Water-use efficiency and transpiration efficiency of wheat under rain-fed conditions and supplemental irrigation in a Mediterranean-type environment

Growth and water use were measured in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grown in northern Syria in a typical Mediterranean climate over five seasons 1991/92–1995/96. Water use was partitioned into transpiration (T) and soil evaporation (E_s) using Ritchie's model, and water-use efficiency (WUE) and transpiration efficiency (TE) were calculated. The aim of the study was to examine the influence of irrigation and nitrogen on water use, WUE and TE. By addition of 100 kg N ha^-1, E_s was reduced from 120 mm to 101 mm under rain-fed conditions and from 143 mm to 110 mm under irrigated conditions, and T was increased from 153 mm to 193 mm under rain-fed conditions and from 215 mm to 310 mm under irrigated conditions. Under rain-fed conditions, about 35% of evapotranspiration (ET) may be lost from the soil surface for the fertilized crops and 44% of ET for the unfertilized crops. Transpiration accounted for 65% of ET for the fertilized crops and 56% for the unfertilized crops under rain-fed. As a result of this, WUE was increased by 44% for dry matter and 29% for grain yield under rain-fed conditions, and by 60% for dry matter and 57% for grain yield under irrigated conditions. Transpiration efficiency for the fertilized crops was 43.8 kg ha^-1 mm^-1 for dry matter and 15 kg ha^-1 mm^-1 for grain yield, while TE for the unfertilized crops was 33.6 kg ha^-1 mm^-1 and 12.2 kg ha^-1 mm^-1 for dry matter and grain yield, respectively. Supplemental irrigation significantly increased post-anthesis water use, transpiration, dry matter and grain yield. Water-use efficiency for grain yield was increased from 9.7 to 11.0 kg ha^-1 mm^-1 by supplemental irrigation, although WUE for dry matter was not affected by it. Irrigation did not affect transpiration efficiency for grain yield, but decreased transpiration efficiency for dry matter by 16%. This was associated with higher harvest index as a result of good water supply in the post-anthesis period and increased transpiration under irrigated conditions.     

Changes in root size and distribution in relation to nitrogen accumulation during maize breeding in China

Background and aims

Modern maize breeding has increased maize yields worldwide. The changes in above-ground traits accompanying yield improvement are well-known, but less information is available as to the effect of modern plant breeding on changes in maize root traits.

Methods

Root growth, nitrogen uptake, dry matter accumulation and yield formation of six maize hybrids released from 1973 to 2000 in China were compared. Experiments were conducted under low and high nitrogen supply in a black soil in Northeast China in 2010 and 2011.

Results

While nitrogen accumulation, dry matter production and yield formation have been increased, modern maize breeding in China since 1990 has reduced root length density in the topsoil without much effect on root growth in the deeper soil. The efficiency of roots in acquiring N has increased so as to match the requirement of N accumulation for plant growth and yield formation. The responses of root growth, nitrogen and dry matter accumulation, and grain yield to low-N stress were similar in the more modern hybrids as in the older ones.

Conclusions

Modern maize breeding has constitutively changed root and shoot growth and plant productivity without producing any specific enhancement in root responsiveness to soil N availability.     

减氮配施不同种类有机肥对玉米物质分配、转运与产量的影响

为倡导减量施用化学氮肥,探索科学施肥模式,以达到绿色、稳产、高产的种植目标,通过田间试验,以空白处理(CK0)、常规施氮(CK1)为对照,设置减氮比例和配施有机肥两因素试验,减氮比例设减氮20%(A1)、减氮40%(A2);配施有机肥设:不配施有机肥(B0)、配施普通有机肥(B1)、配施生物有机肥(B2),研究了减氮配施不同种类有机肥对玉米物质积累分配、转运及产量的影响,为玉米化学氮肥减量增效技术提供科学依据。结果表明:随化学氮肥施用量的减少,玉米干物质积累量及产量降低;配施有机肥显著提高了干物质积累量、籽粒分配比例、吐丝后干物质对籽粒的贡献率和产量;减氮20%配施普通有机肥、生物有机肥处理较不配施有机肥处理,两年干物质积累量平均分别提高了31.38%和46.29%(P<0.05);产量分别提高了19.57%和23.78%,较常规施氮处理产量分别提高了7.15%和10.95%;减氮40%配施普通有机肥、生物有机肥处理较不配施有机肥处理,两年干物质积累量平均分别提高了19.68%和35.13%;产量分别提高了6.33%和7.48%(P<0.05),而产量较常规施氮处理分别降低了10.42%和9.44%(P<0.05);适量减氮并配施有机肥可促进玉米物质积累,改善穗部性状,最终提高产量;本试验条件下,配施1500 kg·hm^-2有机肥可实现化学氮肥减量20%并使玉米增产,且配施生物有机肥增产效果最好。     

