广西来宾瓜达鲁普统—乐平统界线地层的牙形类化石——一个独立验证报告

王成源（Wang,2000）和金玉Gan（Jin,2000）提出了关于乐平统底界定义的不同论点。为了对此进行独立的验证,卡尔加里大学微体古生物实验室对采自华南广西来宾地区瓜达鲁普统－乐平统界线地层的牙形类化石大块样品进行了处理。结果如下：1.Jinogondolella和Clarkina在样品中没有共生;2.由Jinogondolella granti演化为Clarkina postbitteri的变化发生在层115－6i;3.C.postbitteri的首次出现层位（FAD）在蓬莱滩剖面位于层115－6i上部;4.这个变化标志着一个才的生物信号和一个重要的点断演化事件。Jinogondolella granti演化为Clarkina postbitteri的事件很可能是受瓜达鲁普统与乐平统之交的海平面降至最低水位所触发和控制。层115－6i下部为较浅水相颗粒灰岩,代表瓜达鲁普统末期层序高位域之顶或上覆层序低位域之底部。作为Clarkina属的第一个代表,Clarkina postbitteri是界线地层中最易识别的种之一,而Clarkina postbitterigkp带的识别较容易和稳定一致。Clarkina postbitteri和Clarkina dukouensis可以通过基于锯齿型式,居群和个体发育的分类体系来加以稳定地区分。Clarkina postbitteri和Clarkina dukouensis之间的过渡是渐变的,其间的分界点只能人为地确定,如果采用这样一个人为确定的点来定义全球界线层型（GSSP）,将难以稳定一致地对其加以识别。来自层114.6-6k的被Wang(2000)鉴定为Clarkina dukouensis的标本应当是C. postbitteri,或精确地可能是C. postbitteri的一个新亚种,没有争议的Clarkina dukouensis在蓬莱滩剖面最早出现于层114－7e。从生物演化和层序地层的角度看,C. postbitteri的首次出现层位（FAD）是瓜达鱼普统和乐平统界线在最清楚的侯选位置。     

论乐平统底界的新定义

金玉玕等(Jinet al.,2001,2002)终于同意将乐平统的底界放在蓬莱滩剖面6k的底,这与王成源(Wang,1999,2000a,b,2001a-c)提出的点位完全一致,将乐平统底界放在6j或6i upper的观点都不得不放弃。这确实是一个很大的进步。但是,Henderson和Mei(2001)为维护他们提出的以Clarkina postbitteri作为乐平统底界定义的观点,又将Clarkina postbitteri分成两个亚种。Clarkina postbitteri postbitteri Henderson and Mei,2001(Per-mophiles,38:36),不符国际动物命名法规,种名无效。提出的新定义Clarkina postbitteri postbitteriMei and Wardlaw1994,是一典型的地层亚种,它包括了一部分典型的Clarkina dukouensis(Jinet al.,2001,plate1,Figs.4a,b),也不能用作乐平统底界的定义。我们应当保留Clarkina postbitteri和C.dukouensis原来的定义。Wang(2000a,plate2,figs.1-8)图示的标本肯定是Clarkina dukouensis。金玉?等(Jinet al.,2000)改变Clarkinadukouensis的首现点位,有时在7d(Permophile,38:34,fig.1,2001),有时在7e(Jinet al.,Permophile,39:38,2001)。Clarkina dukouensis的首现位置(FAD)就在6k。7b已属Clarkinaleveni带。Clarkina postbitteri可区分出三个不同的形态型而不是两个不同的亚种。Clarkina postbitteri的起源仍然不清。Mesogondolella(=Jinogo-ndolella)granti不是Clarkina postbitteri的先驱种。     

