Soil burial has a greater effect on litter decomposition rate than nitrogen enrichment in alpine grasslands

高寒草地土壤掩埋对凋落物分解速率的影响大于氮素富集 由于高寒草地退化、鼠害严重、大风频繁等原因,凋落物被频繁掩埋在土壤中。但凋落物的位置变化和氮富集对高寒草原凋落物分解速率和养分动态影响的认识尚不清楚。为了研究凋落物 位置变化(地表、掩埋10 cm和悬空60 cm)和氮富集对高寒草原优势植物凋落物分解的影响,本研究依托2009年在新疆天山巴音布鲁克高寒草原设置的长期模拟氮沉降研究平台,以对照和氮富集处理样方的优势植物羊茅(Festuca ovina)和赖草(Leymus tianschanicus)凋落物为试验材料,测定分解过程中凋落物质量损失和碳氮磷含量的变化特征。研究结果表明,掩埋凋落物分解速率显著快于地表凋落物,悬空处理凋落物分解速率慢于地表凋落物。氮富集显著影响凋落物质量,进而影响凋落物分解。而凋落物质量残留在对照与氮富集土壤掩埋之间无显著差异。这些结果表明,氮富集通过凋落物质量而不是通过土壤环境因素,影响短期凋落物分解。不同处理的所有试验凋落物均有碳和磷的释放现象。对照处理的凋落物,凋落物氮以累积为主,而氮富集处理的凋落物,凋落物氮以释放为主。这表明凋落物分解可能受到氮元素限制,氮富集改变了凋落物分解调控的氮循环过程。本研究提供了直接证据,掩埋处理的凋落物有更快的质量损失和碳元素释放,土壤掩埋是旱地凋落物分解速率比模型预测的快的一个候选解释。     

Warming and grazing enhance litter decomposition and nutrient release independent of litter quality in an alpine meadow

增温和放牧对高寒草甸凋落物分解及其养分释放的影响不依赖于凋落物品质在放牧生态系统中,增温、放牧和凋落物品质共同决定着凋落物分解和养分释放。然而,在以往的研究中这些因子的效应通常被单独地研究。在本研究中,我们在青藏高原高寒草甸开展了一个昼夜非对称增温和中度放牧两因子的凋落物分解试验。从每个处理中收集了凋落物样品,这些凋落物一部分放在它们的来源处理小区,另一部分放在其他处理小区以此来探究增温、放牧以及凋落物品质对凋落物分解和养分释放的影响。研究结果表明,增温而不是放牧显著增加了凋落物质量的损失、单位面积全碳、全氮以及全磷含量的损失,这主要是因为增温增加了凋落物生物量和分解速率。然而,尽管同时增温放牧处理也加快了凋落物分解速率,但由于降低了凋落物生物量,所以增温放牧处理并没有显著影响单位面积的凋落物碳和养分释放量。相比木质素含量和碳氮比而言,季节性土壤平均温度能够更好地预测凋落物分解速率。增温和放牧对凋落物分解存在交互作用,但它们和凋落物品质对凋落物的影响均不存在交互作用。单位面积的总氮释放的温度敏感性要高于总磷。因此,我们的结果表明,增温对凋落物分解以及养分释放的影响要显著大于凋落物品质变化对其分解的影响。在高寒草甸,氮释放的增加可能会间接导致土壤磷有效性的缺乏。     