灌溉和种植方式对冬小麦耗水特性及干物质生产的影响

于2008-2010年通过田间试验,以高产中筋冬小麦品种济麦22为材料,设等行距平作、宽窄行平作、沟播3种种植方式,每种种植方式下设不灌水(W₀)、拔节水(W₁)、拔节水+开花水(W₂)、拔节水+开花水+灌浆水(W₃)4种灌溉处理(每次灌水量为60 mm),研究不同灌溉和种植方式对冬小麦耗水特性及干物质积累与分配规律的影响.结果表明： 随灌水量的增加,3种植方式下农田总耗水量均增加,灌水量占总耗水量的比例也增加,而土壤贮水消耗量及其占总耗水量的比例显著降低;与W₀处理相比,各灌水处理提高了开花后干物质的积累量、小麦籽粒产量,而水分利用效率(WUE)降低.同一灌溉条件下,与其他两种种植方式相比,沟播方式土壤贮水量消耗比例、籽粒产量和WUE均较高.综合考虑小麦的籽粒产量和WUE,沟播结合灌拔节水+开花水是华北平原冬麦区较适宜的节水种植方式.     

华北旱地覆膜春玉米田水温效应及增产限制因子

为探求覆膜栽培春玉米旱作田土壤水温变化特征及其对玉米产量和水分利用效率(WUE)的影响,设计垄作覆膜、垄作裸地、平作覆膜、平作裸地(对照)4个处理的田间试验,对春玉米田各生育时段的土壤温度、土层水分、耗水结构及玉米产量进行了监测.结果表明：自播种到抽雄的生育前期春玉米田覆膜较裸地增温1～3 ℃,土壤积温增加155.2～280.9 ℃;延长生育期约5.9～10.7 d.自播种到成苗期覆膜保水效应显著,WUE较裸地提高81.6%～136.4%.春玉米成苗到拔节期正值该区域稳定干旱期,覆膜处理土壤供水层深达80～100 cm,干旱胁迫使WUE较对照降低17.0%～21.6%,产生奢侈耗水.春玉米小喇叭口期后进入雨季,各处理土体复水,并产生过饱渗漏,最终使收获期土体水分与播期持平,贮水丰富.垄作覆膜较裸地增产9.5%;平作覆膜不利于降水入渗而导致渍水,减产5.0%;垄作裸地与平作裸地差异不显著.以雨季前气象干旱期的土壤枯水与雨季后的土壤库水为特征的春玉米田水分供求时序失衡,限制了春玉米的高产.     

CO2浓度升高和降水增加协同作用对玉米产量及生长发育的影响

关于[CO₂]升高和降水变化等多因子共同作用对植物的影响报道较少, 制约着人们对植物对全球气候变化响应的认识和预测。玉米(Zea mays)作为重要的C₄植物, 受[CO₂]和降水影响显著, 但鲜有[CO₂]升高和降水增加协同作用对其产量及生长发育影响的报道。该研究利用开顶式生长箱模拟[CO₂]升高(390 (环境)、450和550 μmol·mol^-1), 降水增加量设置为增加自然降水量的15% (以试验地锦州1981-2010年6至8月月平均降水量为基准), 从而形成6个处理: C₅₅₀W_+15%、C₅₅₀W₀、C₄₅₀W_+15%、C₄₅₀W₀、C₃₉₀W_+15%和C₃₉₀W₀。试验材料选用玉米品种‘丹玉39’。结果表明: [CO₂]升高和降水增加的协同作用在玉米的籽粒产量和生物产量上均达到了显著水平(p< 0.05), 二因子均起正作用, 使籽粒产量和生物产量均升高。籽粒产量在[CO₂] 390、450和550 μmol·mol^-1水平下的降水增加处理较自然降水处理分别增加15.94%、9.95%和9.45%, 而生物产量分别增加13.06%、8.13%和6.49%。因为籽粒产量的增幅略大于生物产量的增幅, 所以促进了经济系数的升高。穗部性状变化显著, 其中, 穗粒数、穗粒重、穗长和穗粗等性状值均随[CO₂]升高而升高, 且各[CO₂]水平下均表现为降水增加处理>自然降水处理, 而瘪粒数相反。但是, [CO₂]升高和降水增加的协同作用也促进了轴粗的升高, 对玉米产量的增加起着限制作用。二因子协同作用在净光合速率(P_n)和叶面积上达到了极显著水平(p< 0.01), 而在株高和干物质积累量上达到了显著水平(p< 0.05)。二因子协同作用使玉米叶片的P_n升高, 植株高度升高, 穗位高升高, 茎粗增加, 叶面积变大, 从而促进了干物质积累量的升高, 为玉米增产打下了良好的基础。这表明: 在未来[CO₂]升高条件下, 一定程度的降水增加对玉米的产量具有正向促进作用。     

