蒙古高原绣线菊属植物区系地理成分及其生态地理分布规律的研究

依据植物标本及有关文献资料,绘制了蒙古高原绣线菊属各个种的分布区图,从而确定了每个种的区系地理成分,并对该属植物的生态地理分布规律作了研究。     

中国菊科植物的系统分类与区系的初步研究

为1993年"菊科植物的系统分类与区系地理的初步探讨"(世界)一文的姊妹篇,重点论述我国菊科的系统分类及其区系地理成分。文中介绍了分布我国的菊科240属隶于2亚科、5超族、11族中的系统位置。论述了我国菊科植物区系地理成分的特点是:1.大洲间共同分布或洲际间断分布的属多,且具明显的热带亲缘;2.与亚洲国家,包括中亚国家或亚洲热带国家共同分布的属多,尤其是成"中亚-青藏高原-喜马拉雅山"地区分布的属多;3.中国特有属多,其中我国西南省区特有属最多。文中还讨论了分布我国菊科各族祖先种的起源、迁移以及我国区系地理热带亲缘和"横断山脉-喜马拉雅山脉(东)森林植物亚区"菊科植物分布的特点。     

中药黄芪植物分类及其区系地理分布研究

确认了中药黄芪的原植物有膜荚黄芪(Astragalus membranaceus (Fisch.) Bunge)、蒙古黄芪(A. mongholicus Bunge)和北蒙古黄芪(A. borealimongolicus Y. Z. Zhao)3种,其中北蒙古黄芪为一新种;确定了这三种植物的区系地理成分：膜荚黄芪为东亚北部—西伯利亚南部森林带的分布种,蒙古黄芪为华北森林草原带的分布种,北蒙古黄芪为蒙古高原北部草原带的分布种,3种黄芪存在着明显的地理替代分布格局。     

大中山自然保护区种子植物区系研究

云南省大中山自然保护区有种子植物749种,隶属于137科396属。区系成分中,世界分布33属,占全部总属数的8.33%;热带分布206属,占除世界分布属以外的56.75%(下同),温带分布148属,占40.77%,中国特有9属,占2.48%。该地区植物种类丰富,种子植物区系起源古老,地理成分复杂,具有明显的亚热带特性。从区系成分和植物类群多样性所占比例上看,是一个需要重点保护的区域。     

山东昆嵛山植物区系初步研究

昆嵛山地处胶东半岛,属于暖温带气候类型;植物种类丰富,有维管植物132科,571属,1058种。地理成分复杂,区系类型多样,现有571个属可分为15个分布型及12个变型。区系组成的大科及主要科共16科,即菊科,禾本科,豆科,蔷薇科,莎草科,百合科,十字花科,蓼科等,共有植物285属,612种,占昆嵛山种子植物总属数的51.82%,总种数的59.94%,它们构成了昆嵛山植物区系的基本框架。Raunkiaer生活型组成依次为高位芽植物(34.40%)> 地面芽植物(27.13%)> 一年生植物(19.66%)> 隐芽植物(9.64%)> 地上芽植物(9.17%)。本文在主要区系地理成分分析的基础上,得出本区系植物具有以下4个特点:(1)植物种类丰富,温带成分优势明显,热带成分比例较大(2)分布类型多样,地理成分复杂,显示出多方植物交汇的特点(3)区系成分具有一定的古老性,单种属成分较多,区系的特有程度较低(4)珍稀濒危种类丰富,在科的层次上较为集中。     

云南地区唇形科(Labiatae)植物多样性的地理分布格局

植物多样性的地理分布格局的研究有利于人们更好地了解研究区域内植物多样性保护的热点区域及其形成机制。云南地区的唇形科植物资源在我国占较大比重, 因此, 研究云南唇形科植物多样性的地理分布格局具有重要意义。以大尺度的唇形科植物物种分布信息为基础, 结合地理信息系统和数理统计分析方法, 探讨云南地区唇形科植物的物种组成、分布宽度、区系地理成分及其多样性的地理格局。研究结果表明, 云南地区拥有唇形科植物67 属430 种。比较重要的属主要包括香茶菜属(Rabdosia)、鼠尾草属(Salvia)和黄芩属(Scutellaria)等。在种水平, 77%的物种分布范围少于20 个县域, 其中181种唇形科植物只分布于滇西北地区。在属水平, 唇形科植物区系地理成分复杂, 具有鲜明的温带性, 热带性区系成分也有一定比例。云南地区从南到北, 唇形科植物的物种丰富度随纬度呈单调递增分布趋势(P < 0.01), 在滇西北地区达到最大值。云南地区唇形科植物多样性从南到北呈递增趋势, 可能与区系地理起源有关, 滇西北地区物种丰富可能与生境异质性有关。     

