共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 9 毫秒
1.
Namibia's Community Based Natural Resource Management program is a joint venture between government, national non-governmental
organisations and rural communities. A component of the program involves communities in monitoring various aspects of their
conservancy, ranging from wildlife numbers, through economic returns, to patrolling records and infringements of the rules.
A main feature of community monitoring is the Event Book System, which differs from conventional monitoring in that the community
dictates what needs to be monitored, and scientists only facilitate the design process and conservancy members undertake all
data analysis. The system has been adopted with good results by more than 30 communal conservancies in Namibia, covering almost
seven million ha, and is now also being piloted in six national parks. Continued emphasis is needed on enhancing community
interpretation and use of data for active adaptive management, particularly where conservancy leaders are transient due to
the democratic nature of local organizations. Moreover, because the system is driven by local priorities, it does not cover
all aspects of a comprehensive biodiversity monitoring programme. Where society deems other biodiversity values worth monitoring,
conservancies must either be willingly persuaded to act on this, or external systems must be established to cater for these
needs. If a community already has a monitoring system of its own, a win–win solution might be for the community to be sub-contracted
to undertake these ȁ8external modules' on behalf of national agencies. 相似文献
2.
Michael Bollig Diego A. Menestrey Schwieger 《Human ecology: an interdisciplinary journal》2014,42(2):167-181
Contemporary theoretical accounts of common pool resource management assume that communities are able to develop institutions for sustainable resource management if they are given security of access and appropriate rights of management. In recent years comprehensive legal reforms of communal rural resource management in Namibia have sought to create an institutional framework linking the sustainable use of natural resources (game, water, forest) and rural development. The state, however, ceded rights to rural communities in an ambiguous and fragmented manner, creating a number of instances of overlapping property rights and different legal conditions for different natural resources. Nowadays communities grapple with the challenge of developing institutions for these resource-centered “new commons”. This paper describes the process of local institutional development, focusing on the challenges arising from the necessity to define group boundaries, the issues arising from monitoring and sanctioning within newly defined institutions, and the ideological underpinnings of different trajectories of communal resource management. 相似文献
3.
Multidisciplinary Approaches to Natural Resource Management 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Counter-acting forces to increase rural production and/or its efficiency, and to sustain an ecosystem now recognised to be
under increasing and destructive pressures have created exigencies in achieving balanced natural resource management (NRM).
Nowhere is this more apparent than in the management of the Murray Darling System in south-eastern Australia. All actions
affecting natural resources impinge on the ecosystems that support those resources, the economy based on them, and the human
society and culture connected to them. Change is best managed with the cooperation of those most affected. If NRM is to be
achieved through informed community decisions, there is a need for a multidisciplinary process, drawing on specialist (intra-disciplinary)
expertise, and a requirement to pull the resultant knowledge into an integrated form which supports decision-making at the
management and community level. We propose a framework that identifies tasks necessary to support community decision-making
and inject specialist technical knowledge into the process. For complex NRM issues, it is likely that there is insufficient
information in one or more disciplines to support a strong decision. Where possible, this should lead to the interposition
of targeted pilot trials, based on principles of adaptive management, prior to the final assessment and (presumedly) management
plans. These ‘management experiments’ follow a similar path to specialist hypotheses and measurements (based on the same management
intervention) followed by an integrated assessment. It appears that identification of, and engagement with, components of
the community, and analytical techniques to support integrated assessment are two major areas in which new knowledge is urgently
needed. 相似文献
4.