西双版纳热带季节雨林凋落叶分解与土壤动物群落：两种网孔分解袋的分解实验比较

 以西双版纳热带湿性季节沟谷雨林混合凋落叶作为分解基质,在不同位置季节雨林样地,采用不同网孔（ 2和0.15 mm）分解袋,开展大中型土壤动物对雨林凋落叶分解影响的实验,测定了不同网孔分解袋土壤动 物多样性、凋落叶分解速率和主要养分元素释放状况。结果显示：2 mm网孔分解袋土壤动物类群相对密度 年均值为2.67～2.83目•g－1凋落物干重,个体相对密度年均值为22.3～21.77个•g－1凋落物干重,显著 高于0.15 mm网孔分解袋的类群相对密度0.27～0.28目•g－1凋落物干重和个体相对密度2.88～2.77个•g－ 1凋落物干重（p<0.01）,并且0.15 mm网孔分解袋中极少量的动物个体主要为小型类群弹尾目和蜱螨目（ 原生动物、湿生土壤动物线虫不计）,由此我们视2 mm网孔分解袋凋落叶分解由绝大多数土壤动物和其它 土壤生物共同作用,而0.15 mm网孔分解袋基本排除了大中型土壤动物对袋内凋落叶分解的影响。2 mm网 孔分解袋凋落叶物质失重率（71%左右）、分解率指数（1.88～2.44）和主要养分元素释放率明显高于 0.15 mm分解袋（34%～35%,0.48～0.58）。通过比较两种不同网孔分解袋凋落叶失重率和元素释放率的 差异,显示出季节雨林大中型土壤动物群落对凋落叶物质损失的贡献率为年均值46%左右,并使凋落叶C/N 和C/P明显降低,而对不同元素释放率的影响不同,其中对N、S和Ca元素释放率的影响较大,而对K素释放 的影响作用最小。相关分析显示,2 mm网孔分解袋内土壤动物群落类群和个体的相对密度与凋落叶物质残 留率有较好的负相关关系,而群落香农多样性指数与凋落叶分解率指数表现出一定的正相关关系。     

川西高原季节性雪被覆盖对窄叶鲜卑花凋落物分解和养分动态的影响

2010年1-5月在川西高原采用人工雪厚度梯度试验(0、30和100 cm),应用网袋分解法对窄叶鲜卑花叶片凋落物进行分解试验,测定了凋落物的分解速率及其养分动态.结果表明:在无雪被覆盖的样地上分解5个月后的凋落物质量损失率为29.9％,而中雪和深雪样地的凋落物质量损失率分别为33.8％和35.2％.分解过程中,凋落物氮存在一定的富集现象,磷处于波动的富集状态,碳质量分数和碳氮比均呈现前期急剧下降后期逐渐上升的趋势.雪被覆盖显著增加了凋落物的质量损失率和氮含量,而对碳和磷含量无显著影响.在川西高原地区,30 cm以上的持续雪被覆盖能够改变凋落物的分解过程,从而可能对土壤营养物质转化和植物群落构建产生实质性的影响.     

土壤线虫群落对森林凋落物分解主场效应的作用

以大连西郊国家森林公园作为样地,以黑松和辽东栎两种叶凋落物作为分解基质,采用两种不同网孔的凋落物袋法,从土壤线虫群落组成、凋落物分解速率、凋落物养分释放、土壤线虫群落多样性及其与凋落物理化指标的相关性等几个方面来探究森林凋落物分解的主场效应及土壤线虫群落的作用。结果表明:研究期间共鉴定出4570条土壤线虫,隶属于35个属。0.1mm网袋中共鉴定4407条线虫,远高于0.02mm网袋的163条;而0.02mm网袋控制了土壤线虫参与凋落物分解,可视为仅由微生物参与分解过程。凋落物在主场与客场分解损失率差值(Ph-Pa、Qh-Qa)、元素残留率差值(Pa-Ph、Qa-Qh)总体呈增加趋势,说明土壤线虫对主场凋落物分解作用明显。凋落物质量损失和C、N释放量表现为0.1mm网袋0.02mm网袋,主场客场,主场与客场存在一定差异,表明土壤线虫促进了凋落物分解,且对主场凋落物分解贡献较大。主场线虫数量和种类较多,调控着微生物的群落结构及活动,进而加速了凋落物分解和养分释放,同时主场效应又决定着凋落物的分解速率和养分释放。研究结果可为今后森林凋落物分解的相关研究中主场效应、客场效应以及土壤生物驱动效应研究提供参考。     