二叠系乐平统底界的牙形化石定义

乐平统长期以来一直很有希望成为上二叠统的国际标准,只因华南缺乏经过详细论证的乐平统底部层序而未能实现。通过近些年的研究,梅仕龙等建立了完整的瓜德鲁普统一乐平统界线地层的牙形化石带等,促成乐平统被正式批准为上二叠统的国际标准,并使蓬莱滩剖面成为底界的最佳候选层型剖面。 笔者等曾反复论述Clarkina postbitteri带或C．dukouensis带之底作为乐平统底界候选层位的优点和缺点。C．dukouensis的演进可以作为Clarkina属内渐变群的第一个基准面(datum),而且该种分布较广。然而,C．dukouensis在C．postbitteri-C．dukouensis演化种系中的首现本身并无区域对比意义,因为C. dukouensis的首现从未在其他地点发现．而首现的层位也不与全球性生物或环境变化的重要事件对应,C. postbitteri带之底接近前乐平统生物绝灭事件的顶峰层位以及在整合层序中厘定的重要层序界面。根据动物群和沉积变化容易进行国际对比这一优越性,使该带之底成为最有希望的界线。近些年来．国际二叠纪地层分会的工作方案一直将其作为乐平统底界。不过,C. postbitteri与祖先种之间的形态变化较显著,演化谱系需要充分论证。 多年来,底界附近的牙形化石被归纳为两个组合带,即下部的Neogondolella bitteri-N．liangshanensis带和上部的N. bitteri-N,leveni带。新建的牙形化石带表明N．bitteri-N.liangshanensis带并不存在,而带化石N．liangshanensis的层位实际上高于N．leveni。在王成源1995年至1998年发表的论文中,这些事实以及多数新的牙形化石带基本被接受。他于1998年发表蓬莱滩剖面牙形化石的研究,并“赞赏”以C．postbitteri带之底为底界。但在“乐平统的底界-蓬莱滩剖面再研究”中,他认为C．postbitteri带不存在,并转而采用C．dukouensis的始现为底界。 从“再研究”可以得出全然不同的结论。首先,C．postbitteri的首现仍属于底界最具吸引力的候选层位。理由是1．在设备良好的实验室可以从该层及其上下的层位获得适量的牙形化石;2．新的研究结果表明,C. postbitteri自Jinogondolella xuanhanensis种系演进而来,可以在蓬莱滩剖面厘定;3．在美国至今仅发现C. postbitteri的过渡类型,所以关于C．postbitteri始现于美国、而后迁移至古特提斯的假说有待证实;4．C．postbitteri带的界限明确,王氏报道的零星出现在层116.4-4f的C．postbitteri颇有疑问;5．王氏报道Jinogondolella的种与C．postbitteri的延限范围重叠,但只图示了这些种的一个标本(图版Ⅳ,图1)．而该标本应为C．postbitteri;在湘南斗岭组顶部与C. postbitter共生的不仅有瓜德鲁普世类型菊石,还有乐平世类型腕足类。王氏的“C. dukouensis”产于C．postbitteri带,层位与此相同,而不是较高。 王氏确定的C．dukouensis首现层位显然有误。他用来代表“C．dukouensis”首现的产于层114.6-6k的标本(图版Ⅱ,图1-5)以及层114-7b(图版Ⅱ,图6-8)的标本,与代表C. postbitteri的标本(图版Ⅰ,图1-8)都具有后部和中部小齿分离的齿式,应属于C. postbitteri的居群。产于层114-7e及以上层位的C．dukouensis的标本(图版Ⅰ,图9-15)具备该种特征的齿式,后部和中部的小齿排列较紧密。层114-7e的一个标本(图版Ⅰ,图10)具有C,postbitteri与C．dukouensis之间的过渡型齿式。作为乐平统底界的另一候选层位,C. dukouensis的首现实际上处于层114-7e附近。 生物成种的速率和型式多样,既有渐次演进,屯有点断平衡。无视这一事实,把一些明显的变化都看成地层记录缺失,必然使界限上下的变化愈来愈细小,终至难于确定,争论不休。即使定了也无法横向追索,缺乏对比价值。     

广西二叠纪深海硅质岩系中瓜德鲁普统至乐平统界线地层牙形石分带及动物群特征

在广西钦州地区小董镇大虫岭深海硅质岩剖面中,首次处理出了层序连续的牙形石化石,并由老至新划分了二个牙形石带,即Jinogondolella granti带和Clarkina dukouensis带。通过这二个牙形石带与斜坡相和盆地相碳酸盐岩硅质岩系中的牙形石带进行对比,划分了本剖面中乐平统生物地层底界。本文对深海硅质岩系中这一界线地层牙形石动物群特征进行了简要的描述。     

