桉树枝瘿姬小蜂胚胎发育及胚后发育

【目的】对桉属树木的重要害虫桉树枝瘿姬小蜂Leptocybe invasa胚胎发育及胚后发育生物学特征进行详细调查,以期深入了解该害虫的生物学特征及发生为害规律。【方法】对桉树枝瘿姬小蜂雌性生殖系统、卵、虫瘿进行解剖,观察其胚胎发育和胚后发育过程,测量其各发育阶段的虫瘿、虫室和幼体的体积及薄壁细胞层的厚度。【结果】桉树枝瘿姬小蜂完成胚胎发育约需138 h,由3个阶段组成：产卵后0-24 h为营养物质聚集期;36-84 h为胚胎期;96-138 h为孵化期。桉树枝瘿姬小蜂在虫瘿内完成发育,其发育过程与虫瘿发育过程保持一致。虫瘿结构由3个基本层组成,由外至内分别为表皮层、中间层和薄壁细胞层。桉树枝瘿姬小蜂幼虫体积增长速率随发育时间呈现单峰型,在30 d时增长速率达到最大;虫瘿体积的增长速率呈抛物线状,并且虫瘿内薄壁细胞层厚度随发育时间也呈现抛物线状,其前期增长较快,后期下降变缓。【结论】桉树枝瘿姬小蜂发育至25 d时处于取食量较小的低龄阶段,而虫瘿内薄壁细胞层(食物)厚度已达到最大,为幼虫体积快速增大阶段作好准备。     

Rickettsia Symbionts Cause Parthenogenetic Reproduction in the Parasitoid Wasp Pnigalio soemius (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae)