Effect of soil compaction on growth, yield and light interception of selected crops

The response of spring barley (Hordeum vulgare, cvs Carnival and Atem), faba beans (Vicia faba, cv. Maris Bead), sugar beet (Beta vulgaris, cv. Monoire), forage maize (Zea mays, cv. Leader), forage peas (Pisum sativum, cv. Poneka) and white turnip (Brassica campestris, cv. Barkant) to topsoil compaction was investigated in a three year trial. Soil compaction was induced by tractor wheeling after crop sowing. Compaction reduced leaf area and dry matter accumulation in all crops in every season. Yield of barley was reduced by 29%, 27% and 40% in 1984, 1986 and 1987 respectively. Yield of maize, peas and turnip decreased by 33%, 14% and 13% in 1986 and 25%, 16% and 19% in 1987. Yields of beans and sugar beet were decreased by 34% and 35% respectively in 1984. Light interception was decreased in all crops in all three years of study but, with the exception of maize in 1987, the efficiency of conversion of radiant energy to dry matter was not significantly affected by soil compaction. It is concluded that reduced dry matter production and yield due to soil compaction was more a consequence of reduced light interception because of restricted leaf area development rather than as a result of an impaired ability of crops to utilise intercepted radiant energy.     

不同颜色地膜与种植密度对春玉米干物质积累和产量的影响

为了探讨东北雨养区不同颜色地膜覆盖与种植密度对春玉米干物质积累和产量的影响机制,以良玉99为试验材料,设置3种覆盖处理(裸地、无色透明地膜和黑色地膜覆盖)和5个种植密度(60000、67500、75000、82500和90000株·hm^-2)完全组合的田间小区试验,对春玉米水热效应、干物质积累和产量性状等进行分析.结果表明: 黑膜覆盖明显提高拔节后玉米干物质积累量和生物量,其生物量较其他处理增加3.2%～8.2%;成熟期生物量随着种植密度的增加先增大后减小,以82500株·hm²最大,较其他密度处理增加5.2%～28.3%.无色透明地膜覆盖处理的前期平均土壤温度较其他处理分别提高0.4～2.7 ℃,加快了生育进程,提高了玉米茎叶干物质转运量(T)、转运率(TE)和对籽粒产量贡献率(TC);叶和茎+叶干物质的T、TE和TC均以60000株·hm^-2密度处理最大,而茎干物质转运效果以75000株·hm^-2最优.在抽穗期,黑膜处理的耗水量和日耗水强度最大,分别较其他处理增加10.6%～14.9%和10.6%～24.5%;耗水量和日耗水强度均以90000株·hm^-2密度处理最大,较其他处理分别高6.8%～15.7%和7.0%～20.0%.黑膜和82500株·hm^-2密度处理组合明显提高了玉米的水分利用效率,较其他处理增加了4.6%～40.9%,其产量较其他处理增加3.0%～39.7%.在抽穗期,玉米茎叶干物质量与玉米产量和产量构成要素的相关性最大;茎叶干物质量每减少1 kg·hm^-2,群体产量下降约0.79 kg·hm^-2;茎叶干物质量每降低10%,产量下降10%左右.在增加种植密度的基础上,采用黑色地膜覆盖可以增加春玉米干物质积累量、提高春玉米产量和水分利用效率.     