黄帚橐吾对高寒草甸凋落物分解及氮释放的影响

受过度放牧等干扰因素的影响,黄帚橐吾(Ligularia virgaurea)在高寒草甸逐渐扩张成为优势种而被称为“退化指示种”,从而威胁生态系统功能和养分循环。然而,黄帚橐吾扩张引起的凋落物比例增多,对分解及养分释放的影响尚不清晰。凋落物分解连结着生态系统碳、氮循环,对于系统功能维持具有重要意义。本试验在三江源区黄帚橐吾为优势种的高寒草甸中,设置黄帚橐吾和其他物种凋落物的多梯度混合分解试验,测定黄帚橐吾和其他物种凋落物的重量损失和氮释放,分析黄帚橐吾生物量增多对凋落物分解的影响。结果表明：(1)分解1年后,黄帚橐吾重量损失及氮素释放较其他物种更缓慢;(2)随着黄帚橐吾生物量比例的增加,凋落物整体重量损失及氮素释放显著降低;(3)混合凋落物中黄帚橐吾能限制其他物种的分解,这种拮抗效应进一步延缓了混合凋落物的分解。综上,高寒草甸黄帚橐吾扩张引起的凋落物生物量增多通过延缓凋落物分解及氮释放,阻碍土壤养分输入,进而对草地碳氮循环过程产生不利影响。     

光辐射对青藏高原高寒草甸凋落物分解的影响

光照对干旱半干旱生态系统凋落物分解有显著作用。然而,在太阳辐射强度大、高寒湿润的青藏高原东部高寒草甸,光辐射在凋落物分解中的作用尚不明确。本试验采用凋落物袋法,研究自然光照和遮光2种处理下10种高寒草甸常见物种(披针叶黄华Thermopsis lanceolata、珠芽蓼Polygonum viviparum、线叶嵩草Kobresia capillifolia、小花草玉梅Anemone rivularis、黄帚橐吾Ligularia virgaurea、麻花艽Gentiana straminea、大籽蒿Artemisia sieversiana、瑞苓草Saussurea nigrescens、垂穗披碱草Elymus nutans和矮藨草Scirpus pumilus)叶片凋落物分解特点。结果表明:(1)不同物种凋落物的木质素含量存在显著差异,其中珠芽蓼木质素含量最高(达29.44%),黄帚橐吾木质素含量最低(为4.91%);(2)整体上,遮光显著降低了凋落物质量损失率,而光照的影响程度也因物种而异;(3)无论在自然光照还是在遮光处理下,凋落物质量损失率与初始木质素含量均呈显著负相关关系;遮光明显降低木质素质量损失率,其降低程度也因物种而异。     

川西亚高山森林凋落物分解初期土壤动物对红桦凋落叶质量损失的贡献

2010年10月26日-2011年4月18日在川西亚高山地区季节性冻融期间,选择典型的红桦-岷江冷杉林,采用凋落物分解袋法调查了不同网孔(0.02、0.125、1和3 mm)凋落物分解袋内的凋落物质量损失,分析微型、中型和大型土壤动物对红桦凋落叶分解的贡献.结果表明:在季节性冻融期间,0.02、0.125、1和3 mm分解袋内的红桦凋落叶质量损失率分别为11.8％、13.2％、15.4％和19.5％,不同体径土壤动物对红桦凋落叶质量损失的贡献率为39.5％;不同孔径凋落物袋内土壤动物的类群和个体相对密度与凋落叶的质量损失率的变化趋势相对一致.在季节性冻融的初期、深冻期和融化期,不同土壤动物对红桦凋落叶质量损失的贡献率为大型土壤动物(22.7％)＞中型土壤动物(11.9％)＞微型土壤动物(7.9％).季节性冻融期间土壤动物活动是影响川西亚高山森林凋落物分解的重要因素之一.     

