Features of leptospirosis in the Krasnodar Territory

The data on leptospirosis morbidity in the Krasnodar Territory, one of the most epidemiologically unsafe areas in this infectious disease in the Russian Federation, are presented. High morbidity registered in this territory greatly depends on the epidemic outbreaks appearing due to defects in the realization of a complex of sanitary and veterinary measures. The Krasnodar Territory is liable to be affected by natural calamities. In 1997 a severe outbreak of leptospirosis took place here in connection with the high flood. Due to timely prophylactic measures the epidemiological consequencies of the similar calamity occurring in 2002 were brought to a minimum.     

Prevention of acute enteric infections and viral hepatitis A in the Krasnodar Territory appearing in connection with a natural disaster in 2002

Materials on the sanitary and epidemiological situation in the Krasnodar Territory in connection with emergency situations (intensive snowfalls, heavy showers, high floods) in 2002 are presented. The scope of the destruction of the systems ensuring the life provision of the population in the affected regions of the territory is shown. To carry out the epidemiological surveillance on acute enteric infections, to make corrections of the planned prophylactic measures, as well as the timely solutions of problems connected with controlling the epidemiological situation, the daily monitoring of the level and dynamics of infectious morbidity in individual settlements among different age and professional groups, as well as the foci of infections, was established. 65 cases of acute enteric infection and 4 cases of viral hepatitis A were registered in the affected areas, which did not exceed the average morbidity figures for many years. A complex of sanitary, hygienic and prophylactic measures was carried out by the sanitary and epidemiological service of the territory, which made it possible to maintain human morbidity in acute enteric infections and viral hepatitis A in the affected areas on the sporadic level.     

Organization of the workers of the State Sanitary and Epidemiologic Services of the Stavropol Territory in the period of eradication of the consequences of the flood in urban and rural regions of the Territory in 2002

As the result of high flood occurring during the period of June 21-22, 2002, in the Stavropol Territory, 65 settlements were affected. About 200,000 inhabitants found themselves lacking centralized drinking water supply. From the very first days of the emergency situation the state sanitary and epidemiological service took a complex of measures aimed at the liquidation of the medico-sanitary consequences of the high flood, the prevention of the appearance of mass infectious diseases among the affected population. As the result of these measures, the appearance of the outbreaks of acute enteric infections, viral hepatitis A aggravations in malaria and other infectious diseases could be prevented.     

The fauna of spiders (Arachnida,Araneae) in agricultural landscapes of the Moscow area and the Kuban Plain

Six years of collecting in agricultural landscapes of the Moscow area and the Kuban Plain (Krasnodar Territory) revealed 286 species of spiders from 146 genera of 20 families. Two species, Clubiona pseudoneglecta Wund. and Palliduphantes insignis O.P.-C. are recorded for the Russian fauna for the first time, and 20 species are new to Moscow Province. Linyphiidae is the most species-rich family comprising about half of the species found in Moscow Province and about a quarter of those found in Krasnodar Territory. The species are classified into 13 arealogical groups. The bulk of the fauna is formed by the widespread, mostly Eurasian and Holarctic species. The spider fauna of Krasnodar Territory has smaller fractions of the Holarctic and Euro-Siberian species and larger fractions of the Palaearctic and Euro-Mediterranean species, as compared to the Moscow fauna. In general, the faunas of both the regions studied may be classified as European. The spider fauna of agrocenoses of Moscow Province is more similar to the faunas of European regions situated at the same latitude than to the fauna of Krasnodar Territory (the Kuban Plain).     

Organization and execution of the use of disinfectants, insecticides and rodenticides in the period of the eradication of the medical and sanitary consequences of a flood in Stavropol Territory in 2002

Materials on the organization and execution of disinfection, disinfestations and deratization works at the period of the liquidation of the medico-sanitary consequences of the high flood in the Stavropol Territory in 2002 are presented. Timely and full-scope treatment, carried out in the course of these works, played a positive role in preventing epidemiological aggravations among the affected population.     

Incidence of microsporidian infection of stem borers of the genus Ostrinia (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) in the Krasnodar Territory

Infection of corn borers of the genus Ostrinia with microsporidia is found for the first time in Russia. Incidence rates of the last instar larvae of the second generation, sampled under natural conditions in the Krasnodar Territory, is ranged between 3.0 and 17.2%. When infection incidence rates have been compared between larvae, collected (a) on the western and eastern borders of the region and (b) on dicotyledonous (cocklebur, mugwort) and monocotyledonous plants (maize), no distinct differences were found. Infection rates were maximal in larvae of Ostrinia nubilalis when its population entered the depression phase, yet it did not differ significantly from the values of the previous years. Morphometric characters of the spores allows identifying the parasite species as Nosema pyrausta. These data demonstrate wide dispersal of microsporidia in the populations of stem borers on diverse forage plants within the boundaries of the Krasnodar Territory.     