氮肥运筹对晚播冬小麦氮素和干物质积累与转运的影响

氮素平衡对干物质积累与分配的影响是农业生态系统研究的重要内容,在保障产量前提下减少氮肥施用量可减少环境污染与温室气体排放。以晚播冬小麦为研究对象,设置4个施氮量水平:0 kg/hm2(N0)、168.75 kg/hm2(N1)、225 kg/hm2(N2)、281.25 kg/hm2(N3),每个施氮量水平下设置2个追氮时期处理:拔节期(S1)、拔节期+开花期(S2),研究了氮肥运筹对晚播冬小麦氮素和干物质积累与转运及氮肥利用率的影响。结果表明:拔节期追施氮肥(S1)条件下,在225 kg/hm2(N2)基础上增施25%氮肥(N3)对开花期氮素积累总量和营养器官氮素转运量无显著影响;拔节期+开花期追施氮肥(S2)条件下,随施氮量增加,开花期氮素积累总量和花后营养器官氮素转运量升高;S2较S1显著提高成熟期籽粒及营养器官氮素积累量、花后籽粒氮素积累量及其对籽粒氮素积累的贡献率。同一施氮量条件下,S2较S1提高了成熟期的干物质积累量、开花至成熟阶段干物质积累强度和花后籽粒干物质积累量。同一追氮时期条件下,籽粒产量N2与N3无显著差异,氮肥偏生产力随施氮量增加而降低;同一施氮量条件下,S2较S1提高了晚播冬小麦的籽粒产量和氮肥吸收利用率。拔节期+开花期追施氮肥,总施氮量225kg/hm2为有利于实现晚播冬小麦高产和高效的最优氮肥运筹模式。     

Adjusting Nitrogen Application in Accordance with Soil Water Availability Enhances Yield and Water Use by Regulating Physiological Traits of Maize under Drip Fertigation

Knowledge of the interactive effects of water and nitrogen (N) on physio-chemical traits of maize (Zea mays L.) helps to optimize water and N management and improve productivity. A split-plot experiment was conducted with three soil water conditions (severe drought, moderate drought, and fully water supply referring to 45%–55%, 65%–75%, and 85%–95% field capacity, respectively) and four N application rates (N₀, N₁₅₀, N₂₄₀, and N₃₃₀ referring to 0, 150, 240, 330 kg N ha^–1 respectively) under drip fertigation in 2014 and 2015 in the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain of China. The results indicated that drought stress inhibited physiological activity of plants (leaf relative water content, root bleeding sap, and net photosynthetic rate), resulting in low dry matter accumulation after silking, yield, and N uptake, whereas increased WUE and NUE. N application rates over than 150 kg ha^–1 aggravated the inhibition of physiological activity under severe drought condition, while it was offset under moderate drought condition. High N application rates (N₃₃₀) still revealed negative effects under moderate drought condition, as it did not consistently enhance plant physiological activity and significantly reduced N uptake as compared to the N₂₄₀ treatment. With fully water supply, increasing N application rates synergistically enhanced physiological activity, promoted dry matter accumulation after silking, and increased yield, WUE, and N uptake. Although the N₂₄₀ treatment reduced yield by 5.4% in average, it saved 27.3% N under full water supply condition as compared with N₃₃₀ treatment. The results indicated that N regulated growth of maize in aspects of physiological traits, dry matter accumulation, and yield as well as water and N use was depended on soil water status. The appropriate N application rates for maize production was 150 kg ha^–1 under moderate drought or 240 kg ha^–1 under fully water supply under drip fertigation, and high N supply (>150 kg ha^–1) should be avoided under severe drought condition.     