氮沉降对草地凋落物分解的影响研究进展

随着人类干扰和全球变化的加剧,大气氮沉降量迅速地增加,对草地生态系统碳循环过程产生了显著影响。凋落物分解是陆地生态系统养分循环的关键过程,也是土壤碳库的主要来源和维持土壤肥力的基础。凋落物分解深受非生物、生物因子及其交互作用的影响。氮沉降通过影响土壤氮有效性、凋落物产量和质量、土壤生物因子及凋落物分解环境来影响分解。该文综述了氮沉降对草地凋落物分解过程的影响及其机理,包括对土壤氮有效性,凋落物产量、质量,土壤微生物和酶活性以及凋落物分解环境的影响,在系统分析国内外研究现状的基础上,探讨整合了目前氮沉降影响草地凋落物分解的主要研究内容、方向、方法以及存在的主要问题,并对未来的重点研究方向进行了展望,以期为深入研究草地生态系统碳循环过程与氮沉降之间的相互作用与反馈机制提供参考。     

土壤动物对川西亚高山和高山森林凋落叶第一年不同分解时期N和P元素动态的影响

土壤动物对高寒森林凋落物养分元素动态具有重要影响, 但这种影响受控于凋落物质量及环境条件。为了解土壤动物对高寒森林凋落物不同分解时期凋落物中N和P元素动态的影响, 采用凋落物分解袋的方法, 于凋落物第一年分解的不同时期, 即冻结前期、冻结期、融化期、生长季节初期、生长季节中期和生长季节末期, 研究了3.00和0.04 mm孔径凋落物袋中川西亚高山和高山森林的代表性植物——康定柳(Salix paraplesia)、方枝柏(Sabina saltuaria)、红桦(Betula albosinensis)和岷江冷杉(Abies fargesii var. faxoniana)凋落物中的N和P元素动态特征。结果表明: 康定柳和红桦凋落物中的N元素呈现出释放—富集—释放的模式, 方枝柏、岷江冷杉凋落物中的N元素则表现为释放—富集模式; 凋落物P元素总体表现为释放模式, 但4种植物凋落物均在生长季节中期具有明显的富集过程; 从凋落物分解的第一年来看, 土壤动物明显促进了4种植物凋落物N的释放, 而抑制了P的释放; 不同时期土壤动物对凋落物中N和P释放量的影响存在显著差异, 且分别与正积温呈极显著正相关和极显著负相关关系; 相对于阔叶植物凋落物, 土壤动物对针叶植物凋落物中N和P元素动态的影响更为显著。这些结果为深入了解高寒森林生态系统土壤动物与凋落物分解等物质循环过程的相互联系具有重要意义。     

Correlations of calcium accumulations in arteries, veins, cartilages, ligaments, and bones in single humans

To show the relationships of calcium accumulation in the thoracic aorta to the other tissues, calcium contents were determined with a microwave-induced plasma-atomic emission spectrometer on arteries, veins, cartilages, ligaments, and bones. These tissues were resected from 18 individuals, consisting of 11 men and 7 women who died in the age range 59–91 yr. As thoracic and abdominal aortas are routinely used for radiographic examination of arterial calcification, they appear to be standard tissues of the calcium accumulation. The calcium accumulations were determined in the femoral artery, the superior and inferior venae cavae, the internal jugular vein, cartilages of the articular disk of the temporomandibular joint and the intervertebral disk, both the ligaments of the anterior cruciate ligament and the ligamentum capitis femoris, and the calcaneus, in contrast with the thoracic aorta. As calcium increased in the thoracic aorta, it increased in the femoral artery, the articular disk of the temporomandibular joint, the intervertebral disk, both ligaments of the anterior cruciate ligament, and the ligamentum capitis femoris, but it did not increase in veins, such as the superior and inferior venae cavae and the internal jugular vein. In contrast, it decreased in the calcaneus.     