Bacteria in the genus Rickettsia are intracellular symbionts of disparate groups of organisms. Some Rickettsia strains infect vertebrate animals and plants, where they cause diseases, but most strains are vertically inherited symbionts of invertebrates. In insects Rickettsia symbionts are known to have diverse effects on hosts ranging from influencing host fitness to manipulating reproduction. Here we provide evidence that a Rickettsia symbiont causes thelytokous parthenogenesis (in which mothers produce only daughters from unfertilized eggs) in a parasitoid wasp, Pnigalio soemius (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae). Feeding antibiotics to thelytokous female wasps resulted in production of progeny that were almost all males. Cloning and sequencing of a fragment of the 16S rRNA gene amplified with universal primers, diagnostic PCR screening of symbiont lineages associated with manipulation of reproduction, and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) revealed that Rickettsia is always associated with thelytokous P. soemius and that no other bacteria that manipulate reproduction are present. Molecular analyses and FISH showed that Rickettsia is distributed in the reproductive tissues and is transovarially transmitted from mothers to offspring. Comparison of antibiotic-treated females and untreated females showed that infection had no cost. Phylogenetic analyses of 16S rRNA and gltA gene sequences placed the symbiont of P. soemius in the bellii group and indicated that there have been two separate origins of the parthenogenesis-inducing phenotype in the genus Rickettsia. A possible route for evolution of induction of parthenogenesis in the two distantly related Rickettsia lineages is discussed.The genus Rickettsia contains a group of obligate intracellular symbionts of eukaryotic cells and belongs to the family Rickettsiaceae in the order Rickettsiales of the Alphaproteobacteria (58, 90). Many species have medical importance as they are pathogens of humans and other vertebrates; pathogenic Rickettsia species infect their hosts through blood-feeding arthropods, including lice, fleas, ticks, and mites (51, 80). In addition to Rickettsia species that cause infectious diseases in vertebrates, symbiotic species have been found in disparate groups of organisms, including arthropods, annelids, amoebae, hydrozoa, and plants (53). Rickettsia appears to be especially common in arthropods, having been found in a wide range of taxa in the classes Entognatha (springtails), Insecta (booklice, lice, bugs, leafhoppers, aphids, whiteflies, fleas, flies, lacewings, moths, beetles, and wasps), and Acarina (ticks and mites) (86). However, in most cases, the effect of Rickettsia on the invertebrate host has not been established yet. In general, Rickettsia bacteria are facultative symbionts, but in the booklouse Liposcelis bostrychophila the association is strictly obligate and Rickettsia has an essential role in oocyte development (54, 92). Facultative symbiotic Rickettsia strains have been reported to negatively affect some aspects of host fitness, causing reductions in body weight, fecundity, and longevity in the pea aphid (16, 60, 64), reductions in viability in some blood-feeding arthropod vectors (5, 46), and increased susceptibility to insecticides in the sweet potato whitefly (41). There is also evidence that Rickettsia has positive effects on host fitness, such as a larger body size in infected leeches (40) and a possible role in the oogenesis of a bark beetle (93). Finally, facultative symbiotic rickettsiae can be reproductive parasites of insects. Rickettsia strains are the causal agents of male killing (infected male embryos die) in some ladybird (79, 88) and buprestid leaf-mining (42) beetles. They are also the cause of thelytokous parthenogenesis (in which mothers produce only daughters from unfertilized eggs) in a parasitoid wasp (32). Both kinds of reproductive manipulation bias the host sex ratio toward females and favor the spread of the transovarially inherited Rickettsia strains in the infected populations. In general, Rickettsia is transmitted primarily vertically to host progeny, but in pathogenic species there is concomitant horizontal transmission via intermediate vertebrate hosts, which plays an important role in maintaining the infection in populations of blood-feeding arthropods (53, 57). An exception is Rickettsia prowazekii, the epidemic typhus agent, which spreads only via horizontal transmission in louse host populations (5). Only one Rickettsia is known to be a plant pathogen, and leafhoppers transfer this pathogen horizontally between plants (20). The fact that Rickettsia can be transmitted horizontally and then perpetuated vertically in host descendants has probably been one of the most important factors determining the enormous diversity of Rickettsia symbiotic associations. This point has been emphasized by analyses that have revealed considerable incongruence between Rickettsia and host phylogenies, indicating that horizontal transfer has occurred multiple times over evolutionary timescales (53, 54, 86).In addition to Rickettsia, diverse heritable bacteria are known to manipulate host reproduction to enhance their transmission in arthropods (12, 23). Wolbachia (order Rickettsiales, family Anaplasmataceae), a close relative of Rickettsia (90), is able to induce all known forms of manipulation of reproduction, including cytoplasmic incompatibility, feminization of genetic males, male killing, and parthenogenesis (68). Previously, only Cardinium (Sphingobacteria) has been shown to cause a similar range of reproductive phenotypes, except for male killing (35). The emerging diversity of Rickettsia associated with arthropods (53, 86), combined with evidence that it can manipulate host reproduction in more than one way, suggests that this symbiont may also be a master manipulator.In the Hymenoptera, the dominant mode of reproduction is arrhenotoky; that is, diploid females develop from fertilized eggs, and haploid males develop from unfertilized eggs (76). However, thelytokous parthenogenesis is common, and in some lineages, like the superfamilies Chalcidoidea and Cynipoidea, it is strongly associated with Wolbachia or Cardinium infection (33, 35). Parthenogenesis-inducing (PI) bacteria cause restoration of diploidy in unfertilized haploid eggs, which results in female offspring (28, 50, 69). PI Wolbachia and PI Cardinium also occur in other groups of haplodiploid arthropods, such as mites (82), scale insects (56), and thrips (4). Previously, the only example of PI caused by Rickettsia was found in the eulophid parasitoid wasp Neochrysocharis formosa (1, 32). Besides PI bacteria, uniparental (thelytokous) reproduction in haplodiploid arthropods can also be caused by feminizing bacteria that are able to interact with the host sex determination system and force the development of genotypic males toward functional phenotypic females. To date, only Cardinium has been reported to be a causal agent of feminization in haplodiploid arthropods, and only two examples are known: a mite in which Cardinium causes haploid male embryos to develop as haploid females (18, 83) and a parasitoid wasp in which diploid males are converted to females (27).In this paper, thelytokous reproduction in a parasitoid wasp, Pnigalio soemius (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), was studied. This wasp, which is probably a complex of cryptic species (8), is a solitary ectoparasitoid that attacks larvae of many leafminer insect species in the orders Coleoptera, Diptera, Hymenoptera, and Lepidoptera (48), some of which are pests of agricultural crops (37, 61). Female P. soemius wasps paralyze host larvae by injection of venom and subsequently lay a single egg next to the host inside a leaf mine; then the parasitoid larva eats the killed host (7). Commonly, P. soemius reproduces biparentally, and the occurrence of thelytoky has not been reported previously. The aims of this study were to determine whether symbiotic bacteria are involved in manipulating the reproduction of P. soemius and then to determine the taxonomic affiliation and phenotype of the manipulators of reproduction discovered. By using antibiotic treatments and karyological analysis of the insect studied, molecular and phylogenetic characterization of the symbiotic bacteria, and detection of intracellular symbionts by means of fluorescence in situ hybridization, it was demonstrated that a PI Rickettsia causes thelytokous reproduction in P. soemius.     

