光谱和光强度对西花蓟马雌虫趋光行为的影响

利用行为学方法研究了光谱、光强对西花蓟马Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande)雌成虫的趋、避光行为的影响。结果显示：（1）在340~605nm波谱内14个波长其光谱趋光行为反应为多峰型,峰间主次较明显。趋光行为反应中,蓝绿区498~524nm有一较宽峰,趋光率20.31%;其它各峰依大小次序分别位于紫光380nm、蓝光440nm;（２）避光行为反应中,蓝光440nm处略高,避光率17.19%;紫外340nm处亦有一峰,避光率15.63%;（３）随光强增强其趋光反应率增大,白光、380nm和524nm刺激时其光强趋光行为反应呈一倒“L”型式样,498nm为峰型,440nm时为一较缓的平直线型;光强最弱时仍均有一定趋光率 ,最强时均未出现高端平台;（４）随光强增强其避光反应率增大,440nm为较平缓直线;340nm刺激时为较缓波动线。结果表明：光谱对其趋光行为有很大影响,光强度的影响较大且影响大小与波长因素有关。     

Action spectrum of phototaxis in a cryptomonad alga, Cryptomonas sp.

The action spectrum of the positive topo-phototaxis in Cryptomonaswas determined by photometry in the region of 400 to 680 nmat a stimulus intensity of 8.3 ? 10^–11 Einsteins cm^–2sec^–1. The action spectrum had a main peak at about 560nm unlike peaks for most other flagellated algae. Blue lightwas not very effective and red light above 640 nm had not effect. Swimming rates of individual organisms were measured by darkfield photomicrography. We concluded that the photokinetic effectwas negligible. Among the component pigments of this alga, phycoerythrin hadan absorption spectrum whose main peak appeared to coincidewith that of the phototactic action spectrum. (Received October 31, 1973; )     

Direct effects of visible and UVA light on pigment migration in erythrophores of Nile tilapia

Erythrophores derived from Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) are sensitive to visible light of defined wavelengths in primary culture in the same manner as erythrophores in the skin. Cultured erythrophores aggregate their pigment in response to light with peak wavelengths near 400 or 600 nm, while dispersion is caused by light near 500 nm. In this study, we report that ultraviolet A (UVA) with a peak wavelength near 365 nm also induces pigment aggregation in erythrophores in the skin and in primary culture. The responses of erythrophores in the skin or in culture depend on the light intensity, although the photo-sensitivity differs among individual cells. From the results, we conclude that the action of visible light and UVA light on tilapia erythrophores is direct, and that multiple types of visual pigments may coexist in individual erythrophores.     

Spectral sensitivity of the flowering response in green and etiolated Lemna paucicostata T-101

Light sensitivity in the reversal of the far-red inhibitionof flowering in etiolated Lemna paucicostata T-101 was 10- (612nm) to 33-fold (660 nm) higher than that of green plants. Theaction spectrum of this response for etiolated plants showeda peak near 660 nm, but for green plants it was near 612 nm.Thus, the effect of light on flowering is influenced greatlyby the screening effect of photosynthetic pigments. (Received July 24, 1980; )     

Spectral sensitivity of the flowering response in green and etiolated Lemna paucicostata T-101

Light sensitivity in the reversal of the far-red inhibitionof flowering in etiolated Lemna paucicostata T-101 was 10- (612nm) to 33-fold (660 nm) higher than that of green plants. Theaction spectrum of this response for etiolated plants showeda peak near 660 nm, but for green plants it was near 612 nm.Thus, the effect of light on flowering is influenced greatlyby the screening effect of photosynthetic pigments. (Received July 24, 1980; )     

