干旱对东北春玉米生长发育和产量的影响

选取玉米品种丹玉39为供试材料,利用大型农田水分控制试验场,采用大田池栽方式,在玉米三叶-拔节期、拔节-吐丝期、吐丝-乳熟期分别开展中度干旱胁迫及复水控制对比试验,分析3个关键生育时期干旱胁迫对春玉米生长发育和产量的影响.结果表明:与水分适宜对照(CK)相比,三叶-拔节期遭受干旱胁迫后,全生育期推迟13 d,至拔节普遍期,株高偏低29.8％,叶面积偏小41.2％,复水后,株高和产量得到较大程度恢复,果穗性状和最终产量差异不大;拔节-吐丝期遭受干旱胁迫后,全生育期缩短7d,至吐丝普遍期,株高偏低18.6％,叶面积偏小14.1％,果穗长、穗粒数、果穗干质量、穗粒质量分别下降6.9％、19.1％、28.1％和29.4％,空秆率增加13.3％;吐丝-乳熟期遭受干旱胁迫后,全生育期缩短15 d,生长至乳熟普遍期,株高偏低2.3％,叶面积偏小37.3％,果穗长、穗粒数、果穗干质量、穗粒质量分别下降9.2％、24.1％、30.8％和27.9％,空秆率增加24.5％.拔节-吐丝期、吐丝-乳熟期干旱胁迫处理并复水后,玉米株高恢复不明显,产量降幅显著.     

干旱对东北春玉米生长发育和产量的影响

选取玉米品种丹玉39为供试材料,利用大型农田水分控制试验场,采用大田池栽方式,在玉米三叶-拔节期、拔节-吐丝期、吐丝-乳熟期分别开展中度干旱胁迫及复水控制对比试验,分析3个关键生育时期干旱胁迫对春玉米生长发育和产量的影响.结果表明：与水分适宜对照（CK）相比,三叶-拔节期遭受干旱胁迫后,全生育期推迟13 d,至拔节普遍期,株高偏低29.8%,叶面积偏小41.2%,复水后,株高和产量得到较大程度恢复,果穗性状和最终产量差异不大;拔节-吐丝期遭受干旱胁迫后,全生育期缩短7 d,至吐丝普遍期,株高偏低18.6%,叶面积偏小14.1%,果穗长、穗粒数、果穗干质量、穗粒质量分别下降6.9%、19.1%、28.1%和29.4%,空秆率增加13.3%;吐丝-乳熟期遭受干旱胁迫后,全生育期缩短15 d,生长至乳熟普遍期,株高偏低2.3%,叶面积偏小37.3%,果穗长、穗粒数、果穗干质量、穗粒质量分别下降9.2%、24.1%、30.8%和27.9%,空秆率增加24.5%.拔节-吐丝期、吐丝-乳熟期干旱胁迫处理并复水后,玉米株高恢复不明显,产量降幅显著.     

关键发育期干旱对春玉米产量及籽粒品质的影响

为探明不同发育期不同干旱条件对春玉米产量及籽粒品质的影响,以"丹玉405"为试验材料,利用大型农田水分控制试验场,在春玉米拔节、抽雄、乳熟三个关键发育期分别开展中度和重度干旱胁迫对比试验,分析干旱对玉米产量及结构性状、籽粒含水量和品质组成的影响.结果表明:与水分适宜对照相比,其他处理下,干旱导致玉米秃尖比、籽粒氨基酸和...     

河套灌区不同强度低温冷害对玉米生物量累积和产量的影响

深入揭示不同发育期、不同强度和持续日数的低温冷害对玉米生物量累积和产量的影响,对农业防灾减灾具有重要意义。本文以河套灌区玉米低温冷害为研究对象,在对WOFOST模型进行参数校准的基础上,通过数值模拟试验方法,对模型在研究区域上的适应性进行了分析、检验,同时探讨了不同发育阶段出现不同强度和持续日数低温对玉米贮存器官生物量累积和产量的影响。结果表明:在玉米出苗-灌浆期中的每个发育期发生低温时,玉米贮存器官生物量累积和产量对低温强度和持续日数的响应程度基本一致;当降温强度不同、持续日数相同时,灌浆期低温对玉米产量和贮存器官生物量累积的影响最大;当降温强度相同,持续日数不同时,低温持续日数1 d,玉米拔节至抽雄期发生的低温对贮存器官生物量和产量的影响最大,低温持续日数大于3 d时,玉米灌浆期发生的低温对贮存器官生物量和产量的影响最大;发生时段不同时,出苗至拔节期发生的低温,玉米产量和贮存器官生物量随低温持续日数增加而减少,但持续日数相同,不同低温强度对其影响差别不大;其他发育阶段随着低温强度加大,持续日数增加,玉米产量和贮存器官生物量减少。本文结果较好地反映了研究区低温冷害对玉米生长影响的实际情况,可为当地农业生产决策提供科学依据。     