Seroepidemiology of human parechovirus types 1, 3, and 6 in Yamagata,Japan, in 2014

To clarify the seroepidemiology of human parechovirus type 1 (HPeV1), 3 and 6, neutralizing antibodies (NT Abs) were measured in 214 serum specimens collected in 2014 in Yamagata, Japan. The seroprevalence against HPeV1 was 100% in all age groups, while that against HPeV3 and HPeV6 was 79.4% and 66.8%, respectively, overall. The geometric mean titers of NT Abs against HPeV1, 3 and 6 were 755.2, 255.0 and 55.9, respectively, overall. Our findings indicate that HPeV1 is the most prevalent HPeV circulating in Yamagata, followed by HPeV3 and HPeV6.     

Distribution of N,P, K,Ca, Mg,S, Zn,Fe, Mn and Cu in groundnut

Summary Concentration of N, P, K, Ca, Mg and S in summer groundnut crop was higher than in kharif while Zn, Fe, Mn and Cu contents were higher in summer crop. Kernel's N, P and Zn; Leaflet's Ca and Mn; Stem's K and Fe; Root's S and Cu and Petiole's Mg contents were highest. Shell's N, P, K, Mg, S, Zn and Cu; Kernel's Ca, Fe and Mn contents were the least. N, P, K, S, Zn and Cu concentrations decreased linearly as the crop grew. Ca, Mg, Fe and Mn concentrations did not display any distinct pattern. Ca concentration was positively correlated with pod yield in both the seasons.     

Syntheses of 4,6-dihydroxypyrimidine diones,their urease inhibition,in vitro,in silico,and kinetic studies

A library of 4,6-dihydroxypyrimidine diones (1–35) were synthesized and evaluated for their urease inhibitory activity. Structure-activity relationships, and mechanism of inhibition were also studied. All compounds were found to be active with IC₅₀ values between 22.6 ± 1.14–117.4 ± 0.73 µM, in comparison to standard, thiourea (IC₅₀ = 21.2 ± 1.3 µM). Kinetics studies on the most active compounds 2–7, 16, 17, 28, and 33 were performed to investigate their modes of inhibition, and dissociation constants K_i. Compounds 2, 3, 7, 16, 28, and 33 were found to be mixed-type of inhibitors with K_i values in the range of 7.91 ± 0.024–13.03 ± 0.013 µM, whereas, compounds 4–6, and 17 were found to be non-competitive inhibitors with K_i values in the range of 9.28 ± 0.019–13.05 ± 0.023 µM. In silico study was also performed, and a good correlation was observed between experimental and docking studies. This study is continuation of our previously reported urease inhibitory activity of pyrimidine diones, representing potential leads for further research as possible treatment of diseases caused by ureolytic bacteria.     

Clusters of Toxoplasmosis in Ganghwa-gun,Cheorwon-gun,and Goseong-gun,Korea

We find out the clusters with high toxoplasmosis risk to discuss the geographical pattern in Gyodong-myeon and Samsan-myeon of Ganghwa-gun, Cheorwon-gun, and Goseong-gun, Korea. Seroepidemiological data of toxoplasmosis surveyed using rapid diagnostic tests for the residents in the areas in 2019 were analyzed to detect clusters of the infection. The cluster was investigated using the SaTScan program which is based on Kulldorff’s scan statistic. The clusters were found with P-values in each region analyzed in the program, and the risk and patient incidence of specific areas can be examined by the values such as relative risk and log likelihood ratio. Jiseok-ri and Insa-ri were found to be a cluster in Gyodong-myeon and Seokmo-ri was the cluster in Samsan-myeon. Yangji-ri and Igil-ri were found to be a cluster in Cheorwon-gun and Madal-ri and Baebong-ri were the cluster in Goseong-gun. This findings can be used to monitor and prevent toxoplasmosis infections occurring in vulnerable areas.     