华南乐平统放射虫生物地层学研究进展

以Albaillella分子的地层分布为基础,华南地区晚二叠世地层中已经建立5个放射虫化石带,自下而上分别为:Albaillella cavitata带、Albaillella levis带、Albaillella excelsa带、Albaillella triangularis带和Albail-lella yaoi带.Albaillella cavitata带地层范围相当于牙形石Clarkina postbitteri postbitteri带至Clarkina guang-yuanensis带的底部,其下伏放射虫化石Follicucullus bipartitus-Follicucullus charveti带的地质时代为中二叠世.Albaillella triangulaHs带层位相当于牙形石Clarkina postwangi带,Albaillella yaoi带与牙形石Clarkina yini带相当.华南晚二叠世放射虫动物群演化明显分为两个阶段:第一个繁盛期始于中二叠统上部,延续到A.cavita-ta带下部,以Follicucullus的丰富和多样化为特征;第二个繁盛期出现在A.levis带至A.yaoi带之间,以Albail-lella和Neoalbaillella的鼎盛为特征.     

重庆中梁山凉风垭二叠-三叠系界线附近牙形类生物地层研究

系统研究重庆中梁山凉风垭剖面二叠-三叠系界线附近的牙形类化石及其地层分布,应用样品居群的方法识别出2属7种,并划分为5个牙形类化石带,由下至上依次为:Clarkina changxingensis带,C.yini带,C.meishanensis带,Hindeodus praeparvus带及H.parvus带.确定Cl...     

南秦岭陕西镇安西口二叠系剖面牙形刺生物地层

陕西镇安西口地区构造上属于南秦岭微板块,二叠纪时该地区与华南板块被勉略洋(东古特提斯洋的一个分支)分隔,而成为南秦岭微板块上的一个孤立台地。由于其二叠纪时处于华北和华南板块的汇聚带,同时又位于沟通古特提斯和泛大洋的重要通道上,其特殊的古地理位置使其具备与华南乃至全球其它地区二叠系对比的重要古地理和古环境意义,具有成为二叠系经典剖面的潜力。本次研究共分析60件样品,从中发现具有地层划分对比意义的平台型牙形刺分子4属18种。这些化石分布于上石炭统至上二叠统的地层中,且主要产于中二叠统水峡口组和上二叠统的西口组、熨斗滩组及龙洞川组。根据牙形刺的产出情况将研究区二叠系划分出13个带,自上而下为:长兴阶(Changhsingian)的Clarkina subcarinata带和C.changxingensis带;吴家坪阶(Wuchaipingian)的C.postbitteri带,C.dukouensis带,C.liangshanensis带和C.orientalis带;卡匹敦阶(Capitanian)的Mesogondolella posterserrata带,M.shannoni带,M.altudaensis带和M.granti带;罗德阶(Roadian)的M.nanjingensis带;亚丁斯克阶(Artinskian)的Sweetognathus whitei带;阿瑟尔阶(Asselian)-萨克马尔阶(Sakmarian)的S.inornatus带。最后,主要依据牙形刺带对陕西镇安西口二叠系剖面的生物地层进行重新划分,确立了3统9阶,从而能够更好地进行洲际对比。     

牙形刺Idiognathodus simulator演化谱系研究进展及意义

尽管牙形刺Idiognathodus simulator已于2007年被国际界线工作组和国际地层委员会石炭纪地层分会正式选定为格舍尔阶的底界标志种,但其演化谱系,即其直接的祖先种并不清楚。近十多年来,各国学者对此展开了紧锣密鼓的研究,提出了多种可能性方案,但均因缺乏足够证据而一一被否。本文作者近两年来通过对华南剖面卡西莫夫阶和格舍尔阶界线层的牙形刺再研究,提出Idiognathodus abdivitus为I.simulator的直接祖先,该演化谱系在贵州罗甸纳庆和纳饶两剖面均得到有效验证。这一研究成果,必将迅速推动石炭系格舍尔阶全球层型(GSSP)的研究进程。     