干旱胁迫对不同耐旱性玉米杂交种产量和根系生理特性的影响

通过盆栽人工模拟干旱试验,研究了全生育期中度干旱胁迫对不同耐旱性玉米杂交种（耐旱：京科628;不耐旱：农大95）产量及根系生理特性的影响.结果表明：干旱胁迫下,耐旱玉米产量比对照减少33.7%,不耐旱玉米则比对照减少62.3%.干旱胁迫下,玉米根系生物量降低且最大值出现时间提前,与对照相比,不耐旱玉米根冠比升高,耐旱玉米根冠比前期升高后期降低;根系活力降低,不耐旱玉米根系活力降低幅度大于耐旱玉米;根系超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性前期高于对照后期低于对照,耐旱玉米根系SOD活性开始低于对照的时间比不耐旱玉米晚;根系丙二醛（MDA）含量升高,随干旱胁迫处理时间的延长,不耐旱玉米MDA含量比对照升高的幅度大于耐旱玉米;根系可溶性蛋白含量降低,不耐旱玉米的降低幅度大于耐旱玉米.干旱胁迫下耐旱玉米杂交种根系活力﹑根系SOD活性及可溶性蛋白含量较高,减缓了根系的衰老进程,延长了根系功能期,这可能是耐旱玉米杂交种在干旱胁迫下仍能获得较高产量的重要原因之一.     

黄土旱塬不同覆盖对春玉米产量及土壤环境影响

对黄土旱塬用不同覆盖对春玉米产量及土壤环境影响的研究表明,春玉米采用不同覆盖技术,均有显著的增产效果,能显著增加土壤贮水量,使土壤上层长期保持湿润状态,提高土壤温度(除秸秆覆盖外),降低昼夜温差,避免降雨直接冲击地面。保持良好的土壤结构,渗水地膜覆盖与秸秆覆盖、常规地膜覆盖和不覆盖相比,其产量分别增长6．4％、23．6％和29．1％,水分利用效率分别为21．5、20．2、17．4和16．7kg·mm^-1·hm^-2,秸秆覆盖还能提高土壤有机质,增加土壤肥力渗水地膜和常规地膜具有相同的增温效果,当气温达到35℃以上时,渗水地膜还具有降低极端温度的调节功能,但是,覆盖易造成有机质大量矿化和NO3^--N的淋失。     

不同颜色地膜与种植密度对春玉米干物质积累和产量的影响

为了探讨东北雨养区不同颜色地膜覆盖与种植密度对春玉米干物质积累和产量的影响机制,以良玉99为试验材料,设置3种覆盖处理(裸地、无色透明地膜和黑色地膜覆盖)和5个种植密度(60000、67500、75000、82500和90000株·hm^-2)完全组合的田间小区试验,对春玉米水热效应、干物质积累和产量性状等进行分析.结果表明: 黑膜覆盖明显提高拔节后玉米干物质积累量和生物量,其生物量较其他处理增加3.2%～8.2%;成熟期生物量随着种植密度的增加先增大后减小,以82500株·hm²最大,较其他密度处理增加5.2%～28.3%.无色透明地膜覆盖处理的前期平均土壤温度较其他处理分别提高0.4～2.7 ℃,加快了生育进程,提高了玉米茎叶干物质转运量(T)、转运率(TE)和对籽粒产量贡献率(TC);叶和茎+叶干物质的T、TE和TC均以60000株·hm^-2密度处理最大,而茎干物质转运效果以75000株·hm^-2最优.在抽穗期,黑膜处理的耗水量和日耗水强度最大,分别较其他处理增加10.6%～14.9%和10.6%～24.5%;耗水量和日耗水强度均以90000株·hm^-2密度处理最大,较其他处理分别高6.8%～15.7%和7.0%～20.0%.黑膜和82500株·hm^-2密度处理组合明显提高了玉米的水分利用效率,较其他处理增加了4.6%～40.9%,其产量较其他处理增加3.0%～39.7%.在抽穗期,玉米茎叶干物质量与玉米产量和产量构成要素的相关性最大;茎叶干物质量每减少1 kg·hm^-2,群体产量下降约0.79 kg·hm^-2;茎叶干物质量每降低10%,产量下降10%左右.在增加种植密度的基础上,采用黑色地膜覆盖可以增加春玉米干物质积累量、提高春玉米产量和水分利用效率.     

