小车前（Plantago minuta Pall.）种子表面粘液物质的吸水特性及其对种子在干旱环境中萌发的影响

为了理解荒漠短命植物小车前(Plantago minuta Pall.)种子表面的粘液物质对种子在干旱环境中萌发的作用,在室内控制条件下研究了粘液物质的吸水保水特性、剥离粘液物质的种子(无粘液种子)和保留粘液物质的种子(粘液种子)在-1.15～-0.15 MPa不同渗透胁迫条件下的萌发状况.结果表明: (1)小车前种子表面的粘液物质干重占粘液种子干重的5.6%;在去离子水中,粘液物质可以吸收相当于其自身干重217.1倍的水分;粘液物质的存在使得小车前种子的吸水倍数由2倍增加至14倍,从而保证为种子萌发提供充足的水分;(2)干燥的粘液种子吸水2h后即达到饱和,而吸水饱和后的粘液种子在室温下晾置,经过48h后又干燥失水恢复至原重;(3)在去离子水中或低渗透胁迫(-0.33～-0.15 MPa) 条件下,粘液物质吸水作用能促进小车前种子萌发,粘液种子3d的发芽势和10d的总萌发率均显著高于无粘液种子;在高渗透胁迫(-1.15～-0.73MPa)条件下,粘液种子3d的发芽势显著低于无粘液种子的,而10d的总萌发率与无粘液种子的没有显著差别,表明粘液物质在干旱条件下可能从种子而非外界环境中吸取水分,减缓了种子萌发速率.通过上述结果可以认为小车前种子表面的粘液物质在早春干湿交替剧烈的荒漠生境中起到通过调节水分来调节种子萌发的作用,这种萌发策略大大降低了因大批种子同时萌发导致幼苗受旱甚至种群灭亡的潜在风险.     

水盐胁迫对阿尔泰狗娃花种子萌发的影响

选取新疆野生花卉阿尔泰狗娃花为研究对象,对其在水盐胁迫下种子萌发过程进行研究,旨在探明其种子萌发期的耐盐耐旱特性。结果表明:(1)阿尔泰狗娃花具有两种类型的种子,两类种子在大小、质量及种子活力上存在差异;(2)随盐胁迫浓度的提高,种子萌发率持续下降,萌发速率降低,萌发时间延长;(3)在干旱胁迫中,-0.5~-0.9 MPa渗透势的PEG对种子萌发具有引发作用,而高渗透势的PEG对种子萌发具有抑制作用;(4)NaCl溶液对种子萌发的抑制程度显著大于等渗PEG溶液,种子萌发期的抗旱能力较强,对盐分胁迫较为敏感。     

干旱胁迫对五爪金龙种子萌发与幼苗生长的影响

以粤东地区危害严重的入侵杂草五爪金龙为材料,采用聚乙二醇(PEG-6000)模拟不同程度的干旱胁迫,测定了干旱胁迫下五爪金龙种子萌发率、萌发指数及其幼苗的叶绿素含量、细胞水势、生物量、抗氧化酶活性等指标,以探讨五爪金龙的抗旱机理.结果表明:随着干旱胁迫程度的增加,(1)五爪金龙种子的初始萌发时间延迟,萌发率、萌发指数显著降低,在重度干旱胁迫(30%)时,种子完全不能萌发且伴随腐烂现象;(2)五爪金龙幼苗叶绿素含量、细胞水势、生物量及苗高显著降低,根茎比显著增大;(3)幼苗叶片的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性和丙二醛(MDA)含量持续上升,过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性持续下降,过氧化物酶(POD)活性在轻度胁迫时无明显变化,但中度胁迫时显著上升,重度胁迫时显著下降(P<0.05).研究发现,干旱胁迫对五爪金龙种子萌发和幼苗生长均有显著抑制作用,但同时也能通过自身一系列生物学、生理学指标的改变主动适应干旱逆境.     