西藏南部江孜地区早白垩世甲不拉组底栖有孔虫动物群的发现

根据最新的国际年代地层表,侏罗/白垩系界线是显生宇系一级唯一没有GSSP(全球界线层型与点位)的界线。位于特提斯喜马拉雅北亚带的江孜地区,发育了连续的侏罗/白垩系界线地层,是目前国内海相侏罗/白垩纪界线生物地层学研究最具潜在竞争力的地区之一。本文在西藏南部江孜地区甲不热北沟剖面甲不拉组底部往上3.9米处及19.3米处首次发现了胶结壳底栖有孔虫动物群,共计4属11种:Ammobaculites agglutinans,Ammobaculites sp.1,Ammobaculites sp.2,Ammobaculites sp.3,Ammobaculites sp.4,Ammobaculites sp.5,Glomospira charoides,Haplophragmoides gigas minor,Haplophragmoides sp.1,Haplophragmoides sp.2,Reophax texanus。根据该动物群重要分子的地质时限推测,甲不拉组底部往上3.9米处就已经属于白垩系地层。因此甲不拉组底部胶结壳有孔虫动物群的发现支持了将甲不拉组划归白垩系的意见。     

浙江和江西二叠/三叠系界线以下的软骨鱼类微体化石——华南二叠/三叠系界线上下鱼类序列研究之五

记述了浙江长兴县煤山剖面、江西修水县四都乡东岭剖面和信丰县铁石口镇铁石口剖面二叠/三叠系界线以下的软骨鱼类10个类别的微体化石,包含5科6属5种,其中有3新属5新种,它们是:刘氏煤山鲨(Meishanselache liuigen.et sp.nov.)、王氏长兴鲨(Changxingsela-che wangigen.et sp.nov.)、东岭中华尖齿鲨(Sinacrodus donglingensis gen.et sp.nov.)、修水滑齿鲨(Lissodus xiushuiensis sp.nov.)和江西多尖齿鲨(Polyacrodus jiangxiensis sp.nov.)。浙、赣两省的这批软骨鱼类微体化石显示两个特点:组成以弓鲛超科化石为主;发现于特提斯区三叠纪的鲨类与发现于中国南方晚二叠世的鲨类具有密切的亲缘关系。这是包含全球二叠/三叠系界线层型剖面和点位(GSSP)在内的全球二叠/三叠系界线以下软骨鱼类微体化石序列的首次报道。软骨鱼类是我国鱼类化石研究中最为薄弱的一个环节,本文化石的记述大大地填补了这个薄弱环节。     

The Guadalupian–Lopingian boundary (Permian) in a pelagic sequence from Panthalassa recognized by integrated conodont and radiolarian biostratigraphy

Guadalupian–Lopingian sedimentary rocks are widely distributed in accretionary complexes in Japan, but the Guadalupian–Lopingian boundary (G–LB) is not well documented from these pelagic sediments. To identify the G–LB and to better correlate an extinction event that occurred around the Guadalupian–Lopingian boundary, we examined the conodont biostratigraphy from a Permian pelagic chert sequence in the Gujo-hachiman section, Gifu, southwest Japan. Age-diagnostic conodonts, including Clarkina postbitteri postbitteri, were found in this section. The biostratigraphic occurrences of these age-diagnostic conodonts can pinpoint the “G–L transitional zone” in the Gujo-hachiman section by comparison with well-studied sections from south China, including the GSSP section. The transitional zone was recognized by the first occurrence horizons of both Clarkina postbitteri hongshuiensis and C. p. postbitteri. The G–LB has been placed at or above the first occurrence horizon of the radiolarians Albaillella yamakitai or Albaillella cavitata in previous studies from China and Japan. We detected the first occurrence horizon of A. yamakitai below the base of the “G–L transitional zone,” in the Upper Capitanian. The conodont biostratigraphy is consistent with the radiolarian biostratigraphy in this section, which can be correlated to relevant sections in China.     