Organizational provision for the sanitary and epidemiological safety of the population in the regions of the Stavropol Territory affected by the flood

Materials on the organizational provision and financing of measures taken with a view to ensure the sanitary and epidemiological safety in the Stavropol Territory in connection with the high flood of 2002 are presented. Due to the joint efforts of sanitary, antiepidemic and medico-prophylactic services of the Territory, administrative organs and institutions, as well as other relevant departments, not only high quality restoration works were carried out and completed in a short time, medical assistance was given to the victims and the appearance of mass infectious diseases prevented, but also the growth social tensions in the affected areas was averted.     

Biological features and population density forecasts of the beet webworm Pyrausta sticticalis L. (Lepidoptera, Pyraustidae) in the period of low population density of the pest in Krasnodar Territory

Population dynamics of the beet webworm Pyrausta sticticalis L. was studied in 2003–2005 in Krasnodar Territory (Slavyansk-on-Kuban District) during the period of low population density of the pest. In the period examined, the adult death rate was high, fecundity was low; the low rate of hatchability and high rate of mortality was typical of larvae reared in the laboratory. Analysis of life tables has demonstrated that the observed population density of adults could be explained only by a constant flow of migrants. Low viability of insects from the local population could be explained by the infection with pathogenic microorganisms, including viruses of the Polyhedrosis and Granulosi groups of Baculovirus, and microsporidia, including Nosema sticticalis and Microsporidium sp. Reproduction of the pest can also be influenced by unfavorable weather conditions reducing population density in the subsequent generation. It is demonstrated that the model of the beet webworm population density dynamics based on indices of female fertility, changes in the offspring viability, and the rate of infection with microsporidia is more reliable than models based only on meteorological factors.     

On high abundance of the Harlequin lady beetle, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Harmonia axyridis</Emphasis> (Pall.) (Coleoptera,Coccinellidae), in the plains of the Northwestern Caucasus,Russia

The Harlequin lady beetle, Harmonia axyridis (Pallas), is recorded in great numbers in the city of Krasnodar and in the plain part of Krasnodar and Stavropol territories in mid-October 2013. The beetles flew onto walls and windows of the apartment buildings in Krasnodar and were found concentrating in a car and on fruit trees in an orchard in western Stavropol Territory.     

Natural focus of leptospirosis in the rice paddies of Krasmodar Territory and the means for its eradication

OFFthe rice fields of the Krasnodar Territory the intensive epizootic of leptospirosis icterohemorrhagica can be observed in the population of Norway rats (995 animals have been examined and 102 cultures obtained) the whole year round. The highest intensity of the epizootic process is known to fall on the end of summer and the beginning of autumn (45-50% of Leptospira carriers). The natural focus of leptospirosis on the rice-growing complex is epidemiologically dangerous. The epizootic process can be suppressed by reducing the population of rats by means of poisoned baits. The alternate use of different poisons ( rotindan , brodifacum ) given in the form of paraffined briquettes has proved to be most expedient.     

The organization of an epidemiological surveillance of HIV infection in Krasnodar Territory

For the first time a case of AIDS was detected in the Krasnodar Territory of the USSR, and the presence of HIV infection in homosexuals, foreign students, and promiscuous persons was established. To study the spread of HIV infection, 5 diagnostic laboratories were created and 5 routes for the transportation of sera were organized. This permitted the screening of the population in 1988 with the complete coverage of groups to be placed under surveillance.     

Prevention of acute enteric infections and viral hepatitis A in the Republic of Adygeia in connection with a natural disaster

Materials indicating the scope of destructions in the systems of life provision of the Republic of Adygeia as the result of the natural calamity (high flood) are presented. The complex of measures, carried out by the sanitary and epidemiological service of the Republic of Adygeia with the aim of the prophylaxis of infectious diseases, is described. As shown in this work, the appearance and spread of quarantine and mass infections, cases of food poisoning and lethal diseases in the inundated territories were prevented due to the coordination of the efforts and means of all republican services, organs and institutions, as well as due to their precise interaction.     