Joseph F. Feulefack Martin K. Luckert Sandeep Mohapatra Sean B. Cash Arif Alibhai Walter Kipp 《PloS one》2013,8(6)
Though health benefits to households in developing countries from antiretroviral treatment (ART) programs are widely reported in the literature, specific estimates regarding impacts of treatments on household incomes are rare. This type of information is important to governments and donors, as it is an indication of returns to their ART investments, and to better understand the role of HIV/AIDS in development. The objective of this study is to estimate the impact of a community-based ART program on household incomes in a previously underserved rural region of Uganda. A community-based ART program, based largely on labor contributions from community volunteers, was implemented and evaluated. All households with HIV/AIDS patients enrolled in the treatment programme (n = 134 households) were surveyed five times; once at the beginning of the treatment and every three months thereafter for a period of one year. Data were collected on household income from cash earnings and value of own production. The analysis, using ordinary least squares and quantile regressions, identifies the impact of the ART program on household incomes over the first year of the treatment, while controlling for heterogeneity in household characteristics and temporal changes. As a result of the treatment, health conditions of virtually all patients improved, and household incomes increased by approximately 30% to 40%, regardless of household income quantile. These increases in income, however, varied significantly depending on socio-demographic and socio-economic control variables. Overall, results show large and significant impacts of the ART program on household incomes, suggesting large returns to public investments in ART, and that treating HIV/AIDS is an important precondition for development. Moreover, development programs that invest in human capital and build wealth are important complements that can increase the returns to ART programs. 相似文献
5.
Nicholas E. Flanders 《Human ecology: an interdisciplinary journal》1998,26(3):425-449
The relationship between Native Americans and the Euro-American settlers has evolved from the latter seeking to end the separate identity of the former to one in which the U.S. government uses Native rights to control large-scale resource problems. This new relationship arose out of a need to control water in Western states for irrigation, but has expanded into other areas. The Navajo sheep reductions of the 1930s and 1940s may be seen as an instance of this relationship. Concerns about siltation behind the Hoover Dam justified a program that dramatically transformed the Navajo economy. A second case concerns conflict over a caribou herd in northwestern Alaska. The conflict eventually led to the Federal government taking management of fish and game on Federal lands back from the state government. Both these cases show the development of a technocracy, based on Federal trusteeship over Native resources, concerned with the control of nature similar to that observed in Wittfogel's writings on Chinese irrigation. 相似文献
6.
7.
David Henley 《Human ecology: an interdisciplinary journal》2008,36(2):273-290
This paper uses a variety of historical evidence from Indonesia to explore the conditions for sustainable management of natural
resources. In the agricultural sphere, history gives reason for optimism regarding the ability of individuals to conserve
and improve soil resources on an uncoordinated, anarchic basis under systems of intensive smallholder farming and agroforestry.
It also suggests that this ability may be enhanced, rather than eroded, both by population growth and by the commercialization
of agriculture. When it comes to the management of forests and fisheries and the conservation of nature, by contrast, there
is less reason for optimism. If sustainable solutions are to be found in these spheres, the historical evidence suggests that
they will involve political hierarchy, and will depend on the honouring of a social contract in which the state serves the
public interest while retaining the powers of coercion which it needs in order to do just that. 相似文献
8.
William Ascher 《Ecosystems》2001,4(8):742-757
To cope with the daunting challenges posed by system complexity while maximizing their organizational interests, resource
management institutions must implement strategies aimed at reducing some of the particular dimensions of complexity. Virtually
all of the recent initiatives to improve resource management—ecosystem management, adaptive management, stakeholder negotiation,
disturbance prevention, multiple mandates for resource management agencies, resource homogenization, restoration ecology,
the creation of protected areas, the restoration of local-user rights, and algorithmic resource exploitation rules—are vulnerable
to inappropriate interest-driven simplifications, many of which result from patterns of perverse learning. A research agenda
designed to identify better means of coping with complexity and the effects of organizational interests could help to improve
resource and environmental management.
Received 4 October 2000; accepted 15 June 2001. 相似文献
9.
Katherine C. Ewel 《Ecosystems》2001,4(8):716-722
Human influence is now so pervasive that every ecosystem on Earth is being managed, whether intentionally or inadvertently.