Cellular growth of host and symbiont in a cnidarian-zooxanthellar symbiosis

The hydroid Myrionema ambionense, a fast-growing cnidarian (doubling time = 8 days) found in shallow water on tropical back-reefs, lives in symbiosis with symbiotic dinoflagellates of the genus Symbiodinium (hereafter also referred to as zooxanthellae). The symbionts live in vacuoles near the base of host digestive cells, whereas unhealthy looking zooxanthellae are generally located closer to the apical end of the host cell. Cytokinesis of zooxanthellae occurred at night, with a peak in number of symbionts with division furrows (mitotic index, MI = 12%-20%) observed at dawn. The MI of zooxanthellae decreased to near zero by the middle of the afternoon and remained there until the middle of the next night. Densities of live zooxanthellae living inside of host digestive cells peaked following cytokinesis, whereas densities of unhealthy looking symbionts were highest just before the division peak. Mitosis of host digestive cells was highest in the evening, also preceding the peak in zooxanthellar MI. This is the first study relating phased host cell division to diel zooxanthellar division in marine cnidarians. Food vacuoles were prevalent inside of digestive cells of field-collected hydroids within a few hours after sunset and throughout the night, coinciding with digestion of captured demersal plankton. Laboratory experiments showed that food vacuoles appeared in digestive cell cytoplasm within 2 h of feeding with nauplii of Artemia. The number and size of food vacuoles per digestive cell and the percentage of digestive cells with food vacuoles all decreased 5-7 h following feeding in laboratory experiments, and by mid-day in field-collected hydroids. Light and external food supply were important in maintaining phased division of the symbionts, with a lag in response time to both parameters of 11-36 h. Altering light and feeding during the night did not influence the level of the peak MI the next morning, though in one experiment the absence of light slowed final separation of daughter cells at the end of cytokinesis. In another experiment, hydroids starved for 3-7 d and "pulse-fed" Artemia nauplii for 1 h at the beginning of the dark period showed continued low symbiont division (< 5%) after 11 h, whether maintained in constant light or darkness, implying that most algal division is set more than 24 h prior to actual cytokinesis. Transferred to a 14:10 h light:dark cycle for another 24 h (36 h after feeding), the same hydroids exhibited a "normal" peak MI (ca. 15%) at dawn, but zooxanthellae from hydroids kept in constant darkness still showed a low MI. These results show that mitosis of symbiotic dinoflagellates requires three factors: external food; a minimum period of time following feeding (11-36 h), presumably for digestion; and a period of light following feeding, presumably to provide carbon skeletons necessary for completing cytokinesis.     

不同光波及光强度下棉铃虫(Helicoverpa armigera)成虫的行为反应

运用室内行为实验方法研究了不同波长单色光和白光刺激刺激的棉铃虫「Ｈｅｌｉｃｏｖｅｒｐａ ａｒｍｉｇｅｒａ（Ｈｕｂｎｅｒ）」成虫趋光、避光反应及其与光强度之间的相互关系,结果显示：（１）一定时间暗适应的棉铃虫蛾对单光和白光刺激均具有趋光行为反应,依其趋光反应率大小,其光谱反应曲线在３４０－６０５ｎｍ波谱范围内,表现为大小较复杂上峰,其中两个峰分别在蓝光区４８３ｎｍ、紫外３４０ｎｍ,另外近紫外的４０ｎ     

Comparison of electroretinogram and electromyogram responses to radiant energy stimulation in the moth, Trichoplusia ni

The responses of cabbage loopers to monochromatic light stimuli have been studied by electroretinogram (ERG) and electromyogram (EMG) techniques. The typical ERG response of the cabbage looper is composed of A, B, C, and D waves. The spectral sensitivity curves for male and female cabbage loopers show a major peak at 540 to 550 nm and a minor peak at 360 nm. The EMG response of the cabbage looper to monochromatic light is indicated by an increased firing of the basalar muscles, often resulting in double spikes on the same side as the light. There is no change in the basalar muscle activity on the side opposite the light, but sometimes an increase in the tergosternal muscle spikes on this side was observed. The turning intensity curves produced by counting the double basalar spikes shows a major peak in the near ultraviolet at 370 to 380 nm and minor peak at 560 to 570 nm.     

Thermal and Spectral Sensitivities of Discrete Slow Potentials in Limulus Eye

The discrete, subthreshold, slow potential fluctuations (SPF's) which can be recorded intracellularly in Limulus ommatidia are sensitive to temperature and light wavelength. SPF frequency increases with increasing temperature (Q₁₀ about 3.5) and light intensity. The effects are additive. SPF rise and decay time decrease with increasing temperature (Q₁₀ between 2 and 3). There is a peak, near 520 nm, in the spectral sensitivity of SPF frequency. This peak may correspond to the wavelength of maximum absorption by rhodopsin in the ommatidia. Hydroxylamine produces a rapid, irreversible reduction of SPF frequency and amplitude perhaps owing to its action on the photopigment. The cornea and crystalline cones fluoresce (peak about 445 nm) when excited by near-ultraviolet energy (380 nm peak) and this fluorescence may influence SPF spectral sensitivity measurements. These findings suggest that the SPF's are the results of photolytic and thermolytic reactions occurring in the ommatidial visual pigments and that they have a role in the mechanisms which transduce light to electrical activity in the visual receptors.     