干旱胁迫与不同储藏时间对杠柳种子萌发的影响

为了阐明干旱胁迫与不同储藏时间对杠柳种子萌发的影响机理,在室内采用不同浓度的聚乙二醇（PEG）模拟干旱胁迫条件,对3种不同储藏时间的杠柳种子进行了萌发期对比试验,观测了种子的总萌发率、发芽势、活力指数和胚根的生长情况,分析了抗旱特性,结果表明：不同程度的干旱胁迫与储藏时间对杠柳种子萌发均有一定的影响,当PEG-6000浓度为5%,对储藏1年杠柳种子的萌芽率和发芽势起促进作用,对储藏2年种子萌芽率轻度抑制,对储藏3年种子抑制影响较大,当PEG-6000浓度>5%,3种种子的萌芽率和发芽势均呈下降趋势,但当胁迫浓度增大到25%时,种子基本没有萌发。在不同的水分胁迫处理中,3种种子的活力指数和胚根生长速度一直呈下降趋势,尤其3年种子的下降幅度最大。不同储藏时间杠柳种子对干旱胁迫的适应性有差异,储藏1~2年的杠柳种子在PEG-6000浓度为5%~15%中萌发效果较好,且储藏1年种子好于2年种子,3年种子较差。3种种子的耐旱能力由强到弱依次为：1年种子>2年种子>3年种子。     

朱唇种子吸水特性及其在干旱胁迫下萌发特性

种子粘液质是植物在长期适应环境过程中形成的,该物质对于种子的扩散、定居、生存力的改善、萌发、幼苗生存乃至抵御有毒化学物质毒害等都具有重要的生态学意义。朱唇为唇形科鼠尾草属多年生草本植物,原产美洲热带地区,现已广泛栽植于世界各地。为了理解朱唇种子表面的粘液物质吸水特性和种子在干旱胁迫下的萌发特性,该研究以朱唇种子为材料,运用光学显微镜和扫描电子显微镜观察以及种子萌发试验的方法,对种子和粘液层的形态结构、粘液质对种子萌发的影响进行了研究。结果表明:朱唇种子为卵形,表面为负网状结构,千粒重为(1.611±0.0084)g,无粘液种子吸水倍数为3,粘液种子吸水倍数为25,粘液层吸水倍数为122。粘液和无粘液种子及粘液层的重量都随吸水时间的延长而增长,但脱水过程要远长于吸水过程。朱唇种子吸水2 h达到饱和,经过36 h可干燥失水恢复原重。不同浓度PEG对朱唇种子的萌发均有影响,发芽势随PEG浓度升高而显著降低。朱唇种子在5%PEG胁迫下发芽率最高达(90.00±8.66)%,20%PEG胁迫下发芽率最低为(76.67±10.41)%,低浓度PEG对朱唇种子萌发有一定促进作用。这说明朱唇种子为速萌型种子,其粘液质在种子吸水过程中起到举足轻重的作用,能保证短时间内有充足的水分供其萌发。     

PEG模拟干旱胁迫对加拿大飞蓬种子萌发及幼根生长的影响

【目的】研究干旱胁迫对加拿大飞蓬种子萌发及幼根生长的影响,为科学防控加拿大飞蓬入侵提供依据。【方法】以当年生加拿大飞蓬成熟种子为材料,分别用蒸馏水（CK）和不同浓度5%、10%、15%、20%、25%的聚乙二醇溶液（PEG）（分别表示轻度、中度、重度、极度和极重度干旱胁迫强度）对加拿大飞蓬种子进行处理。测定日相对发芽率、发芽率、发芽势等指标,分析加拿大飞蓬种子萌发情况;测定幼苗根系宽、根系高、根平均直径、根面积、总根尖数及根分叉数,分析其幼苗根生长情况;并测定种子恢复萌发情况。【结果】无干旱胁迫的加拿大飞蓬种子萌发指标最高,随着干旱胁迫强度增加,种子萌发指标减小,极重度干旱胁迫下加拿大飞蓬种子不萌发。与CK相比,轻度干旱胁迫和重度干旱胁迫对加拿大飞蓬根平均直径影响不显著,但会促进侧根与不定根生长;重度干旱胁迫下,加拿大飞蓬的总根尖数和分叉数显著增加。加拿大飞蓬种子在PEG浓度为20.13%的干旱胁迫下不发芽。种子在极度和极重度干旱胁迫下不萌发,但当水分条件充足时,种子依然具有萌发的能力。【结论】建议在加拿大飞蓬种子尚未成熟前进行人工拔除,或在加拿大飞蓬入侵地种植耐旱强、生长快、根系发达、竞争性强的植物,以控制加拿大飞蓬的生长发育。     