计算机模拟渍水时期及持续时间对春玉米生产及产量的影响

借助田间、水槽试验的结果结合Penning de Vries的MACROS模型建立玉米生长发育与水分动态耦合的模拟模型,通过验证后用于模拟不同渍水时期及持续时间对春玉米生长及产量影响的动态,模拟结果表明在田间全程控制水分为田间持水量90％以下,春玉米孕穗期为渍水危害的敏感期,其次为4－6叶期,在自然降水及土壤状况影响下,春玉米幼苗期4－6叶时为渍水的敏感期,8叶及孕穗期相对较耐渍,在玉米4、6叶期时,渍害造成产量下降的临界期为5天;而在8叶、孕穗期为10－15天,但持续20天的渍水对任何时期的春玉米生长都造成严重的影响,因此在生产中应注意在苗期及孕穗期及时排除田间多余的水分及降低地下水位。     

交替地下滴灌对春玉米产量和水分利用效率的影响

采用自动式遮雨棚水分精量控制试验研究了交替地下滴灌条件下不同灌溉定额对春玉米产量和水分利用效率的影响.结果表明:交替地下滴灌春玉米需水关键时期为拔节-抽雄期、抽雄-灌浆期,具体表现为耗水模系数与耗水强度大,且对水分敏感性高,在灌溉条件有限的情况下要优先满足春玉米这两个时期的水分需求.随着灌溉定额的增加,产量呈现增加趋势;灌溉定额小于2764.5 m³·hm^-2时产量随灌溉定额增加快速增加,大于2764.5 m³·hm^-2时产量随灌溉定额增加缓慢增加;当灌溉定额为3357.1 m³·hm^-2时产量最高,达12109.0 kg·hm^-2.与固定地下滴灌相比,在灌溉定额相同条件下,交替地下滴灌产量提高5.4%,水分利用效率提高1.4%,灌溉水利用效率提高5.6%.与固定地下滴灌相比,灌溉定额减少20%时,交替地下滴灌虽然产量下降1.8%,但水分利用效率提高11.0%,灌溉水利用效率提高22.7%.综合考虑产量、水分利用效率两个指标,确定试验区春玉米交替地下滴灌的适宜灌溉定额为1600.4～3357.1 m³·hm^-2.     

不同模拟雨量下耕作措施对夏玉米水分利用效率和产量的影响

基于西北夏玉米生产实际和降雨特征,用自制模拟降雨器,于2010年6-9月研究了250、350和450 mm模拟雨量下翻耕、免耕、免耕覆盖对夏玉米农田水分利用效率及产量的影响.结果表明： 在6-9月250 mm雨量下免耕水分利用效率比翻耕高26%,产量比翻耕高16.5%;350 mm雨量下免耕水分利用效率和产量分别比翻耕高17.6%和6.1%;在450 mm雨量下免耕的蓄水效应低于翻耕,水分利用效率比翻耕低1.1%,产量比翻耕低0.6%.免耕覆盖克服了免耕在雨量充沛时水分蓄积量低于翻耕的缺点,在3种雨量下均可有效抑制棵间蒸发,减少翻耕地表裸露造成的无效水分消耗,增加土层贮水量,增大蒸腾量占水分消耗的比例,250 mm雨量下免耕覆盖水分利用效率比翻耕高48.6%,产量比翻耕高32.9%;350 mm雨量下免耕覆盖水分利用效率比翻耕高51.6%,产量比翻耕高27.1%;450 mm雨量下免耕覆盖水分利用效率比翻耕高23.7%,产量比翻耕高13.1%.综上,免耕夏玉米在250和350 mm雨量下相对于翻耕有增产和提高水分利用效率的优势,免耕覆盖夏玉米在250、450 mm雨量下产量和水分利用效率显著高于翻耕.     