桉树枝瘿姬小蜂雄虫在中国的首次发现

本文用图文简要记述了桉树枝瘿姬小蜂雄虫的形态特征.这是该虫雄蜂在中国的首次报道.     

Assessment performance of Eucalyptus clones attacked by the recent invasion of Leptocybe invasa (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae): Implications to invasion pest management

Eucalyptus gall wasp, Leptocybe invasa is one of the most important invasive pests of Eucalyptus (Myrtaceae) and has been reported in new cultivation areas worldwide. This pest causes severe damage to susceptible plants of the genus Eucalyptus, where it induces galls in the midribs and petioles of young leaves and the internodes of branch and apices. In this work, we evaluated the response of Eucalyptus clones (E. urophylla (Urophylla) and two clone hybrids, one of the E. urophylla × E. camaldulensis (Urocam) and other of E. urophylla × E. grandis (Urograndis) crossings.) submitted to L. invasa collected from areas where L. invasa was recently reported. Our results show that the eucalypt materials cultivated in the areas where L. invasa were reported sensitive to L. invasa attacks. However, the wasp causes fewer galls in the Urocam clone. Thus, the Urocam clone can be preferred for use to reduce population growth of L. invasa in Brazilian savannah areas.     

No Concordant Phylogeographies of the Rose Gall Wasp Diplolepis rosae (Hymenoptera,Cynipidae) and Two Associated Parasitoids across Europe

According to the Host-tracking Hypothesis, species of higher trophic levels with a close relationship to their hosts, such as parasites or parasitoids, are expected to show spatio-temporal phylogeographic patterns similar to those of their host. Alternatively, with ecological sorting, a subset of the local species pools might shift to a related host species, thereby disengaging common phylogeographic patterns. Here, we compare the phylogeographic structures of the cynipid rose gall wasp Diplolepis rosae across Europe and of two of its most common parasitoids, the wasps Orthopelma mediator and Glyphomerus stigma, by analysing the sequences of two gene fragments (COI and ITS 2). The phylogeographic structures of the three species associated with roses were incongruent. D. rosae had the lowest genetic diversity with one major clade, O. mediator showed the classical phylogeographic structure for Europe with one eastern and one western clade, and G. stigma had the highest diversity but no geographical structuring. This discordance of geographical patterns may be explained by 1) the dispersal propensity of adult parasitoids or 2) the parasitoids having the ability to switch to another host, while the primary host becomes rare or is even not available. Furthermore there was no indication that phylogenetic patterns were affected by Wolbachia infections. Our results document that communities of closely interacting species may be the result of idiosyncratic biogeographic histories.     

First record of Closterocerus chamaeleon,parasitoid of the Eucalyptus Gall Wasp Ophelimus maskelli (Hymenoptera,Chalcidoidea, Eulophidae), in the New World

The uniparental parasitoid Closteroceruschamaeleon (Girault) is discovered to be fortuitously present on a population of the invasive Eucalyptus Gall Wasp Ophelimusmaskelli (Ashmead) in Riverside, California. This is the first report from the New World of Closteroceruschamaeleon, which has proven to be a highly effective natural enemy of Ophelimusmaskelli in the Mediterranean Basin. The taxonomy and identification of Closteroceruschamaeleon is discussed.     

The British species of Achrysocharoides (Hymenoptera, Eulophidae)

Abstract. Taxonomic notes and a key are provided for the eleven species of Achrysocharoides found in Britain including A.carpini sp.n. Several forms of undetermined specific status are also described. Two species-groups are erected: the latreillii group and the aty s group. All British species have been reared as parasites only of leaf-mining larval Gracillariidae (Lepidoptera); one brood is here recorded from Caloptilia on Quercus; all other rearings are from Phyllono-rycter species. Parasite—host associations and speciation within the genus are discussed.     

Female reproductive biology of Platygaster diplosisae (Hymenoptera: Platygastridae) and Aprostocetus procerae (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), two parasitoids associated with the African Rice Gall Midge, Orseolia oryzivora (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae)

