鸭绿江上游江鳕的性状变异和亚种地位

将鸭绿江上游江鳕与属北极海水系色楞格河所产江鳕的同样体态性状统计数值,用Mayr差异系数公式C.D≥1.28的亚种划分标准查验,确有5个性状达标。但与已研究证明,与色楞格河江鳕属同一亚种的牡丹江上游江鳕进行计算和做图查验,则均未达到亚种差异的标准。结论为鸭绿江上游的江鳕仍属江鳕指明亚种Lota lota lota(Linné)。三地(水域)江鳕体态性状差异,属不同地理种群间差异,鸭绿江上游江鳕可称为鸭绿江长下颌种群。     

江鳕耳石年轮

介绍了江鳕耳石年轮的特点探索出了江鳕耳石年轮形成时期及生殖洄游、生长发育的关系。     

北方冷水鱼的家园

汗马自然保护区(以下简称汗马)极低温环境为冷水鱼的生存和繁衍提供了得天独厚的条件,自然也就成为冷水鱼类的理想家园。汗马拥有其他保护区很难同时见到的哲罗鱼、细鳞鱼、黑龙江茴鱼、江鳕、真(鱼岁)、洛氏(鱼岁)和杂色杜父鱼等众多冷水鱼类资源。     

云南罗平中三叠世辐鳍鱼下纲干群一新种:尼尔森翼鳕(Pteronisculus nielseni sp.nov.)(英文)

翼鳕(Pteronisculus)是辐鳍鱼下纲干群中一个已绝灭的属,以泪骨构成口缘为典型特征。直到最近,该属仅发现于欧洲、马达加斯加和北美的早三叠世地层;可能的中三叠世化石记录发现于斯匹次卑尔根岛。根据最近采自云南罗平中三叠世安尼期(242~247 Ma)海相地层中保存良好的化石标本,命名了翼鳕属一新种,尼尔森翼鳕(Pteronisculus nielseni sp.nov.)。该种代表了翼鳕属在亚洲的首次发现,它的发现为支持三叠纪时期东、西特提斯洋之间存在生物交流的假说提供了新证据。另外,作为翼鳕属最晚的代表种之一,尼尔森翼鳕的发现表明翼鳕属在早三叠世末并没有灭绝,至少延续到中三叠世早期。     

长江江豚对八里江江段的利用及其栖息地现状的初步评价

通过定点和流动观察的方法，作者使用行为指数和栖息地利用指数定量分析了长江江豚（Neophocaena phocaenoides asiaeorientalis))于1996—2000年间对八里江江段的利用和选择状况。结果表明：江豚在八里江江段的行为指数大小顺序为摄食＞抚幼＞玩耍＞休息，摄食和抚幼是江豚在八里江江段的优势行为；江豚栖息于离岸距离100—300m的近岸带占81．8％，栖息于水深小于9m的水区占73．3％；江豚分布密度随水深增加而逐步递减(典型的指数分布)；江豚活动水区的流速范围是0．3-1．2m／s，透明度范围是0．2—0．8m，江豚在八里江江段对水体流速和透明度没有明显的选择性；栖息地利用指数高的断面一般是饵料鱼类聚集、2—4股水流的交汇处。八里江江段的众多异质小生境为江豚提供了充足饵料和繁育抚幼的适宜场所；同时八里江江段为江豚提供了庇护、休息和玩耍的足够活动空间。八里江江段成为长江干流适宜江豚活动的最佳栖息地之一，也是常年江豚在此大规模集聚的理想江段之一[动物学报49(2)：163—170，2003]。     

云南罗平中三叠世翼鳕属一新种及早期辐鳍鱼类系统发育关系（英文）

辐鳍鱼亚纲是现存脊椎动物中最大的类群,包括腕鳍鱼次亚纲、辐鳍鱼次亚纲(包括软骨硬鳞类和新鳍鱼类)和亲缘关系密切的化石类群。已灭绝的翼鳕属(Pteronisculus)是隶属于辐鳍鱼亚纲的一个干群,包括产于马达加斯加、欧洲和北美下三叠统的11个种和中国中三叠统的一个种。根据滇东罗平中三叠世(安尼期)海相地层中发现的5块保存完好的化石,命名翼鳕属一新种,张氏翼鳕(Pteronisculus changae sp. nov.)。这是翼鳕属在中三叠世的第二个确切种,最大体长达295 mm,代表了罗平生物群中已知体型最大的辐鳍鱼亚纲干群物种。新种具有翼鳕属的独特衍征,泪骨具有牙齿,但它又有明显区别于本属其他种的自近裔特征,如间颞骨中部有一个内突起,21根上神经骨,83列侧线鳞。分支分析结果为早期辐鳍鱼类系统发育关系提供了新的见解,认为翼鳕属是Cyranorhis的姐妹群。根据体型和口缘牙齿等特征推测张氏翼鳕是一个快速游动的捕食者,以浮游无脊椎动物和体型较小的鱼类或鱼类幼体为食。作为翼鳕属最年轻的成员之一,张氏翼鳕的发现进一步表明翼鳕的多样性比我们过去认识的要高,古特提斯洋东缘可能是该属在中三叠世早期的避难所。     