环境因子对黄顶菊种子萌发的影响

黄顶菊是一种入侵性极强的外来杂草,其种子对环境的适应是其成功入侵的前提.通过室内条件下黄顶菊种子的物理特性、环境因子对其种子萌发及幼苗生长影响等方面的研究,可为探讨黄顶菊快速蔓延的原因与揭示黄顶菊成功入侵机制提供理论依据.结果表明,黄顶菊种子极多而轻与黄顶菊大面积扩散密切相关,温度、光照和种子埋藏深度是决定黄顶菊种子萌发的关键因素.黄顶菊种子萌发的温度范围为5～40℃,25℃最适于种子的萌发,25～35℃条件下有利于幼苗的生长;黄顶菊种子是光敏感型种子,在土壤表面的萌发率最高(74.44%),大于3cm的深层土壤中则不能萌发;pH 对黄顶菊种子的萌发影响不明显,但其幼苗在酸性条件下生长较好;黄顶菊种子的萌发能忍受一定的盐胁迫和干旱胁迫,但随着胁迫程度的加重,根长和苗长逐渐降低,50%的土壤含水量对黄顶菊种子萌发和幼苗生长比较适宜.     

云锦杜鹃种子萌发及对干旱胁迫的响应

以不同渗透势的PEG-6000溶液模拟干旱胁迫条件, 研究云锦杜鹃种子的萌发、幼苗生长和累积吸水率对干旱胁迫的响应。结果显示：种子于第14 d开始萌发,萌发期为8 d,总萌发率为45.5%±1.7%。在渗透势为-0.3～-0.6 MPa的溶液中, 种子的累计吸水率在第5 d就超过对照(蒸馏水中), 种子的萌发和幼苗的生长也优于对照, 说明云锦杜鹃种子不适合过于湿润的土壤环境中萌发。但溶液的渗透势≥-0.9 MPa时, 种子的吸水减缓、萌发率下降, 同时幼苗的生长也慢, 而当渗透势≥-1.8 MPa时, 种子不能充分吸涨、萌发, 说明云锦杜鹃种子对干旱胁迫比较敏感。另外, 经PEG溶液浸种2天后移入蒸馏水中,萌发率均有一定程度的提高, 其中经-0.3～-1.5 MPa的PEG溶液浸种后, 萌发率显著高于对照。提示用一定浓度范围的PEG溶液浸种可使休眠种子活化, 提高种子繁育的效率。     

渗透胁迫下水稻种子萌发特性及抗旱性鉴定指标研究

用聚乙二醇（PEG）-6000作为渗透剂模拟干旱胁迫,探讨在4种不同浓度的渗透胁迫下水稻种子的萌发特性,并确立间接评价水稻苗期抗旱性的萌发期鉴定指标。结果表明,高浓度渗透液对种子萌发的抑制作用明显大于低浓度,萌发率的干旱胁迫反应指数随渗透液浓度的降低和萌发进程而增加。在不同浓度的渗透胁迫处理中,20％浓度下萌发6d后的萌发率表现较大的变异幅度和变异系数以及较均衡的品种频率分布,较好地反映了水稻种质对渗透胁迫的不同反应,认为20％／6d条件较适合作为萌发率鉴定的渗透液模拟干旱胁迫;经反复干旱后的幼苗存活率与萌发胁迫指数和20％胁迫浓度下萌发8d后芽鞘长的干旱胁迫反应指数（DRI）表现极显著或显著正相关,认为萌发胁迫指数和芽鞘长的DRI可作为评价水稻苗期抗旱性的间接鉴定指标。     