Perithecial Formation in Gelasinospora reticulispora: IV. Action Spectra for the Photoinduction

Action spectra for photoinduction of perithecia after different lengths of dark period were determined with apically growing mycelium of a sordariaceous fungus Gelasinospora reticulispora. When hyphae were exposed to monochromatic light in near ultraviolet and visible regions, reciprocity between intensity and exposure time was observed within the range of incident energy used. The resulting action spectrum determined after a dark period of 48 hours showed a peak at 460 nm with shoulders at 420 and 480 nm and another peak at 370 nm, indicating minima at 410, 430, and 470 nm. After 72 hours darkness the spectrum was very similar to the above, except that the major peak shifted to 450 nm and the near ultraviolet region was somewhat less effective. In both cases, wavelengths longer than 520 nm showed no effect.     

光谱和光强度对棕榈蓟马雌成虫行为反应的影响

室内研究了光谱、光强度对棕榈蓟马雌成虫的趋、避光行为的影响。结果显示:在340—605 nm波谱内棕榈蓟马雌成虫对14个单色光刺激的趋光行为反应为多峰型。其中蓝光483 nm处峰最高,趋光反应率达34.96%,其次为绿光498—524 nm、562—582 nm、紫外光340 nm处;其避光行为反应共有3个峰,其中紫外光380 nm处最高,避光率18.08%,另外2个峰分别在橙光605 nm、紫光420 nm处。在趋光率较高的单色光(340、483、524、582 nm)和避光率较高的单色光(380、605 nm)以及白光刺激下,棕榈蓟马雌成虫的趋光率随光强增强的增强而提高,而避光率则随着光强的增强而降低;光强最弱时仍均有一定趋光率,最强时均未出现高端平台。因此:棕榈蓟马雌成虫对不同单色光具有明显的选择性,光谱和光强度对其趋光行为和避光行为有较大影响,光强度的影响作用与波长因素有关。     

Blue light regulation of stomata in wheat seedlings. II. Action spectrum and search for action dichroism

The stomatal conductance response to low intensity blue light was studied in wheat seedlings ( Triticum aestivum L. cv. Starke II, Weibull) under red background illumination. Reciprocity was shown to be valid for illumination times from 10 s up to about 2 min. The action spectrum, constructed from fluence rate response curves, showed a maximum peak at 445–450 nm, another peak at 470 nm, a slight shoulder at 420 nm and a plateau between 370–400 nm. The relationship with action spectra for other blue light responses is discussed. The blue light response of wheat stomata did not exhibit action dichroism (the direction of the electrical vector of polarized blue light did not influence the response of the guard cells).     

Bathymetric adaptations of reef-building corals at davies reef,great barrier reef,Australia. II. Light saturation curves for photosynthesis and respiration

Light saturation (P-I) curves for oxygen production and consumption were constructed in the laboratory for corals collected from depths of 1 to 45 m on the southeastern (seaward) side of Davies Reef, Great Barrier Reef, Australia. This depth range represents a gradient of from 82.6 to 2.9% of surface light, which was measured as photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) between 400 and 700 nm. Adaptative changes in photokinetic parameters were observed over the entire range of light intensities. The compensation intensity (I_c), I_k, the intensity at which photosynthesis was 95% light saturated (I_0.95), and the respiration rate (?R), all decreased with decreasing light intensity. The maximal rate of photosynthesis when normalized on the basis of coral chlorophyll-a content (P_ma^g) tended to decrease with decreasing irradiance but the change was not statistically significant. The $\text{P}\text{R}$ ratio ($\text{P}{}_{\mathrm{m}}{}^{\mathrm{g}}\text{?R}$), the initial slope of a light saturation curve (α), and the maximum rate of photosynthesis when normalized by coral protein content (P_mp^g), all increased with decreasing light intensity. The logarithms of the values for each variable parameter were proportional to the logarithms of the fraction of the surface PPFD (T) transmitted to the depth at which the corals grew. This enabled changes in these parameters to be accurately estimated for corals growing at any depth on the reef. Comparison of experimental data with published values for “saturating” irradiance and P_ma^g, suggests that the endosymbiotic algae within reef-building corals are photosynthetically intermediate between classical “sun” and “shade” plants.     

Electroretinogram and the spectral sensitivity of the compound eyes in the firefly Photuris versicolor (Coleoptera-Lampyridae): A correspondence between green sensitivity and species bioluminescence emission

ERGs were recorded from the dorsal sector of dark- and chromatic-adapted compound eyes in the dark-active firefly Photuris versicolor ♀ and ♂ at different wavelengths across the spectrum ranging from 320 nm to 700 nm over 4.5 log units of change in the stimulus intensity. ERG elicited by white light stimulus was an on-negative monophasic wave typical of scotopic eyes. ERGs elicited by chromatic stimuli differed in their waveform characteristics in the short (near-u.v. and violet) and long (green-yellow) wavelengths. The slope of the intensity-response curves at different stimulus wavelengths were similar for phasic response and differed for the plateau component of the ERG. The spectral sensitivity curves obtained under dark- and chromatic-adapted conditions revealed peaks in the near-u.v. (λ_max, 380 nm) and in the green (λ_max 550 nm), suggesting the presence of at least two receptor types in the dorsal sector of the compound eyes of P. versicolor. The green (550 nm) peak corresponds with the species bioluminescence emission peak (552 nm).     