It is therefore imperative for scientists and managers to work together so that appropriate management regimes can be put
in place wherever possible. However, it is not always clear what is appropriate, and the difficulties that often arise when
scientists and managers work together can be even further compounded by the inclusion of lay stakeholders in the decision-making
process. The expansion of interdisciplinary undergraduate and graduate programs would help both scientists and managers to
deal more effectively with sociological issues and to understand how economic and demographic changes impact on natural resources.
In addition, continuing education programs in these areas should be made available to established professionals to help them
deal with new challenges. The concept of ecosystem services should be used to communicate the importance of various ecosystem
components and processes to a broader audience. Consensus on a management regime can often be achieved through adaptive management.
The process by which interdisciplinary collaboration can lead to new insights and research initiatives is exemplified by a
resource management study on the island of Kosrae, Federated States of Micronesia. As a paradigm of natural resource management,
microcosms like this small island community offer a unique opportunity for training and education.
Received 4 October 2000; accepted 20 March 2001. 相似文献
10.
JOHN FIEBERG LOUIS CORNICELLI DAVID C. FULTON MARRETT D. GRUND 《The Journal of wildlife management》2010,74(4):871-879
Abstract: We used a simple yet powerful method for judging public support for management actions from randomized surveys. We asked respondents to rank choices (representing management regulations under consideration) according to their preference, and we then used discrete choice models to estimate probability of choosing among options (conditional on the set of options presented to respondents). Because choices may share similar unmodeled characteristics, the multinomial logit model, commonly applied to discrete choice data, may not be appropriate. We introduced the nested logit model, which offers a simple approach for incorporating correlation among choices. This forced choice survey approach provides a useful method of gathering public input; it is relatively easy to apply in practice, and the data are likely to be more informative than asking constituents to rate attractiveness of each option separately. 相似文献
11.
The use of mobile phones has increased rapidly in many developing countries, including in rural areas. Besides reducing the costs of communication and improving access to information, mobile phones are an enabling technology for other innovations. One important example are mobile phone based money transfers, which could be very relevant for the rural poor, who are often underserved by the formal banking system. We analyze impacts of mobile money technology on the welfare of smallholder farm households in Kenya. Using panel survey data and regression models we show that mobile money use has a positive impact on household income. One important pathway is through remittances received from relatives and friends. Such remittances contribute to income directly, but they also help to reduce risk and liquidity constraints, thus promoting agricultural commercialization. Mobile money users apply more purchased farm inputs, market a larger proportion of their output, and have higher profits than non-users of this technology. These results suggest that mobile money can help to overcome some of the important smallholder market access constraints that obstruct rural development and poverty reduction. 相似文献
12.
MICHAEL J. SHERIDAN 《American anthropologist》2006,108(3):587-588
Beyond Territory and Scarcity: Exploring Conflicts over Natural Resource Management. Quentin Gausset, Michael A. Whyte, and Torben Birch-Thomsen, eds. Uppsala: Nordiska Afrikainstitutet, 2005. 218 pp. 相似文献
13.
14.
Lisa Robins 《EcoHealth》2007,4(3):247-263
This paper examines capacity-building measures used by the health sector relevant to natural resource management (NRM) using
the delivery of two programs in Australia through its recently formalized 56 community-based regional NRM Boards as a reference
point. The delivery of NRM outcomes through devolved governance arrangements has been hampered by inadequate capacity in other
countries (e.g., New Zealand, Canada). The inherent complexities of NRM, coupled with professional “comfort zones,” often
limit actors from looking to other sectors confronting similar issues. This paper summarizes findings from ∼70 sources in
health reviewing nine major capacity-building measures. The outcomes of research evaluating the relative benefits and disbenefits
of applying these measures are discussed. The paper identifies several opportunities to trial some of these measures in NRM.
相似文献
Lisa RobinsEmail: |
15.