前乐平统海洋动物灾变事件

作为古生代最后阶段的乐平统可划分为２个阶和４个亚阶,暂以逼近自然界线的Ｃｌａｒｋｉｎａ ｐｏｓｔｂｉｔｔｅｒｉ带之底为下界;在二叠纪形成了栖霞期之前和吴家坪期之前两个超序界面,乐平世海侵居于二叠一三叠纪超序的低水位体系,乐平世末的海泛淹没了古特提斯区的残留陆棚;二叠纪末的生物大绝灭形成规模和性质不同的两幕;茅口期末全球性海退使栖居地丧失而导致地方性类群和远洋浮游生物灭亡的前乐平统海泮动物灾变事件,     

Latest Guadalupian brachiopods from the Guadalupian/Lopingian boundary GSSP section at Penglaitan in Laibin, Guangxi, South China and implications for the timing of the pre-Lopingian crisis

A brachiopod fauna comprising nine species in eight genera from three closely spaced stratigraphic horizons of the same stratigraphic section is described for the first time from the Laibin Limestone in the uppermost part of the Maokou Formation in the Guadalupian/Lopingian (G/L) GSSP section at Penglaitan, Guangxi Autonomous Region, South China. The brachiopod assemblages are bracketed between two conodont zones: Jinogondolella xuanhanensis Zone below and Jinogondolella granti Zone above and, therefore, they can be safely assigned to the latest Capitanian in age. However, all but one of the nine brachiopod species from the Laibin Limestone carry strong early Lopingian (Wuchiapingian) aspect. Thus, the discovery of this brachiopod fauna not only suggests that some Lopingian brachiopod species had already appeared in the late Guadalupian (Capitanian); more importantly, it has also highlighted the fact that both the previously noted pre-Lopingian life crisis (or end-Guadalupian or Middle Permian mass extinction) and Lopingian recovery/radiation actually occurred in late Capitanian times, sometime before the G/L chronostratigraphic boundary. So far, the Penglaitan GSSP section provides the highest-resolution disappearance patterns of different fossil groups around the G/L boundary.     

川东北二叠纪吴家坪期牙形石（刺）序列及其世界对比

对四川省宣汉县渡口和南江县桥亭吴家坪期地层的系统采集和研究结果表明,吴家坪期至少包括７个牙形石带,自下而上为Ｃｌａｒｋｉｎａｄｕｋｏｕｅｎｓｉｓ带,Ｃ．ａｓｙｍｍｅｔｒｉｃａ带,Ｃ．ｌｅｖｅｎｉ带,Ｃ．ｇｕａｎｙｕａｎｅｎｓｉｓ带,Ｃ．ｔｒａｎｓｃａｕｃａｓｉｃａ带,Ｃ．ｏｒｉｅｎｔａｌｉｓ和Ｃ．ｉｎｆｌｅｃｔａ带。其中,前３个带的层位低于一直作为吴家坪期早期的Ｃ．ｌｉａｎｇｓｈａｎｅｎｓｉｓ带。吴家坪阶的顶界以置于Ｃ．ｉｎｆｌｅｃｔａ带与Ｃ．ｓｕｂｃａｒｉｎａｔａ带之间较妥。同时,建立了Ｃｌａｒｋｉｎａｄｕｋｏｕｅｎｓｉｓ,Ｃ．ａｓｙｍｍｅｔｒｉｃａ,Ｃ．ｂｉｚａｒｒｅｎｓｉｓ,Ｃ．ｄａｘｉａｎｅｎｓｉｓ,Ｃ．ｄｅｍｉｃｏｒｎｉｓ,Ｃ．ｉｎｆｌｅｃｔａ,Ｃ．ｌｏｎｇｉｃｕｓｐｉｄａｔａ等７个新种。     

High-resolution biostratigraphy of the Tournaisian-Visean (Carboniferous) boundary interval, Mokrá quarry, Czech Republic