陕北延长群一新古鳕类及其生物地层意义

本文记述了在陕西北部耀县铜川组发现的古鳕科一新属、种——延长三叠鳕(Triassodusyanchangensis,gen.et sp.nov.)。在对其形态特征作较详细描述的基础上,认为它既与美国晚三叠世的吐鲁瑟欧鳕(Turseodus)很接近,又与我国四川须家河组(晚三叠世)的蜀鳕(Sh-uniscus)相似。基于上述的理由,认为铜川组的时代是晚三叠世。根据迄今在我国晓三叠世发现的鱼类,探讨了我国晚三叠世的鱼群与北美的关系。     

北京西山杏石口组的鱼化石

本文记述了北京西山杏石口组的—占鳕——Xingshikous xishanensis gen. et sp. nov.,其形态与延长群的 Triassodus 和石拐群召沟组的 Daqingshaniscus 有所相似,但更近似后者.根据古鳕类的进化水平,推证含鱼化石沉积杏石口组的时代为早侏罗世.文中还讨论了我国北方古鳕类基干支的某些分子如 Turfania、Triassodus、Xingshikous、Daqingshaniscus 和 Uighuroniscus 的分布及其生物地层意义.     

太平洋鳕线粒体全基因组测序及结构特征分析

通过二代基因测序技术获得太平洋鳕(Gadus macrocephalus)线粒体基因组全序列, 对线粒体基因进行了注释, 对其序列结构进行了分析。研究结果表明, 太平洋鳕线粒体基因组全长16569 bp, 共编码13个蛋白质, 并且包含了22个tRNA, 2个rRNA以及1个D-Loop区。碱基组成存在明显的AT偏向和弱AT负偏斜现象。太平洋鳕线粒体在蛋白质编码基因中共有5种终止密码子, 包含哺乳动物线粒体常见终止密码子AGG与AGA。除tRNA-Ser(GCT)基因缺失二氢尿嘧啶臂(DHU臂)外, 其余tRNA均能形成典型的三叶草结构。D-Loop区只存在与终止结合序列区(Terminal associated sequences, TAS)和保守序列框(Conserved sequences blocks, CSB)功能类似的序列, 并且出现17 bp的嘧啶序列。非编码区含有一段保守的控制轻链复制起始的序列(O_L)及一段74 bp的基因间隔区。基于线粒体基因组全序列和Cytb基因, 分别构建了鳕形目下几种鳕的进化树, 结果为揭示太平洋鳕进化地位提供了重要依据。     

中国鱼类二种新记录

南京师范学院生物系自1957年8月开始进行连云港海产动物的调查。在所得标本中,发现我国初次记载的罕见鱼类二种。(一)紫匙鳗 Mystriophis porphyreus(Temm.＆Schl.)属鳗鲡目 Anguilliformes蛇鳗科Ophichthyidae。(二)多棘腔吻鳕 Coelorhynchusmultispinulosus Katayama属长尾鳕目 Macruriformes长尾鳕科Macruridae。下面是这二种鱼的叙述。     

On the origin of the Hirudinea and the demise of the Oligochaeta

The phylogenetic relationships of the Clitellata were investigated with a data set of published and new complete 18S rRNA gene sequences of 51 species representing 41 families. Sequences were aligned on the basis of a secondary structure model and analysed with maximum parsimony and maximum likelihood. In contrast to the latter method, parsimony did not recover the monophyly of Clitellata. However, a close scrutiny of the data suggested a spurious attraction between some polychaetes and clitellates. As a rule, molecular trees are closely aligned with morphology-based phylogenies. Acanthobdellida and Euhirudinea were reconciled in their traditional Hirudinea clade and were included in the Oligochaeta with the Branchiobdellida via the Lumbriculidae as a possible link between the two assemblages. While the 18S gene yielded a meaningful historical signal for determining relationships within clitellates, the exact position of Hirudinea and Branchiobdellida within oligochaetes remained unresolved. The lack of phylogenetic signal is interpreted as evidence for a rapid radiation of these taxa. The placement of Clitellata within the Polychaeta remained unresolved. The biological reality of polytomies within annelids is suggested and supports the hypothesis of an extremely ancient radiation of polychaetes and emergence of clitellates.     