胡杨种子萌发对温光条件和盐旱胁迫的响应特征

以胡杨(Populus euphratica)种子为材料,分别设置光照(连续光照、12h光照/12h黑暗、连续黑暗)温度(10/15℃、15/20℃、20/25℃、25/30℃、30/35℃和35/40℃)试验、PEG6000渗透胁迫(0、-0.1、-0.2、-0.4、-0.6、-0.8、-1.0、-1.2、-1.4和-1.6MPa)试验和NaCl胁迫(0、0.05、0.10、0.20、0.30、0.40、0.60和0.80mol/L)试验,考察室内种子萌发对温度、光照和盐旱胁迫的敏感性,揭示胡杨种子萌发阶段对生境资源的适应策略。结果显示:(1)胡杨种子在温度(10℃/15℃~35℃/40℃)与连续光照、连续黑暗和12h光照/12h黑暗组合处理条件下均能萌发,且最终种子萌发率均能达到77%以上;3种光照条件下,种子萌发的最适温度范围均为25℃/30℃~30℃/35℃,在该温度范围种子萌发表现出快速、集中的特点,且3种光照条件对种子萌发的影响无显著差异。(2)胡杨种子可以在-1.4~0 MPa渗透势溶液中萌发,而在-1.0~0 MPa间最终萌发率均达到90%以上,且相互之间无显著差异;但当渗透势低于-0.4 MPa时胡杨种子萌发进程和萌发速率受到显著影响,当溶液渗透势低于-1.2 MPa时种子萌发受到显著抑制。(3)胡杨种子可以在0~0.80mol/L NaCl溶液中萌发,而最终萌发率、萌发速率均随着NaCl溶液浓度的增高逐渐降低,但在0~0.20mol/L范围内无显著差异;当NaCl溶液浓度大于0.20mol/L时,种子最终萌发率、种子萌发进程和萌发速率均受到显著抑制,萌发高峰期逐渐向后推移。研究结果表明,胡杨种子萌发时温度比较宽泛,对光照无严格要求,适宜温度下萌发快速集中,且萌发时对盐旱胁迫具有一定程度的忍耐性。这些特性有助于胡杨种子充分利用有限的水分条件而快速完成萌发,是胡杨种子萌发对干旱荒漠地区干旱少雨环境的一种生态适应策略。     

Reliability of Analyses of Hg,Fe, Ca,K, P,pH, Alkalinity,Conductivity, Hardness and Colour from Lakes

The aim of this report has been to present results concerning analytical quality controls of Hg analysis of fish and sediment, analyses of Fe, Ca, total-P, K, pH, alkalinity, conductivity, colour and hardness (Ca + Mg) of lake water samples. Despite the fact that these are standard parameters in many regular water control programs, there are major differences in the reliability with which these parameters can be determined. The focus here is on an overall inter-laboratory comparison between the parameters. Six laboratories have been involved in the analysis. Selected results: pH gives the lowest (average) relative standard deviation (error), about 2 %; conductivity gives an error of about 5–7 %; alkalinity yields an average error of as much as 13–25 %, which is the largest among the parameters studied here; colour also gives a high error, 9–15 %; hardness gives a relative standard deviation of about 6–7 %. Of the other parameters (i. e., Hg, Fe, Ca and P), Hg gives the best reliability and Fe and P the lowest. To have knowledge of the reliability of the analytical data is of paramount importance in most control programs and research projects.     