Spectrum and territorial distribution of hereditary diseases in the population of the Krasnodar Krai]

The analysis of the spectrum of hereditary diseases in the population of the Krasnodar province is performed and the influence of the population dynamics factors on the spectrum is discussed. More than 130 nosological forms were discovered in the population of approx. 200,000. Among these, there are 63 autosomal dominant, 49 autosomal recessive and 17 X-linked recessive forms. Of the most frequent autosomal dominant diseases (more than 1 per 50,000) autosomal recessive and X-linked recessive disorders 13, 7 and 7 forms, respectively, were picked up. The coefficient of diversity of hereditary diseases (the number of nosological forms per 10 inhabitants) with different types of inheritance is higher in the Krasnodar population, as compared with the Kostroma population. The problem of similarity of the "nucleus" of autosomal-recessive disorders in Russian populations is discussed.     

Pseudotuberculosis in the Krasnodar Territory. The clinico-epidemiological characteristics of its morbidity and the biological properties of its strains]

Group cases of pseudotuberculosis, first registered at health-restoring institutions of the health resort of Gelendzhik (the Krasnodar Territory), are described. The etiology of these cases of the disease was established on the basis of clinico-epidemiological data, specific seroconversion in 66% of the examined patients and the isolation of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis strains from the feces of four patients. The combination of signs observed in the isolated strains, viz. the presence of plasmids with molecular weights of 75 and 45 MD, resistance to bactericidal factors of normal human serum and autoagglutination in cell culture medium, made it possible to consider these strains to be virulent. The cases of infection were probably caused by the use of fresh cabbage salad. The study of 3,128 rodents caught in the Krasnodar Territory, including those caught in the area of the health resort, resulted in the isolation of 105 Y. enterocolitica strains and strains of 5 other Yersinia species, but not Y. pseudotuberculosis strains. The concept on the saprozoonotic nature of pseudotuberculosis was substantiated.     

Biotopes and spatial organization of arthropod communities

Plant, spider, beetle, and ground beetle communities were studied in different agrolandscape biotopes (a wheat field, a field margin, and a forest belt) of Krasnodar Territory. In these biotopes, borders between plant communities were distinct. On the contrary, arthropod communities were not usually confined to the certain biotopes. The high degree of mobility of arthropod species resulted in a decrease in their association with the biotope. Representatives of some species (especially, beetles) were revealed in all the biotopes. In relation to season and some other factors, they frequently concentrated in different biotopes. Analysis of arthropod assemblages only within a single biotope gives us a rather impoverished knowledge of the whole population. It is necessary to study these assemblages not only within the basic biotope, but also in adjacent ones.     

Realization of antimalarial measures in the period of eradication of the consequences of a flood in the Stavropol Territory in 2002

As the result of the high flood, an increase in the area of anopheligenic water reservoirs occurred on the inundated territories, which created favorable conditions for the proliferation of Anopheles mosquitoes, the vectors of malarial plasmodia, thus creating the threat of the formation of the local sources of malaria in case of its penetration from other regions unfavorable with respect to this disease. In the affected towns and regions hydrotechnical measures aimed at decreasing the surface of anopheligenic water reservoirs, as well as measures aimed at the decrease in the number of the larval and imaginal stages in the development of mosquitoes, were taken, which made it possible to prevent the probable epidemiological aggravations in malaria.     

Tuberculosis morbidity in Primor'e region

The present epidemiological situation in tuberculosis in the Maritime Territory is described, including the spread of this infection among the population and the prognosis for the next year. Tuberculosis morbidity in HIV-infected patients is specially emphasized, with high growth rate of morbidity in these mixed infections. The conclusion has been made on the necessity of improving the diagnostic and prophylactic measures among the population of the Maritime Territory.     

A preying mantis species (Mantidae) new for the fauna of Russia

Ameles heldreichi taurica (Jakovlev, 1903), a species unknown from Russia, was found in Krasnodar Territory. The author agrees with the opinion of Kaltenbach (1963) on the subspecies rank of this taxon.     

Variation of morphophysiological and genetic demographic traits in children with congenital cleft lip and palate

Medical records and questionnaire data have been used to analyze morphophysiological (the birth weight and length) and genetic demographic (maternal age and marriage structure) traits in a sample of children with orofacial malformations (OMs, cleft palate and/or cleft lip) living in Krasnodar Territory, Russia. The sample of children with malformations (including premature infants) differs from the control group in lower birth weight and length and a lower proportion of children with morphophysiological values close to the population average ones, as well as a higher family exogamy level estimated on the basis of marriage structure in the parental and preceding generations. The risk of congenital cleft palate and/or cleft lip is considerably increased is the maternal age is older than 35 years or, to a lower degree, if it is younger than 20 years.     

The relative contributions of refugium types to the persistence of benthic invertebrates in a seasonal snowmelt flood

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