This paper summarizes the results of investigations carried out in the Mokrá quarry since 2006 on the biostratigraphy of the Tournaisian-Visean (T-V) boundary interval. It also integrates previous results obtained by J. Kalvoda and collaborators. The main focus is on the boundary itself, but stratigraphically lower and higher levels have been investigated as well to provide a biostratigraphical context spanning the late Tournaisian to early Visean. This stratigraphical level has been the focus of intense international research in the recent years under the auspices of the Subcommission on Carboniferous Stratigraphy (SCCS) in order to find a new criterion and reference section (Global Stratotype Section and Point, GSSP) for the base of the Visean Stage. The appearance of Eoparastaffella simplex from its ancestor E. “ovalis” and the Pengchong section (Guangxi, southern China) have recently been proposed by the Task Group on the Tournaisian-Visean Boundary and ratified by the SCCS as the new biostratigraphic criterion and GSSP for the base of the Visean, respectively. The sequence exposed in Mokrá is not suitable as a GSSP, notably because it is an active quarry, but it contains most of the foraminifer and conodont guides allowing a high-resolution biostratigraphy of the boundary interval. In addition, it contains abundant trilobites. For these reasons, it constitutes one of the best sections across the T-V boundary in Europe and can serve as a useful additional reference.     

Re‐evaluation of the conodont Iapetognathus and implications for the base of the Ordovician System GSSP

Terfelt, F, Bagnoli, G. & Stouge, S. 2011: Re‐evaluation of the conodont Iapetognathus and implications for the base of the Ordovician System GSSP. Lethaia, Vol. 45, pp. 227–237. In 2000, the International Union of Geological Sciences (IUGS) ratified the decision from the International Working Group on the Cambrian–Ordovician Boundary (COBWG) to place the Global boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) for the base of the Ordovician System in the Green Point section, Newfoundland, Canada, at a point coinciding with the first appearance of the conodont Iapetognathus fluctivagus. However, a restudy of the conodont successions from Green Point shows that this species is not present at the boundary interval, and as a consequence the section does not fulfil the biostratigraphical requirements of a GSSP. The GSSP horizon as now defined is based on a level part‐way through the range of I. preaengensis– a species with lower first appearance datum (FAD). The true FAD of I. fluctivagus is above the FAD of planktonic graptolites and well above the FAD of I. preaengensis. As a consequence of these problems, a restudy of the GSSP section and the other sections in the Cow Head Group is necessary. A redefinition of the GSSP horizon is suggested. The following four alternative horizons have potential as new horizons for the GSSP level: the FAD of Cordylodus intermedius; the FAD of Cordylodus andresi; the FAD of Eoconodontus notchpeakensis; and the FAD of the agnostoid Lotagnostus americanus. □Boundary, Cambrian, conodont, Global boundary Stratotype Section Point, Iapetognathus, Ordovician.     

Correlating the global Cambrian–Ordovician boundary: Precise comparison of the Xiaoyangqiao section,Dayangcha, North China with the Green Point GSSP section,Newfoundland, Canada

The Cambrian–Ordovician boundary interval exposed at the Xiaoyangqiao section, North China is presented. The distribution of stratigraphically important fossils in the Xiaoyangqiao section revealed several nearly coeval graptolite, conodont, trilobite, and acritarch bioevents in the uppermost Cambrian–lowermost Ordovician carbonate-siliciclastic sedimentary sequence. The precise correlation to the Green Point GSSP section, western Newfoundland, Canada allows for the identification of the corresponding GSSP level in the Xiaoyangqiao section. The combined data from the Xiaoyangqiao section and the Green Point GSSP section provide a series of events that all can be applied as proxies for identification of the Cambrian–Ordovician boundary horizon outside the GSSP. Based on this, the Xiaoyangqiao section, Dayangcha, is here strongly recommended as a candidate for an Auxiliary Boundary Stratigraphic Section and Point section (ASSP) for the base of the Ordovician System, because it provides one of the best and most complete Cambrian–Ordovician transitions in the world and because the first planktic graptolites are from the Xiaoyangqiao section.     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Clausiuraloceras mechetlense</Emphasis>, a New Ammonoid Species from the Kungurian of the Southern Cisuralian Region

A new species, Clausiuraloceras mechetlense sp. nov., is described from the lower part of the Kungurian (pnevi Zone) of the Mechetlino-3 (quarry) section, which is a candidate for the Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) of the Artinskian-Kungurian Boundary. The species has a set of characters in the sutural outline, shell shape and ornamentation, the appearance of which indicates the beginning of a new stage in the morphogenesis of paragastrioceratids of Cisuralia. Beds with C. mechetlense are recognized in the southern Cisuralian Region, the lower boundary of which is placed at the base of the Kungurian.