Distribution of N,P, K,Ca, Mg,S, Zn,Fe, Mn and Cu in groundnut

Summary Concentration of N, P, K, Ca, Mg and S in summer groundnut crop was higher than in kharif while Zn, Fe, Mn and Cu contents were higher in summer crop. Kernel's N, P and Zn; Leaflet's Ca and Mn; Stem's K and Fe; Root's S and Cu and Petiole's Mg contents were highest. Shell's N, P, K, Mg, S, Zn and Cu; Kernel's Ca, Fe and Mn contents were the least. N, P, K, S, Zn and Cu concentrations decreased linearly as the crop grew. Ca, Mg, Fe and Mn concentrations did not display any distinct pattern. Ca concentration was positively correlated with pod yield in both the seasons.     

Uniform hypothesis of cell behavior--movement, contact inhibition of movement, adhesion, chemotaxis, phagocytosis, pinocytosis, division, contact inhibition of division, fusion.

The cell has been represented as a charged liquid drop. Contrary to the DLVO-theory, the effect of the surface potential upon the value of the interfacial tension of the cell membrane has also been taken into consideration. The cell membrane has visco-elastic properties and its constituents may move against each other. Cell movement is caused by the appearance of a small number of the electrically charged constituents of the cell membrane on the leading edge of the cell. This produces a local decrease in the surface tension and the cell membrane expansion. At the moment of contact between two cells proton transfers occur between the strongly negatively charged microvilli of one cell and the body of the other, analogous to a condenser breakdown. This, through the effect on the surface tension, causes contact inhibition of movement. The distribution of the proton dissociable groups modifies the interaction between the cells (differentiation) and between the cell and the substratum (adhesion). Adsorption of the charged compounds at the surface of the cell membrane, decreasing the surface potential and increasing the surface tension, causes the phenomena of chemotaxis, phagocytosis and pinocytosis. Cell division, considered in the terms of the surface energy, requires an adequate supply of considerable quantities of energy inversely proportional to the surface potential value. In case of a reduction of the distance between the cells, their surface potential and the energetic barrier of the cell division processes increases, and causes contact inhibition of cell division. Due to their high charge, division of neoplastic cells is inhibited much later than division of normal cells, or is completely ininhibited due to geometric conditions. Fusion of the cell membrane in the intra-cellular and intercellular processes is a reverse process in relation to the cell division.     

The effect of malathion,diazinon, and various concentrations of zinc,copper, nickel,lead, iron,and mercury on fish

Acute and chronic toxicity tests for malathion, diazinon, copper (Cu), mercury (Hg), lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), nickel (Ni), and iron (Fe) were conducted. Mortalities ofBarilius vagra andCyprinus carpio (common carp) were variable but LC50-96 hr were similar for pesticides. AdultB. vagra seem to be more sensitive to malathion than juvenile carp. Both juvenile carp and adultB. vagra were extremely sensitive to diazinon. Long-term exposure to pesticides modified morphology and behavior. The LC50-96 values for Cu, Hg, and Pb were 0.3, 0.16, and 0.44, respectively, for smaller fish and 1.0, 0.77, and 1.33, respectively, for larger fish. Replicate LC50 values for Zn, Ni, and Fe were somewhat variable, and for these metals, the size of the fish seemed to affect response because LC50 values increased as fish size increased. Cooper, Pb, Zn, and Fe residues following exposure to sublethal concentrations of these metals for 15 d were significantly greater in whole juvenile common carp than in controls.     

The Effect of Age and Gender on Al, B, Ba, Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Li, Mg, Mn, Na, P, S, Sr, V, and Zn Contents in Rib Bone of Healthy Humans

The effect of age and gender on major, minor, and trace element contents in the intact rib bone of 80 relatively healthy 15–55-year-old women and men was investigated. Contents or upper limit of contents of 16 chemical elements in the rib bone were determined by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES). Mean values (M?±?SΕΜ) for the mass fraction of Ba, Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Li, Mg, Na, P, S, Sr, and Zn (milligram per kilogram of dry bone) were as follows: 2.54?±?0.16, 171,400?±?4,050, 1.35?±?0.22, 140?±?11, 1,874?±?71, 0.049?±?0.011, 2,139?±?38, 5,378?±?88, 75,140?±?1,660, 1,881?±?51, 291?±?20, and 92.8?±?1.5, respectively. The upper limits of contents of Al, B, Mn, and V were <7.20, <0.65, <0.36, and <0.03, respectively. Statistically significant tendency for the Ca, Mg, and P content to decrease with age was found in the human rib bone, regardless of gender. The mass fraction of Fe in the male rib bone increases with age. It was shown that higher Ca, Mg, Na, P, and Sr mass fractions as well as lower Fe content were typical of female ribs as compared to those in male ribs.     

