sonja”, “Sundance”,
“Zestar”, and 17 breeding selections. Cultivars with the heterozygous ACS1-1/2 genotype were “Arlet”, “Braeburn”, “Cameo”,
“Delicious”, “Delorgue”, “Empire”, “Enterprise”, “Ginger Gold”, “Golden Delicious”, “Granny Smith”, “Honeycrisp”, “Orin”,
“Pink Lady”, “Silken”, “Suncrisp”, “Sundowner”, “Sunrise” and 11 breeding selections. No cultivars were detected homozygous
for both ACS1-1 and ACO1-1, or for both ACS1-2 and ACO1-2. This study is the first large-scale allelic genotyping of both
ethylene synthesis genes for a comprehensive set of apple breeding parents used in an ongoing breeding project. The data reported
here are important for informative selection of parent combinations and marker-assisted selection of progeny for breeding
low ethylene-producing apple cultivars for better storability and improved consumer acceptance. 相似文献
19.
Ma Teresa Hernandez Fernandez Jorge Mataix-Solera L’ubomír Lichner Vlasta Štekaurová Anton Zaujec Carlos Garcia Izquierdo 《Biologia》2007,62(5):542-546
The way of improving degraded soils fertility and particularly of improving its microbial activity is to add “young” exogenous
organic matter that contribute to provide labile organic matter to stimulate the life of the microorganisms existing in the
soil. This organic matter will also improve both the retention and hydraulic characteristics of the degraded soils, all this
contributing to soil restoration. In this study, the microbiological, biochemical, soil-physical and hydrological effects
of the addition of a municipal solid waste compost to a degraded soil in El Campello, SE Spain were evaluated in a field experiment.
Soil samples from experimental plots were analyzed 6 and 18 months after soil amendment. In both sampling time treated plots
showed significantly higher microbial biomass carbon and dehydrogenase activity values than control, indicating that soil
microbial population’s development and activity were stimulated by compost addition, this effect being not ephemeral but lasting
in the time. Soil urease activity was not affected by compost addition while protease hydrolysing N-α-benzoil-L-argininamide (BAA) activity was strongly stimulated by the incorporation of compost into the soils. Phosphatase
and β-glucosidase activities were also stimulated by the organic amendment, this stimulation being particularly noticeable 18 months
after the compost addition. Nevertheless, this increase in soil microbial populations and activity did not result in an increase
in soil aggregation and hydrological parameters. This can be due to the high content of carbonates and Ca2+ ions in these calcareous soils, that lead to an initially high content of water-stable macroaggregates.
Presented at the International Conference on Bioclimatology and Natural Hazards, Poľana nad Detvou, Slovakia, 17–20 September
2007. 相似文献
20.
Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) in the soil–plant system were tracked from their origin in the bulk soil, into the rhizosphere
soil pore water, to the xylem sap, and up to the aerial plant tissue. Specifically, the profiles of both chiral and achiral
components of technical chlordane along this continuum were examined in detail for members of the Cucurbitaceae family: Cucurbita pepo L. subsp. pepo (“Black Beauty” true zucchini), Cucurbita pepo L. intersubspecific cross (“Zephyr” summer squash), and Cucumis sativus (“Marketmore” cucumber). The experiments were based on the use of mini-rhizotrons for collection and analysis of rhizosphere
soil pore water for organic pollutants, as well as for low molecular weight organic acids (LMWOAs). In addition, the xylem
sap and aerial plant tissue for intact, homografted, and heterografted C. pepo “Black Beauty” and C. sativus “Marketmore” plants were compared. The data indicate that profiles of the chlordane components in the pore water show no
alteration in chiral patterns from those in the bulk soil and may be interpreted by physicochemical partitioning coefficients.
Low molecular weight organic acids (LMWOAs) in the rhizosphere were observed to have a minor impact on bioavailability of
the pollutants. However, once the pollutants cross the root membrane, major distinctive uptake and enantioselective patterns
are apparent in the xylem sap, which are maintained in the aerial tissue. These in planta patterns are based on plant genotype. Specifically, grafting experiments with compatible heterografts of C. pepo and C. sativus establish that the chiral patterns are fully dependent on the plant root. The genotypic dependence of the data suggests possible
mechanisms for phytoaccumulation. 相似文献