Changes in iron, calcium, magnesium, copper, and zinc levels in different tissues of riboflavin-deficient rats

To clarify the changes of mineral levels in different tissues of riboflavin-deficient rats, Wistar rats were separated into three groups. One group was fed a diet ad libitum that was deficient in riboflavin. The other two were fed either the complete diet that was weight-matched to the riboflavin-deficient group or fed a complete diet ad libitum. In riboflavin-deficient rats, the hemoglobin concentration and riboflavin contents of blood, liver, and kidney were significantly decreased, compared with weight-matched and ad libitum-fed controls. The mineral concentrations of tissues are summarized as follows: The iron (Fe) concentration in the heart, liver, and spleen was decreased in the riboflavin-deficient group compared with the other groups. Calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) concentrations in tibia were decreased in the riboflavin-deficient group compared with the other two groups. Copper (Cu) concentration was increased in the heart and liver when the riboflavin-deficient group was compared with the other groups. Zinc (Zn) concentration was increased in tibia when the riboflavin-deficient group was compared with the other groups.     

Frequency of Discrimination,Harassment, and Violence in Lesbian,Gay Men,and Bisexual in Italy

Background

This cross-sectional study assessed the frequency of discrimination, harassment, and violence and the associated factors among a random sample of 1000 lesbian, gay men, and bisexual women and men recruited from randomly selected public venues in Italy.

Methods

A face-to-face interview sought information about: socio-demographics, frequency of discrimination, verbal harassment, and physical and sexual violence because of their sexual orientation, and their fear of suffering each types of victimization.

Results

In the whole sample, 28.3% and 11.9% self-reported at least one episode of victimization because of the sexual orientation in their lifetime and in the last year. Those unmarried, compared to the others, and with a college degree or higher, compared to less educated respondents, were more likely to have experienced an episode of victimization in their lifetime. Lesbians, compared to bisexual, had almost twice the odds of experiencing an episode of victimization. The most commonly reported experiences across the lifetime were verbal harassment, discrimination, and physical or sexual violence. Among those who had experienced one episode of victimization in their lifetime, 42.1% self-reported one episode in the last year. Perceived fear of suffering violence because of their sexual orientation, measured on a 10-point Likert scale with a higher score indicative of greater fear, ranges from 5.7 for verbal harassment to 6.4 for discrimination. Participants were more likely to have fear of suffering victimization because of their sexual orientation if they were female (compared to male), lesbian and gay men (compared to bisexual women and men), unmarried (compared to the others), and if they have already suffered an episode of victimization (compared to those who have not suffered an episode).

Conclusions

The study provides important insights into the violence experiences of lesbian, gay men, and bisexual women and men and the results may serve for improving policy initiatives to reduce such episodes.     

Quantitation of the involvement of the recA, recB, recC, recF, recJ, recN, lexA, radA, radB, uvrD, and umuC genes in the repair of X-ray-induced DNA double-strand breaks in Escherichia coli

Isogenic Escherichia coli strains carrying single DNA-repair mutations were compared for their capacity for (i) the repair of X-ray-induced DNA double-strand breaks (DSB) as measured using neutral sucrose gradients; (ii) medium-dependent resistance, i.e., a recA-dependent X-ray survival phenomenon that correlates closely with the capacity for repairing DSB; and (iii) the growth medium-dependent, recA-dependent repair of X-ray-induced DNA single-strand breaks (SSB) as measured using alkaline sucrose gradients (about 80% of these SSB are actually parts of DSB). These three capacities were measured to quantitate more accurately the involvement of the various genes in the repair of DSB over a wide dose range. The mutations tested were grouped into five classes according to their effect on the repair of X-ray-induced DSB: (I) the recA, recB, recC, and lexA mutants were completely deficient; (II) the radB and recN mutants were about 90% deficient; (III) the recF and recJ mutants were about 70% deficient; (IV) the radA and uvrD mutants were about 30% deficient; and (V) the umuC mutant resembled the wild-type strains in its capacity for the repair of DSB.