Further studies of the sieve-element plastids of theCaryophyllales includingBarbeuia,Corrigiola, Lyallia,Microtea, Sarcobatus,andTelephium

The sieve-element plastids of 69 species of theCaryophyllales were investigated by transmission electron microscopy. All contained the specific subtype-P3 plastids characterized by a peripheral ring of protein filaments. The presence or absence of an additional central protein crystal and their shape being either polygonal or globular as well as the average sizes of the sieve-element plastids are useful features in the characterization of some families.—Barbeuia contains sieve-element plastids that confirm its placement within thePhytolaccaceae. Lyallia differs fromHectorella by including small starch grains in their sieve-element plastids, which otherwise by their globular crystals negate a closer connection to theCaryophyllaceae. The lack of a central protein crystal in its form-P3fs plastids placesMicrotea best within theChenopodiaceae. Sarcobatus, a so far uncontested member of theChenopodiaceae, contains form-P3cf plastids, i.e., including a central crystal not found elsewhere in this family.Telephium andCorrigiola, shifted back and forth betweenMolluginaceae andCaryophyllaceae, have form-P3cf(s) plastids with a polygonal crystal which favor their placement within theCaryophyllaceae.     

Definitions,measurements, and classifications of stimuli,situations, and environments

A review is presented of issues relevant to the definition, measurement, and classification of stimuli, situations, and environments. Problems such as the lack of adequate definitions of concepts, error and bias in measurement procedures, confusion between measurement of a concept and measurement of its behavioral effects, and the lack of agreement among alternative measures are emphasized. It is suggested that concepts be defined in terms of objective characteristics while allowing for the study of the transactional relationship between organism and environment. The work of the ethologists in defining stimuli while studying their relationship to different organismic states and situational contexts is emphasized in this regard. Following Brunswik, it is also suggested that wherever possible there be a representative sampling of variables in natural settings. Note from the editors: From time to time, Human Ecology will publish a review article. Our first in this series is a review by a psychologist of basic definitional and conceptual problems in environmental studies.This paper was prepared while the author was a Visiting Research Fellow at the Educational Testing Service. The support of ETS and my colleagues in the Division of Psychological Studies is gratefully acknowledged. The review was also supported in part by a grant from the Rutgers University Research Council.     

Translocation of radionuclides of Co, Zn, Se, Rb, Y, Tc, and Re into organs of tomato plant via roots

The translocation of the radionuclides of Co, Zn, Se, Rb, Y, Tc, and Re into red and green fruits, flesh, seeds, rind, calyxes, flower, leaves, and stems via the root of the tomato plant at two different growth stages was studied by a multitracer technique. The contents (%/g) of Co, Zn, Se, and Y in the roots were the highest among the organs, but only small amounts of them were translocated into the aerial parts after 5 d cultivation with a multitracer. In contrast, Rb, Tc, and Re showed rapid translocation into the stems and leaves from the root. In the plants cultivated for 95 d with a multitracer, Zn, Se, and Rb distributed in all of the organs, Co in the organs except for flowers, and Y, Tc, and Re in the limited organs. The translocation ratio of the elements for the edible part of the plants cultivated for 95 d decreased in the order of Rb>Zn>Co≈Se>Tc≈Y>Re. The transfer factor of the elements for tomato fruit was determined to be in the range of 10⁻⁵–10⁻². The characteristic translocation behavior of the elements gives us fundamental information on the assessment of pollutant uptake by the tomato plant.