表土干旱和根信号对春小麦产量形成的影响

本实验模拟大田条件,探讨一定程度水分亏缺下春小麦能否产生非水力根信号,以及对春小麦产量形成的影响．用３ 个春小麦品种,３ 个水分处理：充分供水（ＣＴ） ,上层供水（ＤＩｕ） 和上层干旱下层供水（ＤＩｄ） ．出苗后１７ ～２８ｄ ,非充分供水处理出现了植物叶片水势未显著改变而气孔导度和蒸腾作用却显著下降的现象,这是非水力根信号的典型特征．随着时间的推移,植物叶片水势同对照处理相比显著下降．在本试验的３ 个品种中,Ｂ品种上层根系的比根重（ＳＲＷ,单位根长的根重） 在出苗后３４ｄ 和出苗后５４ｄ 较Ａ、Ｃ品种高,且在出苗后５４ｄ上层根重的绝对量也显著高于Ａ、Ｃ品种的对应处理,对Ｂ品种获得较高的产量十分有利．Ｃ品种同Ａ、Ｂ品种相比,在出苗后３４ｄ 和５４ｄ,ＤＩｕ 处理中总根重、总根长分别向上层根重和上层根长分配的比例较Ａ、Ｂ 品种高,中层根重和中层根长的相对较低;而ＤＩｄ 处理中表现的趋势正好相反．以上表明Ｃ 品种对浅层土壤水分十分敏感,其根系的可塑性较强,也反映了其较高的根信号敏感性．相对而言,Ａ 品种和Ｂ 品种根系的可塑性较弱,但这两个品种的籽粒产量显著高于Ｃ 品种．     

Characterizing drought stress and trait influence on maize yield under current and future conditions

Global climate change is predicted to increase temperatures, alter geographical patterns of rainfall and increase the frequency of extreme climatic events. Such changes are likely to alter the timing and magnitude of drought stresses experienced by crops. This study used new developments in the classification of crop water stress to first characterize the typology and frequency of drought‐stress patterns experienced by European maize crops and their associated distributions of grain yield, and second determine the influence of the breeding traits anthesis‐silking synchrony, maturity and kernel number on yield in different drought‐stress scenarios, under current and future climates. Under historical conditions, a low‐stress scenario occurred most frequently (ca. 40%), and three other stress types exposing crops to late‐season stresses each occurred in ca. 20% of cases. A key revelation shown was that the four patterns will also be the most dominant stress patterns under 2050 conditions. Future frequencies of low drought stress were reduced by ca. 15%, and those of severe water deficit during grain filling increased from 18% to 25%. Despite this, effects of elevated CO₂ on crop growth moderated detrimental effects of climate change on yield. Increasing anthesis‐silking synchrony had the greatest effect on yield in low drought‐stress seasonal patterns, whereas earlier maturity had the greatest effect in crops exposed to severe early‐terminal drought stress. Segregating drought‐stress patterns into key groups allowed greater insight into the effects of trait perturbation on crop yield under different weather conditions. We demonstrate that for crops exposed to the same drought‐stress pattern, trait perturbation under current climates will have a similar impact on yield as that expected in future, even though the frequencies of severe drought stress will increase in future. These results have important ramifications for breeding of maize and have implications for studies examining genetic and physiological crop responses to environmental stresses.     

Meta‐analysis of drought and heat stress combination impact on crop yield and yield components

Episodes of prolonged drought coupled with heat waves (i.e. drought and heat combination) can have a devastating impact on agricultural production and crop yield. It is therefore not surprising that improving tolerance to drought and heat combination has been a major goal for breeders and biotech companies. Although much is known about the physiological and molecular responses of vegetative tissues to a combination of drought and heat stress, less is known about the impact of this stress combination on yield and different yield components. Here, we used a meta‐analysis approach to synthesize results from over 120 published case studies of crop responses to combined drought and heat stress. Our findings reveal that drought and heat stress combination significantly impacts yield by decreasing harvest index, shortening the life cycle of crops, and altering seed number, size and composition. Furthermore, these impacts are more severe when the stress combination is applied during the reproductive stage of plants. We further identify differences in how legumes and cereals respond to the stress combination and reveal that utilizing C3 or C4 metabolism may not provide an advantage to plants during stress combinations. Taken together our study highlights a need to focus future studies, as well as breeding efforts, on crop responses to drought and heat combination at the reproductive stage of different crop species.     