Action spectra for the blue and near ultraviolet reversible photoreaction in the induction of fungal conidiation

Induction of conidiation in Alternaria tomato (Cke.) Weber and Helminthosporium oryzae V. Breda de Haan was repeatedly controlled by ulternating doses of near ultraviolet light and blue light. These fungi did not form conidia in total darkness. However, when dark-grown colonies were exposed to near altraviolet light, conidiophore formation was induced, and conidia were then produced upon return to darkness. Conidiation was inhibited by blue light applied immediately after near ultraviolet light. Furthermore, the final response depended on the last kind of light received. The action spectrum for induction of conidiation showed a peak near 300 nm with a shoulder between 310 nm and 330 nm, as is common in photoconidiation of various fungi. The action spectrum for the reversion of induction of conidiation showed a peak near 447 nm with a shoulder between 400 nm and 440 nm, one minor peak around 478 nm and another one near 385 nm. This is very similar to the spectrum for the ubiquitous blue light receptor (cryptochrome).     

Photoresponses of the marine protist Ulkenia sp. zoospores to ambient, artificial and bioluminescent light

Ulkenia sp. zoospores are attracted to 492 nm wavelength light produced by the marine bacterium Vibrio fischeri. Zoospores are positively photoresponsive to wavelengths of 440, 460 and 480 nm and contain a pigment that absorbs blue light. The average velocity of the zoospores is 0.47 m h(-1). Stimulatory intensities of these wavelengths ranged from 0.5 to 3.5 μEm(-2) s(-1) in both laboratory and field studies. The response of this protist to bioluminescence produced by Vibrio fischeri may direct zoospores to a nutrient rich environment colonized by these bacteria. In addition, the greatest responses were found at intensities associated with the light regime found near the bottom of naturally turbid estuaries or at greater depths of nonturbid, offshore waters. Positive phototaxis was not seen in zones of high light intensity either in field or laboratory studies, and there is some indication that zoospores may swim away from high light intensities.     

Effects of light quality on leaf morphogenesis of a heterophyllous amphibious plant, Rotala hippuris

Background and Aims

For heterophyllous amphibious plants that experience fluctuating water levels, it is critical to control leaf development precisely in response to environmental cues that can serve as a quantitative index of water depth. Light quality can serve as such a cue because the ratio of red light relative to far-red light (R/FR) increases and blue-light intensity decreases with increasing water depth. Growth experiments were conducted to examine how R/FR and blue-light intensity alter leaf morphology of a heterophyllous amphibious plant, Rotala hippuris.

Methods

Using combinations of far red (730 nm), red (660 nm) and blue (470 nm) light-emitting diodes (LEDs), growth experiments were used to quantitatively evaluate the effects of the R/FR ratio and blue-light intensity on leaf morphology.

Key Results

Under the natural light regime in an outside growth garden, R. hippuris produced distinct leaves under submerged and aerial conditions. R/FR and blue-light intensity were found to markedly affect heterophyllous leaf formation. Higher and lower R/FR caused leaf characters more typical of submerged and aerial leaves, respectively, in both aerial and submerged conditions, in accordance with natural distribution of leaf types and light under water. High blue light caused a shift of trait values toward those of typical aerial leaves, and the response was most prominent under conditions of R/FR that were expected near the water surface.

Conclusions

R/FR and blue-light intensity provides quantitative cues for R. hippuris to detect water depth and determine the developmental fates of leaves, especially near the water surface. The utilization of these quantitative cues is expected to be important in habitats where plants experience water-level fluctuation.     