We investigated the female reproductive system of Platygaster diplosisae (Hymenoptera: Platygastridae) and Aprostocetus procerae (= Tetrastichus pachydiplosisae) (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), two parasitoids associated with the African rice gall midge, Orseolia oryzivora (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae). Both optical and electron microscopy were used. The female reproductive system of P. diplosisae includes two large ovaries of the meristic polytrophic‐type, each composed of several tens of ovarioles. The system includes also a venomous gland that extends to a common oviduct. This gland had a filiform secretory portion, in which the epithelium was thin and surrounded a common evacuation canal. The secretory cells secrete into a large reservoir. Parasitism due to P. diplosisae is gregarious. The female reproductive system of A. procerae includes two ovaries of the meristic polytrophic‐type, and each ovary has a few ovarioles. Each ovariole includes one or two oocytes, which can be seen in the vitellarium. Two accessory glands, which extend to the oviduct, are also visible. The secretory epithelium of the accessory gland is made up of a dense network of secretory cells surrounded by muscle fibers. Females of A. procerae pierce the tissues of the gall and probably deposit one egg on or close to the pupa of the midge. Aprostocetus procerae is a solitary parasitoid of the midge. The two parasitoids exploit the same host at different developmental stages. These findings improve our knowledge of the reproductive biology of these two parasitoids associated with the African rice gall midge, an important pest in Africa.     

麦氏安瘿蜂体内侵染Wolbachia的WO噬菌体的检测及其orf7基因序列分析

Wolbachia为节肢动物等的细胞质共生细菌,能对宿主的繁殖模式进行调控,包括诱导胞质不亲和、孤雌生殖、雌性化及雄性致死。WO噬菌体是一类侵染节肢动物体内Wolbachia的细菌病毒。为检测麦氏安瘿蜂Wolbachia是否被WO噬菌体侵染,本研究使用WO噬菌体的orf 7基因引物,对信阳、六安及长沙3种群的WO噬菌体进行了PCR检测。结果显示,3种群的雌、雄虫体内的Wolbachia均有WO噬菌体的侵染,感染率为100%。获得的3种群麦氏安瘿蜂Wolbachia的WO噬菌体orf 7基因序列均为371 bp,序列完全一致。其序列与粉斑螟Ephestia cautella的wECau B3-1和wCauA5-1株系、反颚茧蜂Asobara tabida的wAtabA3-3株系的一致性最高,在NJ和ML系统树中,均聚合在同一分支,属于WO噬菌体的第Ⅲ大群。     

美丽青背姬小蜂生物学特性研究

美丽青背姬小蜂Chrysonotomyiaformosa（Westwood）是美洲斑潜蝇的优势天敌,在美洲 斑潜蝇的自然控制中发挥着非常重要的作用。本文对其生物学进行了研究,结果表明：在实验 温度范围内,随着温度的升高,寄生蜂羽化趋早,羽化时间更集中,羽化高峰也更明显;随着 温度的升高,成蜂的寿命逐渐缩短。在提供清水时,寄主可以显著地延长雌蜂的寿命;在有寄 主时,提供10%蜂蜜水,雌蜂的寿命显著延长。美丽青背姬小蜂对3龄寄主幼虫有偏好,对3龄寄 主幼虫的致死率和寄生率都高于对1～2龄寄主幼虫的,且产下后代的雌雄性比为5.11∶1。在 实验温度范围内,发育历期随温度的升高而缩短。     

短梗长尾啮小蜂的生物学特性

短梗长尾啮小蜂Aprostocetus brevipedicellus是林业害虫的一种重要卵寄生蜂,目前国内外对其生物学特性尚没有报道.本研究在温度25±1℃、相对湿度70％ ±5％、光周期14 L:10 D条件下对该蜂的生物学特性进行了观察.结果表明,以柞蚕卵为寄主,该蜂的发育历期为23.58 d,其中卵期、幼虫期、...     

Phyllonorycter medicaginella (Lepidoptera, Gracillariidae) and its parasitoids (Hymenoptera, Eulophidae) in the Middle Volga River basin

Fifteen species of parasitoids, Chrysocharis idyia (Walker, 1983), Ch. laricinellae (Ratzeburg, 1848), Ch. submutica Graham, 1963, Ch. viridis (Nees, 1834), Hemiptarsenus ornatus (Nees, 1834), Neochrysocharis formosa (Westwood, 1833), Pediobius cassidae Erd?s, 1958, P. metallicus (Nees, 1834), Pnigalio nemati (Westwood, 1838), P. mediterraneus Ferriére & Delucchi, 1957, P. pectinicornis (Linnaeus, 1758), P. soemius (Walker, 1839), Rhicnopelte crassicornis (Nees, 1834), Sympiesis gordius (Walker, 1839), and Hyssopus sp. n., were reared from Phyllonorycter medicaginella on Melilotius offlcinalis for the first time. Hyssopus simbirskiensis sp. n. reared from Ph. medicaginella is described. Eight ectoparasitoid species (Hyssopus ornatus, H. simbirskiensis sp. n., Rh. crassicornis, P. mediterraneus, P. nemati, P. pectinicornis, P. soemius, and S. gordius) attack all the larval instars of Ph. medicaginella. Seven endoparasitoids (P. cassidae, P. metallicus, Ch. idyia, Ch. laricinellae, Ch. submutica, Ch. viridis, and N. formosa) attack only the 4-5th-instar larvae.     