春玉米持续干旱过程中常用气孔导度模型的比较研究

气候变化背景下,干旱频发导致的土壤水分变化将影响气孔导度模型的适用性,进而影响生态系统碳-氮-水循环模拟的准确性。基于春玉米持续干旱田间模拟试验资料,比较了常用气孔导度模型在干旱条件下的模拟效果,评价了土壤水分响应函数对气孔导度模型效果的影响,并探讨了气孔导度模型的适用土壤水分范围。结果表明,在持续干旱过程中,模型模拟效果表现为BBL模型最优,其次是USO模型和BWB模型,Jarvis模型最差;引入土壤水分响应函数,提高了BWB模型和USO模型的模拟效果,而降低了Jarvis模型和BBL模型模拟效果,模型模拟效果表现为USO修正模型最优,其次是BBL修正模型和BWB修正模型,Jarvis修正模型最差。在持续干旱过程中,Jarvis模型和BWB模型的剩余气孔导度较大,而BBL模型和USO模型的剩余气孔导度相对较小,表明BBL模型和USO模型在干旱条件下具有一定的稳定性。基于95%置信区间判断表明:Jarvis模型、BBL模型和USO模型在土壤相对湿度范围为33%—83%条件下适用,而BWB模型的适用土壤相对湿度范围为33%—76%,引入水分响应函数后可在试验条件下适用。研究结果可为干旱条件下选取合适的气孔导度模型以准确模拟陆地生态系统碳循环和水循环提供依据,并为改善农业水资源的有效使用和评估提供支撑。     

Trehalose accumulation in Azospirillum brasilense improves drought tolerance and biomass in maize plants

Bacteria of the genus Azospirillum increase the grain yield of several grass crops. In this work the effect of inoculating maize plants with genetically engineered Azospirillum brasilense for trehalose biosynthesis was determined. Transformed bacteria with a plasmid harboring a trehalose biosynthesis gene-fusion from Saccharomyces cerevisiae were able to grow up to 0.5 M NaCl and to accumulate trehalose, whereas wild-type A. brasilense did not tolerate osmotic stress or accumulate significant levels of the disaccharide. Moreover, 85% of maize plants inoculated with transformed A. brasilense survived drought stress, in contrast with only 55% of plants inoculated with the wild-type strain. A 73% increase in biomass of maize plants inoculated with transformed A. brasilense compared with inoculation with the wild-type strain was found. In addition, there was a significant increase of leaf and root length in maize plants inoculated with transformed A. brasilense . Therefore, inoculation of maize plants with A. brasilense containing higher levels of trehalose confers drought tolerance and a significant increase in leaf and root biomass. This work opens the possibility that A. brasilense modified with a chimeric trehalose biosynthetic gene from yeast could increase the biomass, grain yield and stress tolerance in other relevant crops.     

Narrow rows reduce biomass and seed production of weeds and increase maize yield

Smallholder farmers in southern African countries rely primarily on cultural control and hoe weeding to combat weeds, but often times, they are unable to keep up with the weeding requirements of the crop because of its laboriousness, causing them to incur major yield losses. Optimisation of crop planting pattern could help to increase yield and suppress weeds and to reduce the critical period of weed control and the weeding requirements to attain maximum yield. Experiments were carried out in Zimbabwe during two growing seasons to assess the effect of maize density and spatial arrangement on crop yield, growth and seed production of weeds and to determine the critical period for weeding. Planting maize at 60 cm row distance achieved higher yields and better weed suppression than planting at 75 or 90 cm row distance. Increasing crop densities beyond the customary three to four plants m⁻² gave modest reductions in weed biomass but also diminished crop yields, probably because of increased competition for water and nutrient resources. Maize planted in narrow rows (60 cm) intercepted more radiation and suffered less yield reduction from delaying hoe weeding than those planted in wider rows (75 or 90 cm), and the duration of the weed-free period required to attain maximum grain yield was 3 weeks shorter in the narrow spacing than that in the 75- and 90-cm row spacings. Weeding was more effective in curtailing weed seed production in the narrow row spatial arrangements than in the wide row planting. The results of these studies show that narrow row spacings may reduce weeding requirements and increase yields.