The effects of light intensity and spectral quality on growth and shoot initiation in tobacco callus

The effects of eight different narrow band-emitting fluorescent lamps (371-750 nm) and four commercial broad band-emitting fluorescent sources upon growth and shoot initiation in tobacco callus (Nicotiana tabacum var. Wisconsin 38) have been characterized. Wavelength and intensity are equally important parameters in determining morphogenic changes. Near ultraviolet light (371 nm) was found to stimulate (0.024 mw/cm²) or inhibit (above 0.15 mw/cm²) callus growth and shoot initiation, depending on the light intensity. Stimulation of growth and shoot production occurs also in blue light region, but at higher intensity than in the near ultraviolet. Red and far red light (up to 1.7 mw/cm²) do not appear to affect callus growth or stimulate shoot initiation. The enhancement of callus growth and the stimulation of shoot initiation are controlled by the same near ultraviolet-absorbing photoreceptor system present in a small enough concentration that it cannot be recognized in the absorption spectrum of the intact tissue. Carotenoids, porphyrins, and phytochrome associated with the high irradiance response do not appear to qualify as the photoreceptor. Flavonoids are possible candidates. Radiation emitted by fluorescent lamps outside the near visible region was determined, and we concluded that energy levels were not sufficient to affect the reported results. The spectral output of several commercial lamps in the visible and near visible regions is such that there could be different effects on growth and development of tissue cultures.     

Le contrôle de l'émergence et des nages nocturnes chez les péracarides des plages de méditerranée. Eurydice affinis Hansen (Isopoda), Gastrosaccus mediterraneus Bacescu, Gastrosaccus spinifer (goës) (Mysidacea)

Along the Mediterranean sandy shores, Eurydice affinis Hansen, Gastrosaccus mediterraneus Bacescu and Gastrosaccus spinifer (Goës) are present during the day in the sand of the beaches, either near the limit of the wave wash or in the superficial fringe of the infralittoral. In the evening there is a general emergence and the animals rejoin the planktonic populations of the open sea.All the three species when kept in aktographs under constant conditions and continuous darkness exhibit a circadian rhythm of emergence and swimming activity of nocturnal frequency. The rhythm is clear and in the two Gastrosaccinae persists for ten days at least; it has been observed over about fifty days in G. spinifer. In E. affinis, the rhythm is only on some occasions clear; one frequently observes a permanent burying in the sediment, in which case the swimming rhythm can be brought to light by a mechanical disturbance or the withdrawal of the sediment.A study of the changes in the photokinetic reactions in a horizontal beam of white light, with intensities varying from 4000 to 10^?6 lux, allow the synchronization of the rhythms to be ascribed to a slight photonegative tendency of the animals at intensities > 1000 lux and a photopositive tendency, often marked, at lower intensities. The variations in the intensity of the reactions in the three species allows an explanation of the autonomous rhythms.A comparison between the photokinetic reactions of these species and those of the infralittoral Peracarida, which migrate in the nocturnal plankton, shows great differences with respect to light intensity. In the latter, the phototaxis is strongly negative and frequently accompanied by a strong photo-inhibition while in the former the phototaxis is still often positive and the kinesis is high. The photopositive reaction allows the animals to rejoin their daytime habitat soon after dawn when the swimming activity decreases.     

Action spectra of the light-growth response of Phycomyces

The light-growth response of Phycomyces blakesleeanus (Burgeff) is a transient change in elongation rate of the sporangiophore caused by a change in light intensity. Previous investigators have found that the light-growth response has many features in common with phototropism; the major difference is that only the light-growth response is adaptive. In order to better understand the light-growth response and its relationship to phototropism, we have developed a novel experimental protocol for determining light-growth-response action spectra and have examined the effect of the reference wavelength and intensity on the shape of the action spectrum. The null-point action spectrum obtained with broadband-blue reference light has a small peak near 400 nm, a flat region from 430 nm to 470 nm, and an approximately linear decline in the logarithm of relative effectiveness above 490 nm. The shape of the action spectrum is different when 450-nm reference light is used, as has been shown previously for the phototropic-balance action spectrum. However, the action spectrum of the light-growth response differs from that for phototropic balance, even when the same reference light (450 nm) is used. Moreover, for the light-growth response, the relative effectiveness of 383-nm light decreases as the intensity of the 450-nm reference light increases; this trend is the opposite of that previously found for phototropic balance. The dependence of the lightgrowth-response action spectrum on the reference wavelength, its difference from the phototropic-balance action spectrum, and the reference-intensity dependence of the relative effectiveness at 383 nm may be attributable to dichroic effects of the oriented photoreceptor(s), and to transduction processes that are unique to the light-growth response.I dedicated to Masaki Furuya on the occasion of his 65th birthdayThis work was supported by a grant from the National Institutes of Health (GM29707) to E.D. Lipson. Anuradha Palit, Promod Pratap, and Benjamin Horwitz participated in the early phases of this work. We thank Leonid Fukshansky and Benjamin Horwitz for helpful discussions, David Durant for computer programming, and Steven Block for providing us with a C-language program of Reinsch's procedure for cubic spline interpolation. One of us (R.S.) gratefully acknowledges a junior faculty fellowship leave from the Department of Physics at Yale University.