Root growth and water uptake in winter wheat under deficit irrigation

Root growth is critical for crops to use soil water under water-limited conditions. A field study was conducted to investigate the effect of available soil water on root and shoot growth, and root water uptake in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under deficit irrigation in a semi-arid environment. Treatments consisted of rainfed, deficit irrigation at different developmental stages, and adequate irrigation. The rainfed plots had the lowest shoot dry weight because available soil water decreased rapidly from booting to late grain filling. For the deficit-irrigation treatments, crops that received irrigation at jointing and booting had higher shoot dry weight than those that received irrigation at anthesis and middle grain filling. Rapid root growth occurred in both rainfed and irrigated crops from floral initiation to anthesis, and maximum rooting depth occurred by booting. Root length density and dry weight decreased after anthesis. From floral initiation to booting, root length density and growth rate were higher in rainfed than in irrigated crops. However, root length density and growth rate were lower in rainfed than in irrigated crops from booting to anthesis. As a result, the difference in root length density between rainfed and irrigated treatments was small during grain filling. The root growth and water use below 1.4 m were limited by a caliche (45% CaCO₃) layer at about 1.4 m profile. The mean water uptake rate decreased as available soil water decreased. During grain filling, root water uptake was higher from the irrigated crops than from the rainfed. Irrigation from jointing to anthesis increased seasonal evapotranspiration, grain yield, harvest index and water-use efficiency based on yield (WUE), but did not affect water-use efficiency based on aboveground biomass. There was no significant difference in WUE among irrigation treatments except one-irrigation at middle grain filling. Due to a relatively deep root system in rainfed crops, the higher grain yield and WUE in irrigated crops compared to rainfed crops was not a result of rooting depth or root length density, but increased harvest index, and higher water uptake rate during grain filling.     

半干旱雨养区不同覆膜方式对冬小麦土壤水分利用及产量的影响

在黄土高原半干旱雨养条件下,于2008—2009、2009—2010两个年度,以露地种植为对照(CK),研究了不同覆膜方式(全膜覆土穴播,全膜穴播,垄膜沟播)对旱地冬小麦产量和水分利用的影响。结果表明:两年度覆膜平均较CK产量分别显著提高49.4%和53.2%,水分利用效率提高11.8%和14.3%。覆膜的高产建立在高生长量、高耗水基础上,产量与生育期耗水量显著正相关(r=0.952*—0.958*),两年度覆膜分别平均较CK多耗水33.5%和34.1%。覆膜处理中以全膜穴播较CK的增产幅度和WUE提高幅度最大,耗水量也最大。由于覆膜耗水量大,覆膜各处理收获期0—200 cm土壤贮水量均显著低于CK,但通过全年连续覆膜和夏闲期降水补充,在下茬秋播时,覆膜各处理0—200 cm土壤贮水量均超过CK,夏闲期覆膜的水分休闲效率两年度分别平均高出CK 41.8和86.4个百分点,覆膜有利于土壤水分恢复和下茬作物的可持续生产。覆膜方式中,以全膜覆土穴播种植效益最高,两个年度纯收益平均达5531.6元/hm2,较CK增收2542.2元/hm2。综合考虑,全膜覆土穴播是一种高产高效兼顾、操作简单、适宜于半干旱雨养区推广应用的冬小麦覆膜种植方式。     

灌溉对干旱区冬小麦干物质积累、分配和产量的影响

为探明灌溉对干旱区冬小麦(Triticum aestivum)产量、水分利用效率(WUE)、干物质积累及分配等的影响, 以甘肃河西走廊冬小麦适宜种植品种‘临抗2号’为材料进行了研究。在冬季灌水180 mm的条件下, 生育期以灌水量和灌水次数等共设置5个处理, 分别为: 拔节期灌水量165 mm (W1)、拔节期灌水量120 mm +抽穗期灌水量105 mm (W2)、拔节期灌水量105 mm +抽穗期灌水量105 mm +灌浆期灌水量105 mm (W3)、拔节期灌水量75 mm +抽穗期灌水量75 mm +灌浆期灌水量75 mm (W4)、拔节期灌水量105 mm +抽穗期灌水量75 mm +灌浆期灌水量45 mm (W5)。结果表明: 随着生育期的推进, 土壤有效含水量(AWC)受灌水次数及灌水量影响更加明显; W3、W4处理的土壤各层AWC在灌浆期均较高; 叶面积指数(LAI)下降慢, 延缓了生育后期的衰老; 生育后期干物质积累增加, 提高了穗粒数、千粒重和籽粒产量。籽粒产量以W3处理最高, 但W4具有最高的WUE, 且籽粒产量与W3无显著差异, 但W4较灌溉总量相同的W2和W5以及灌水量最少的W1具有明显的指标优势。W1、W2、W5处理灌浆期各层土壤AWC均较低, 花后LAI下降快, 干物质积累减少, 灌浆持续期缩短, 穗粒数和千粒重减少, 最终表现为籽粒产量和WUE下降。灌浆期水分胁迫可促进花前储存碳库向籽粒的再转运, 并随着干旱胁迫的加重而提高, 对籽粒产量起补偿作用; 水分胁迫提高了灌浆速率, 但缩短了灌浆持续期。相关性分析表明, 灌浆持续期、有效灌浆持续期、有效灌浆期粒重增加值和最大籽粒灌浆速率出现时间与千粒重和籽粒产量均呈正相关。综合考虑, 拔节、抽穗及灌浆期各灌溉75 mm是高产高WUE的最佳灌水方案。     