On the ontogeny of the haptor and the evolution of the Monogenea

Data on the ontogeny of the posterior haptor of monogeneans were obtained from more than 150 publications and summarised. These data were plotted into diagrams showing evolutionary capacity levels based on the theory of a progressive evolution of marginal hooks, anchors and other attachment components of the posterior haptor in the Monogenea (Malmberg, 1986). 5 + 5 unhinged marginal hooks are assumed to be the most primitive monogenean haptoral condition. Thus the diagrams were founded on a 5 + 5 unhinged marginal hook evolutionary capacity level, and the evolutionary capacity levels of anchors and other haptoral attachement components were arranged according to haptoral ontogenetical sequences. In the final plotting diagram data on hosts, type of spermatozoa, oncomiracidial ciliation, sensilla pattern and protonephridial systems were also included. In this way a number of correlations were revealed. Thus, for example, the number of 5 + 5 marginal hooks correlates with the most primitive monogenean type of spermatozoon and with few sensillae, many ciliated cells and a simple protonephridial system in the oncomiracidium. On the basis of the reviewed data it is concluded that the ancient monogeneans with 5 + 5 unhinged marginal hooks were divided into two main lines, one retaining unhinged marginal hooks and the other evolving hinged marginal hooks. Both main lines have recent representatives at different marginal hook evolutionary capacity levels, i.e. monogeneans retaining a haptor with only marginal hooks. For the main line with hinged marginal hooks the name Articulon-choinea n. subclass is proposed. Members with 8 + 8 hinged marginal hooks only are here called Proanchorea n. superord. Monogeneans with unhinged marginal hooks only are here called Ananchorea n. superord. and three new families are erected for its recent members: Anonchohapteridae n. fam., Acolpentronidae n. fam. and Anacanthoridae n. fam. (with 7 + 7, 8 + 8 and 9 + 9 unhinged marginal hooks, respectively). Except for the families of Articulonchoinea (e.g. Acanthocotylidae, Gyrodactylidae, Tetraonchoididae) Bychowsky's (1957) division of the Monogenea into the Oligonchoinea and Polyonchoinea fits the proposed scheme, i.e. monogeneans with unhinged marginal hooks form one old group, the Oligonchoinea, which have 5 + 5 unhinged marginal hooks, and the other group form the Polyonchoinea, which (with the exception of the Hexabothriidae) has a greater number (7 + 7, 8 + 8 or 9 + 9) of unhinged marginal hooks. It is proposed that both these names, Oligonchoinea (sensu mihi) and Polyonchoinea (sensu mihi), will be retained on one side and Articulonchoinea placed on the other side, which reflects the early monogenean evolution. Except for the members of Ananchorea [Polyonchoinea], all members of the Oligonchoinea and Polyonchoinea have anchors, which imply that they are further evolved, i.e. have passed the 5 + 5 marginal hook evolutionary capacity level (Malmberg, 1986). There are two main types of anchors in the Monogenea: haptoral anchors, with anlages appearing in the haptor, and peduncular anchors, with anlages in the peduncle. There are two types of haptoral anchors: peripheral haptoral anchors, ontogenetically the oldest, and central haptoral anchors. Peduncular anchors, in turn, are ontogenetically younger than peripheral haptoral anchors. There may be two pairs of peduncular anchors: medial peduncular anchors, ontogentically the oldest, and lateral peduncular anchors. Only peduncular (not haptoral) anchors have anchor bars. Monogeneans with haptoral anchors are here called Mediohaptanchorea n. superord. and Laterohaptanchorea n. superord. or haptanchoreans. All oligonchoineans and the oldest polyonchoineans are haptanchoreans. Certain members of Calceostomatidae [Polyonchoinea] are the only monogeneans with both (peripheral) haptoral and peduncular anchors (one pair). These monogeneans are here called Mixanchorea n. superord. Polyonchoineans with peduncular anchors and unhinged marginal hooks are here called the Pedunculanchorea n. superord. The most primitive pedunculanchoreans have only one pair of peduncular anchors with an anchor bar, while the most advanced have both medial and lateral peduncular anchors; each pair having an anchor bar. Certain families of the Articulonchoinea, the Anchorea n. superord., also have peduncular anchors (parallel evolution): only one family, the Sundanonchidae n. fam., has both medial and lateral peduncular anchors, each anchor pair with an anchor bar. Evolutionary lines from different monogenean evolutionary capacity levels are discussed and a new system of classification for the Monogenea is proposed.In agreeing to publish this article, I recognise that its contents are controversial and contrary to generally accepted views on monogenean systematics and evolution. I have anticipated a reaction to the article by inviting senior workers in the field to comment upon it: their views will be reported in a future issue of this journal. EditorIn agreeing to publish this article, I recognise that its contents are controversial and contrary to generally accepted views on monogenean systematics and evolution. I have anticipated a reaction to the article by inviting senior workers in the field to comment upon it: their views will be reported in a future issue of this journal. Editor