Natural Resource Management, Paradigm Shifts, and the Decentralization Reform in Mali 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Tor A. Benjaminsen 《Human ecology: an interdisciplinary journal》1997,25(1):121-143
The mainstream view in natural resource management in African drylands has been that local people are responsible for natural resource degradation. Today, alternative views or new paradigms are emerging in several fields. These new paradigms, which support decentralization of natural resource management, are discussed in relation to the ongoing decentralization process in Mali. During the colonial period, heavily centralized governments were installed in all the French colonies. This structure was maintained by Malian governments after independence. However, following the recent transition to democracy, a decentralizing reform is being implemented. It is presently not clear whether these reforms will lead to mere deconcentration, involving the redistribution of administrative responsibilities within the central government, or whether Mali is heading toward real decentralization, devolving decision making powers to local communities. The gestion de terroir approach, which may be a useful tool in achieving decentralization in farming communities, would, in pastoral areas, cause more damage than benefit. 相似文献
16.
17.
Stability in Natural Bacterial Communities: II. Plant Resource Allocation Effects on Rhizosphere Diazotroph Assemblage Composition 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
18.
A Country Report: Challenges Facing Iranian Agriculture and Natural Resource Management in the Twenty-First Century 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Esmail Karamidehkordi 《Human ecology: an interdisciplinary journal》2010,38(2):295-303
Iran’s population has doubled from 33.7 million in 1976 to 70 million in 2006. According to the 2006 Census, 68.4% of the
population live in urban areas and 31.6% live in 40,000 rural villages. This census excludes the nomadic population, which
is estimated to be 1.3 million people. Despite agricultural production growing faster than population in the last three decades,
2.7 million people (4%) were still undernourished and almost 2% of the population had an income less than 1 a day (9.3 than1 a day (9.3% less
than 2 a day) in 1990–2003. The agricultural sector thus faces the prospect of feeding 100 million people by 2050, as well
as the challenge of improving the livelihoods of farmers. This report addresses the issues inherent in this dilemma. 相似文献
19.
Community-based management and the establishment of marine reserves have been advocated worldwide as means to overcome overexploitation of fisheries. Yet, researchers and managers are divided regarding the effectiveness of these measures. The “tragedy of the commons” model is often accepted as a universal paradigm, which assumes that unless managed by the State or privatized, common-pool resources are inevitably overexploited due to conflicts between the self-interest of individuals and the goals of a group as a whole. Under this paradigm, the emergence and maintenance of effective community-based efforts that include cooperative risky decisions as the establishment of marine reserves could not occur. In this paper, we question these assumptions and show that outcomes of commons dilemmas can be complex and scale-dependent. We studied the evolution and effectiveness of a community-based management effort to establish, monitor, and enforce a marine reserve network in the Gulf of California, Mexico. Our findings build on social and ecological research before (1997–2001), during (2002) and after (2003–2004) the establishment of marine reserves, which included participant observation in >100 fishing trips and meetings, interviews, as well as fishery dependent and independent monitoring. We found that locally crafted and enforced harvesting rules led to a rapid increase in resource abundance. Nevertheless, news about this increase spread quickly at a regional scale, resulting in poaching from outsiders and a subsequent rapid cascading effect on fishing resources and locally-designed rule compliance. We show that cooperation for management of common-pool fisheries, in which marine reserves form a core component of the system, can emerge, evolve rapidly, and be effective at a local scale even in recently organized fisheries. Stakeholder participation in monitoring, where there is a rapid feedback of the systems response, can play a key role in reinforcing cooperation. However, without cross-scale linkages with higher levels of governance, increase of local fishery stocks may attract outsiders who, if not restricted, will overharvest and threaten local governance. Fishers and fishing communities require incentives to maintain their management efforts. Rewarding local effective management with formal cross-scale governance recognition and support can generate these incentives. 相似文献
20.
Kim Thuy Nguyen Oanh Thi Hai Khuat Shuangge Ma Duc Cuong Pham Giang Thi Hong Khuat Jennifer Prah Ruger 《PloS one》2012,7(10)