不同密度混播对玉米植株13C同化物分配和产量的影响

为了探讨不同密度混播对玉米植株¹³C同化物分配和产量的影响,选用‘郑单958’(ZD)和‘登海605’(DH)为试验材料,在不同密度下(LD,67500株·hm^-2;HD,97500株·hm^-2)设置单播(SZD、SDH)与混播(M、1∶1、2∶2)处理,研究玉米品种不同密度混播对植株光合特性、¹³C同化物分配、干物质积累量和产量的影响.结果表明: 随密度增加,籽粒产量、¹³C同化物在籽粒中的分配、干物质积累量和叶面积指数均提高;而叶绿素含量和净光合速率则降低.在67500株·hm^-2下,混播较单播处理无显著优势,但在97500株·hm^-2下,两品种混播提高了叶面积指数、叶绿素含量和穂位叶净光合速率,干物质积累量增加.混播促进茎等营养器官的干物质向籽粒的转运,提高了¹³C同化物在籽粒中的分配比例.混播处理较单播产量增加,主要因为千粒重显著增加.在高密度种植条件下,混播有助于扩大光合面积,维持较高的净光合速率,提高群体干物质积累量,改善干物质的分配状况,增加同化物向籽粒的分配,最终提高夏玉米产量.可见,混播栽培可显著增加黄淮海区密植夏玉米产量.     

一级生产水平下冬小麦、夏玉米的生产模拟

通过模拟计算得到一级生产水平下冬小麦和夏玉米的累积干物质动态曲线.两年的计算结果和实测值都比较吻合.研究表明,在黄淮海平原,可以把亩产吨粮作为冬小麦夏玉米一年两茬平作粮田达到一级生产水平的指标.若用中熟夏玉米套作代替早熟夏玉米平作,籽粒的年产量可增加一成.通过对不同叶面积指数下干物质产量的模拟计算,得到一年两茬平作的干物质产量最大可达46t·hm^-2,籽粒产量19.1t·hm^-2.     

种植密度对玉米-大豆间作群体产量和经济产值的影响

采用二次饱和D最优设计,研究了种植密度对玉米 大豆间作群体产量和经济产值的影响,并建立了以玉米和大豆密度为变量,以间作群体籽粒产量、干物质积累和经济产值为目标函数的二元二次数学模型.模型解析表明： 种植密度对玉米 大豆间作群体籽粒产量、干物质积累和经济产值影响显著,玉米密度对群体各指标的影响大于大豆密度.在低密度水平下,群体籽粒产量、干物质积累和经济产值均随密度的增加而增加.群体籽粒产量达到8101.31 kg·hm^-2,最优措施组合为：玉米密度72023株·hm^-2+大豆密度99924株·hm^-2;群体干物质积累达到15282.45 kg·hm^-2,最优措施组合为：玉米密度75000株·hm^-2+大豆密度93372株·hm^-2;群体经济产值达到23494.50元·hm^-2,最优措施组合为：玉米密度73758株·hm^-2+大豆密度87597株·hm^-2.通过计算机模拟得出,在本试验条件下,玉米-大豆间作群体籽粒产量≥7500kg·hm^-2、干物质积累≥14250 kg·hm^-2、经济产值≥22500元·hm^-2的最佳密度组合为：玉米种植密度58554～71547株·hm^-2,大豆种植密度82217～100303株·hm^-2.     