湖北鳞毛蕨属植物的地理分布及区系特征

对湖北鳞毛蕨后植物的地理分布和区系特点进行了研究。鳞毛蕨后植物广布于世界各地,该后的分布和多样性中心位于中国西南部和东喜马拉雅山区;另一中心则位于日本,中国东南部和南部。鳞毛蕨后是一个自然的北温带分布属。中国有鳞毛蕨后植物134种(包括7变种),西南地区(云南、四川、贵州等)是国产鳞毛蕨属植物分布最集中的地区。区系分析表明：湖北鳞毛蕨后植物种类比较丰富,有36种,主要分布于鄂西北和鄂西南山区,是构成湖北森林植物区系林下草本植物的主要成分之一;地理成分比较复杂,种的分析显示出以中国一日本分布和中国持有分布为主的特点;与相邻省鳞毛蕨属植物区系的关系比较密切;区系过渡性明显。     

中条山木本植物区系地理成分分析

中条山位于山西省南部,有木本植物478种,隶属于73科164属。其中裸子植物5科10属18种;单子叶植物2科2属6种;双子叶植物66科152属454种。分析结果表明,科、属、种的区系地理成分复杂多样,科的分布区类型以热带-亚热带-温带分布占优势,其次是温带分布;属的分布区类型以温带成分占优势,其中北温带分布型所占百分数最高,反映出该区系的温带性质;种的分布区类型中国特有分布的种数最多,其次是东亚分布、温带亚洲分布。该区系木本植物的起源具有古老性,区系地理成分的渗透性、交汇性和过渡性较明显。中条山是华北木本植物区系中珍稀濒危植物较为集中的地区,有国家级重点保护植物15种。     

中国蒲公英属植物的初步整理

报导了我国蒲公英属植物的分类、分布及主要经济用途,也略讨论了该属植物的起源与区系地理等。     

内蒙古地区虎榛子群系的群落特征

虎榛子(Ostryopsis davidiana)灌丛是温带地区重要的山地中生落叶阔叶灌丛类型,分布范围广。调查虎榛子灌丛的分布、群落特征有助于为蒙古高原的生物多样性保护、生态屏障建设提供支持。2016–2020年在内蒙古自治区内调查37个样地,共记录到维管植物300种,隶属于52科158属;其中被子植物298种,隶属于50科156属;蕨类植物2种,隶属于2科2属。生活型谱以多年生草本为主,占73%;水分生态类型以中生植物为主,占65%;区系地理成分以温带成分为主,其中东古北极分布种最多,其次是东亚成分;大多数植物为偶见种。对内蒙古区域内虎榛子群系物种组成、生态特征和群落分类进行了详细描述和研究,后将内蒙古区域内虎榛子群系划分为3个群丛组、17个群丛。     

白蚁与动物及微生物的共生类型及其机制

综述了白蚁螱客的主要种类、共生关系及相关机制的研究进展。白蚁螱客中,已报道的动物种类达170种。在与动物的共生关系中存在偏利共生（宾主共栖和异种共栖）、互利共生和无关共生三种;在与微生物的共生关系中,存在与内生菌（原生动物、细菌、真菌和放线菌）和外生菌（蚁巢伞菌等）间的互利关系。指出了白蚁与螱客研究中存在的问题,给出了解决方案,并提出了今后可能的研究热点或方向,为白蚁的综合利用（如纤维素酶）及今后研究物种间的协同进化提供了基础资料。     

New amino-dithiaphospholanes and phosphoramidodithioites and their rhodium and iridium complexes

New sulfur derivatives of phosphoramidite ligands were synthesized and the impact of the sulfur unit on the spectroscopic properties of their rhodium and iridium complexes was investigated. The new ligands Bn₂NPSCH₂CH₂S^a(P-S^a) (Bn = benzyl, 4), Bn₂NPSCHCHS^a(CH₂)₃C^aH₂(P-S^a)(C^a-S^a) (6) and Bn₂NP(4-XC₆H₄OMe)₂ (X = S, 7a; X = O, 7b) were converted to the rhodium and iridium complexes trans-[Rh(CO)Cl(L)₂] (L = 4, 6, 7), [RhCl(COD)(L)] (L = 4, 6, 7), [IrCl(COD)(7a)] and [IrCl₂Cp∗(6)]. For comparison, some phosphoramidite complexes of these formulations also were synthesized. The new metal complexes were spectroscopically analyzed. For the carbonyl complexes, the ν_CO IR stretching frequencies were lower than for the corresponding phosphite and phosphoramidite ligands. The ¹J_PRh coupling constants for the rhodium complexes with the new ligands were also smaller than for the respective phosphoramidite and phosphite complexes. Finally, the ¹J_PSe coupling constants of the selenides of the new ligands were lower than those of the phosphoramidite ligands but higher than for PPh₃. The spectroscopic data reveal that the new thio ligands 4, 6 and 7a are more electron donating than phosphites and phosphoramidites but less electron donating than PPh₃.     