Evolution of the courtship display of Melittobia (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae)

Melittobia, a polyphagous pupal parasitoid of many solitary bees and wasps, has a complex courtship display, the evolutionary history of which is poorly understood. The current phylogeny of this genus suggests the complexity of the courtship has increased over time. We test this hypothesis using Bayesian and Maximum likelihood techniques to construct a molecular phylogeny of Melittobia-the first for this genus using modern techniques--using two intergenic regions (Internal Transcribed Spacer regions 1 and 2) and Cytochrome Oxidase 1 (CO1), and reconstruct the ancestral state of each major node in the phylogeny for five behaviors coincidental to major shifts in display complexity. We show that species-groups identified solely on behavioral characters are reliable, although the relationships among groups are different than those previously hypothesized. We also show that behaviors traditionally used in the courtship studies do not support a hypothesis of increasing display complexity over time.     

Oviposition behavior of Phymastichus coffea LaSalle (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) on its natural host

Phymastichus coffea LaSalle is an African endoparasitoid of adults of the coffee berry borer, Hypothenemus hampei (Ferrari) that was introduced into Mexico for biological control purposes. The objective of this study was to investigate the oviposition behavior of P. coffea on its host under laboratory conditions. The results indicate that P. coffea females exhibited 12 behavioral acts during and after oviposition, such as, walking, cleaning, flying, surface landing, resting, host landing, host antennation, touching the host with forelegs, host recognition, walking on the host, oviposition and cleaning after oviposition. The sequence of each behavior is described in an ethogram.     

Interrelationship between the raspberry cane midge, Resseliella theobaldi (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) and its parasitoid, Aprostocetus epicharmus (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae)

The raspberry cane midge Resseliella theobaldi (Barnes) is one of the most important pests of cultivated red raspberry Rubus idaeus L. throughout Europe. For the last 50 years several studies have been made on the biology, life cycle and control of the pest. Some data can also be found on its natural enemies, but among these species only the chalcidoid Tetrastichus inunctus Nees turned out to be important in controlling raspberry cane midge populations. However, this species name is now ambiguous as the type is lost. In the present study, Aprostocetus epicharmus Walker was the chalcidoid species that parasitized the larvae of the raspberry cane midge, and its biology seems to be very similar to that of T. inunctus. It is therefore probable that the eulophid species earlier referred to as T. inunctus in the literature is A. epicharmus. Besides discussing this problem, particular consideration and detailed data are given on the biology and life cycle of A. epicharmus in relation to R. theobaldi. Different factors having effect on the population dynamics of both species are also discussed as results of a survey on several red raspberry cultivars, carried out in Hungary between 2002 and 2005.     

中国宽脉啮小蜂属(膜翅目:姬小蜂科)的种类及鉴定

本研究对我国姬小蜂科Eulophidae宽脉啮小蜂属Dzhanokmenia Kostjukov,1977进行分类和比较形态学研究,记录该属7种,其中中国新记录2种,提供了7种的鉴别特征及生物学和地理分布信息。比较形态学研究结果表明:宽脉啮小蜂属在头部、触角、腹部背板、腿节以及雌性外生殖器着生位置等结构上存在明显的形态特化和种间差异,这些结构特征能有效应用于属内物种鉴定,为该类群物种的准确鉴定提供依据。基于上述研究结果,本研究编制了该属的分种检索表。     

刺桐姬小蜂生物学特性研究

刺桐姬小蜂Quadrastichus erythrinae Kim是新近发现的重要检疫性有害生物,在新加坡、毛里求斯、留尼汪、中国台湾、美国夏威夷和中国大陆深圳对刺桐属植物造成严重危害。本文结合田间观察和室内实验对刺桐姬小蜂生物学特性进行了较为系统的研究。结果表明： 刺桐姬小蜂成虫活动与温度、光照密切相关。补充营养能显著延长雌成虫寿命,但对雄成虫寿命无影响。成虫性比随环境温度变化而变化。该虫的平均怀卵量为275.8粒,30℃时成虫的产卵量和产卵率最高,分别为203.63粒和73.83%。发育起点温度和世代有效积温分别为13.37℃和458.27日·度。温度与发育历期呈显著的负相关（r**=-0.9161）。