不同密度混播对玉米植株13C同化物分配和产量的影响

为了探讨不同密度混播对玉米植株¹³C同化物分配和产量的影响,选用‘郑单958’(ZD)和‘登海605’(DH)为试验材料,在不同密度下(LD,67500株·hm^-2;HD,97500株·hm^-2)设置单播(SZD、SDH)与混播(M、1∶1、2∶2)处理,研究玉米品种不同密度混播对植株光合特性、¹³C同化物分配、干物质积累量和产量的影响.结果表明: 随密度增加,籽粒产量、¹³C同化物在籽粒中的分配、干物质积累量和叶面积指数均提高;而叶绿素含量和净光合速率则降低.在67500株·hm^-2下,混播较单播处理无显著优势,但在97500株·hm^-2下,两品种混播提高了叶面积指数、叶绿素含量和穂位叶净光合速率,干物质积累量增加.混播促进茎等营养器官的干物质向籽粒的转运,提高了¹³C同化物在籽粒中的分配比例.混播处理较单播产量增加,主要因为千粒重显著增加.在高密度种植条件下,混播有助于扩大光合面积,维持较高的净光合速率,提高群体干物质积累量,改善干物质的分配状况,增加同化物向籽粒的分配,最终提高夏玉米产量.可见,混播栽培可显著增加黄淮海区密植夏玉米产量.     

夏玉米水分利用效率的时空变化规律研究

通过小区试验,本实验在不同生育阶段控水条件下,对玉米不分利用效率（ＷＵＥ）的时空变化规律进行研究。同雄期是玉米的需水关键期,该时期控制供水较充分,供水减产１８．２％,ＷＵＥ减小１６．８％灌浆期适度控水有利于节水增产。拔节期供水对作物株高和干物质积累影响明显,拔节期耗水量对玉米产量形成重要。     

基于DSSAT模型对豫北地区夏玉米灌溉制度的优化模拟

合理的灌溉制度是提高农业水资源利用效率、保证夏玉米高产稳产的前提。采用农业技术转化决策系统(DSSAT,Decision Support System for Agrotechno1ogy Transfer)探究了河南省北部地区夏玉米不同降水年型下的最优灌溉制度。经过参数的校正和验证,归一化均方根误差(nRMSE)、均方根误差(RMSE)和一致性指数(d)均表现出模拟值与实测值的吻合度很好,DSSAT-maize模型可以准确模拟夏玉米物候期、地上部分生物量、产量和土壤水分状况。然后基于模型模拟了不同灌溉处理下的夏玉米生产潜力,从而评估夏玉米缺水量,并对比分析不同生育时期灌水对产量的影响确定最优灌溉时期,综合考虑产量和水分利用效率确定最优灌溉制度。结果表明:夏玉米生长季的缺水量年际间差异显著,多年平均值为38.91 mm,波动范围为0—193.03 mm。在丰水年,不需要灌溉;在平水年,开花期灌水30 mm;在枯水年,开花期和灌浆期灌水50 mm;在特别干旱年,苗期、拔节期和开花期至少灌水180 mm。优化的灌溉制度下丰水年、平水年和枯水年的WUE达到最高且产量分别占其最高产量的100%、99.72%和97.89%,实现了作物高产节水协同提高的目标。     

遮阴对夏玉米干物质积累及养分吸收的影响

以振杰2号(ZJ2)、登海605(DH605)和郑单958(ZD958)为试验材料,在大田条件下设置花粒期遮阴(S₁)、穗期遮阴(S₂)、全生育期遮阴(S₃)3个遮阴处理,以自然光照条件为对照(CK),研究了遮阴对夏玉米干物质积累和氮、磷、钾吸收的影响.结果表明: 遮阴后夏玉米籽粒产量和单株干物质积累量显著降低,降低程度与遮阴时期有关,表现为S₃>S₁>S₂,其中S₁、S₂和S₃籽粒产量平均降低61.6%、25.3%和92.8%,说明花粒期遮阴较花前遮阴对夏玉米干物质积累和籽粒产量影响更大,不同品种的变化趋势相同.夏玉米植株花前养分吸收量表现为钾>氮>磷,植株吸收总量表现为氮>钾>磷.遮阴后植株氮和磷积累量显著减少,由于遮阴后干物质较对照降低程度大于对氮、磷吸收的降低程度,各处理氮、磷相对含量有所升高;遮阴后各处理植株钾吸收量较对照显著降低,但S₂处理的钾吸收降低程度大于干物质积累降低程度,钾相对含量降低,即花前遮阴对玉米钾吸收的影响大于氮和磷.