Astrocytes and Synaptosomes Transport and Metabolize Lactate and Acetate Differently

Astrocytes transport the monocarboxylate acetate, but synaptosomes do not. The reason for this is unknown, because both preparations express monocarboxylate transporters (MCT). The transport and metabolism of lactate, another monocarboxylate, was examined in these two preparations, and the results were compared to those for acetate. Lactate transport is more rapid in astrocytes than in synaptosomes, but of lower affinity (Kms of 17 and 4 mM, respectively). Lactate (0.2 mM) is metabolized to CO2 more rapidly in synaptosomes than in astrocytes (rates of 0.37 and 0.07 nmol x mg protein(-1) x min(-1), respectively). The reason for this is unclear, but cellular differences in lactate dehydrogenase isotype expression may be involved. Acetate is metabolized to CO2 more rapidly in astrocytes than in synaptosomes (rates of 0.43 and 0.02 nmol x mg protein(-1) x min(-1), respectively). This is likely due to cellular differences in the expression of monocarboxylate transporter subtypes.     

Rapporteur report: Basics and technology and metrology and standards

The first and second sessions of the Workshop focussed on the basics of ultrasound and infrasound, their applications in both industry and medicine, and metrology and protection standards for ultrasound applications.     

Relative and combined effects of ethanol and protein deficiency on strontium and barium bone content and fecal and urinary excretion

To elucidate accumulation of minerals in human iliac arteries with aging, the content of minerals was analyzed by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry. Bilateral common, internal, and external iliac arteries of 16 men and 8 women, ranging ages from 65 to 93 yr, were examined. It was found that an extremely high accumulation of calcium and phosphorus occurred in the common iliac artery at old age, being higher than that of the internal and external iliac arteries. It should be noted that the accumulation of calcium and phosphorus is the highest in the common iliac artery among the human arteries examined to date. Regarding sexual differences, the content of calcium and phosphorus in the common and internal iliac arteries was higher in women than in men, whereas their content in the external iliac artery was lower in women than in men.     

Prostaglandin and thromboxane production by human and guinea-pig macrophages and leucocytes

The ability of partially purified human and guinea-pig haematogenous cell populations, when cultured in vitro, to metabolise arachidonic acid (AA) has been studied. Supernatants from 24 hour cell culture have been subjected to analysis for products of AA metabolism by gas chromatography with electron-capture detection.The cell types studied were human peripheral blood monocytes (both glass adherent and non-adherent), neutrophils, eosinophils and leukemic leucocytes; thoracic duct lymphocytes and lung alveolar macrophages. From the guinea-pig, induced and non-induced macrophage or neutrophil enriched peritoneal exudate populations, lymph node cells, peritoneal eosinophils and peripheral blood platelets were examined. Supernatants were assayed for the presence of PGE₂, PGD₂, PGF_2α, TXB₂ and 6-keto-PGF_1α. In all types studied PGE₂ and TXB₂ were the major products formed. The identification of PGE₂ and TXB₂ was confirmed by GC/MS with multiple ion monitoring.The results have been compared with other reports and their possible significance discussed in relation to the proposed role of prostaglandins as mediators and modulators in immunopathology.     

Chemokines and cytokines: axis and allies in asthma and allergy

Allergic asthma can be precipitated by many factors. For the atopic person, fungus, pollen, dust mites, cockroach antigens, and diesel exhaust are all agents that may trigger an allergic attack. Cytokines and chemokines are integral mediators of fungal asthma. From the earliest time points, they recruit and activate the cells required for the clearance of fungus as well as being critical factors involved in the immunopathology of this disease. In the final analysis, it is clear that these mediators can act to the benefit or the detriment of the host.     

Oxidation and nitration of ribonuclease and lysozyme by peroxynitrite and myeloperoxidase

In spite of the many studies on protein modifications by reactive species, knowledge about the products resulting from the oxidation of protein-aromatic residues, including protein-derived radicals and their stable products, remains limited. Here, we compared the oxidative modifications promoted by peroxynitrite and myeloperoxidase/hydrogen peroxide/nitrite in two model proteins, ribonuclease (6Tyr) and lysozyme (3Tyr/6Trp). The formation of protein-derived radicals and products was higher at pH 5.4 and 7.4 for myeloperoxidase and peroxynitrite, respectively. The main product was 3-nitro-Tyr for both proteins and oxidants. Lysozyme rendered similar yields of nitro-Trp, particularly when oxidized by peroxynitrite. Hydroxylated and dimerized products of Trp and Tyr were also produced, but in lower yields. Localization of the main modified residues indicates that peroxynitrite decomposes to radicals within the proteins behaving less specifically than myeloperoxidase. Nitrogen dioxide is emphasized as an important protein modifier.