Mating disruption barriers in pome fruit for improved control of oriental fruit moth Grapholita molesta Busck (Lep., Tortricidae) in stone fruit under mating disruption

Oriental fruit moth (OFM) Grapholita molesta Busck (Lep., Tortricidae) is a very important pest in commercial orchards in Victoria, Australia. Pheromone‐mediated mating disruption (MD) applied in stone fruit orchards successfully controlled OFM populations for many years, but damage to shoot tips and fruit at the edge of peach blocks located adjacent to pear blocks under insecticide treatments has become problematic. To improve protection of stone fruit against edge damage and outbreaks of OFM, all orchards were treated with sex pheromone dispensers for MD on an area‐wide basis. Area‐wide MD treatment, including all pome and stone fruit orchards in a discrete area, successfully controlled edge infestations of OFM, but was expensive. To reduce the cost of OFM control, sex pheromone dispensers for MD were applied as barrier treatments to 54–60 m of neighbouring pears adjacent to peaches under MD. Detailed monitoring of the OFM population, shoot tip and fruit damage assessments indicated that application of MD barriers on pears during two consecutive seasons provided sufficient control of OFM on peaches. This MD barrier treatment was able to reduce the number of OFM caught in all experimental peach blocks, with damage to shoot tips and fruit giving similar results to MD treatment of the whole neighbouring pear block. Extending the MD treatment area for 54–60 m into the neighbouring pear block significantly reduced the edge damage in MD‐treated peaches in the first season and almost eliminated OFM damage in the second season.     

Distribution of the oriental fruit moth Grapholita molesta Busck (Lep., Tortricidae) infestation on newly planted peaches before and during 2 years of mating disruption

Abstract:  Oriental fruit moth (OFM) Grapholita molesta Busck (Lep., Tortricidae) is one of the most important pests of commercial stone fruit orchards in the Goulburn-Murray Valley region of Victoria, Australia. OFM populations have been successfully controlled by the use of the mating disruption (MD) technique for many years, but damage to shoot tips and fruit has now started to increase. The most severe damage under MD is found at the edge of peach blocks, adjacent to the pear blocks under insecticide treatment. In 1997–98, OFM infestation levels were examined in a newly planted peach block surrounded by older peaches, pears, apples and pasture. The infestation distribution was followed up for four consecutive years. No treatments were used against OFM for the first 2 years in the newly planted peaches, but in years 3 and 4 the whole block was treated with MD. At the end of year 2, shoot tip damage was randomly distributed throughout the newly planted peach block with no 'edge effect'. After MD was applied in year 3, the damage was confined to the edges of the block adjacent to insecticide-sprayed apples and pears. No 'edge effect' was detected along the border with an older peach block treated with MD or on the border with pasture. Extending the MD treated area for 25–30 m into the neighbouring apples and pears in year 4 reduced the 'edge effect'.     

印楝素乳油对梨小食心虫的防控效果研究

【目的】探索0.3%印楝素乳油对梨小食心虫Grapholita molesta的控制效果。【方法】根据梨小食心虫的生物习性,采用浸渍法和浸虫法对梨小食心虫1日龄、3日龄、5日龄的卵和3龄、5龄幼虫进行了杀虫活性测定,采用药膜法对梨小食心虫初孵幼虫进行毒力测定,并通过田间试验测定0.3%印楝素乳油对梨小食心虫的控制效果。【结果】0.3%印楝素乳油对梨小食心虫1日龄、3日龄和5日龄卵的致死中量分别为6.5195、4.5789、6.6268 mg/L,对初孵幼虫的致死中量为6.0495 mg/L,效果较好,而对3龄和5龄幼虫几乎没有杀伤作用。使用有效成分为2.0 mg/kg~3.0 mg/L的印楝素乳油在田间进行梨小食心虫防治试验时,药后5 d和10 d的防治效果在63.18%~76.22%之间,至药后15 d时,防效则下降到27%以下,果实受害明显,表明该药剂已失去控制作用。【结论】印楝素乳油不能作为防治梨小食心虫的专用药剂,仅可在其发生危害的初期,防治其他害虫时,作为兼治的药剂来使用。     

Dual pheromone dispenser for combined control of codling moth Cydia pomonella L. and oriental fruit moth Grapholita molesta (Busck) (Lep., Tortricidae) in pears

Codling moth (CM) and oriental fruit moth (OFM) are very important orchard pests worldwide, and particularly in Victoria, Australia, where both species damage pome fruit. Individually CM and OFM have been controlled successfully by pheromone‐mediated mating disruption, but treatment of pome fruit with full registered rates of two individual hand‐applied dispensers for CM and OFM could be uneconomical for growers. Field trials conducted over three seasons in plots sprayed with insecticides consistently demonstrated that dual Isomate C/OFM TT dispensers, designed to disrupt both CM and OFM, were as effective as Isomate CTT and Isomate OFM Rosso dispensers applied individually in pears for control of CM and OFM respectively. The dual‐ and individual‐species dispensers reduced moth catches and fruit damage to a similar degree. The results suggest that combined control of CM and OFM in pears by applying dual Isomate C/OFM TT dispensers at the full‐recommended rate of 500 dispensers per hectare will be more economical than use of individual species dispensers, because the price and application cost of dual dispenser is about half that for individual dispensers.     

梨小食心虫和苹小卷叶蛾在桃园的发生规律与防治

通过对山西临汾桃园苹小卷叶蛾(以下简称苹小)Adoxophyes orana(Fischer von Rosslerstamm)、梨小食心虫(以下简称梨小)Grapholita molesta(Busck)的调查,明确山西临汾桃园苹小和梨小的发生规律,苹小和梨小均是临汾桃园的重要害虫,梨小和苹小不仅种群数量在年度间波动较大,而且种群动态的趋势在年度间也不一致。首次指明梨小的化蛹场所,梨小在树上寻找多种类型的隐蔽处化蛹。苹小对糖醋液的趋性显著强于对性诱剂的趋性,梨小对性诱剂的趋性显著强于对糖醋液的趋性,根据苹小梨小对糖醋液和性诱剂的趋性特点和他们各虫态的发育历期,对桃园苹小和梨小的防治提出较为合理的思路。     

梨小食心虫化学通信中的信息物质

梨小食心虫Grapholitha molesta Busck是我国北方果区发生的重要害虫。当前对该虫的防治主要依赖化学农药, 但引起的害虫抗药性、 杀伤天敌和环境污染等问题非常严重。食心虫自身的信息素、 寄主/非寄主的他感化学物质对于调节其配偶选择和寄主定位起着至关重要的作用, 基于信息化学物质的害虫管理策略为果园食心虫的治理提供了新的途径。本文综述了国内外有关梨小食心虫化学信息物质研究进展, 包括雌蛾释放的性信息素组分及对雄、 雌两性的引诱, 雄蛾释放的信息素, 利用性信息素的迷向研究, 寄主植物挥发性引诱物质的鉴定和筛选, 以及梨小食心虫寄主转换机制等方面的研究现状和存在的问题。具体来说, 雌蛾的性信息素包括顺-8-十二碳烯醋酸酯、反-8-十二碳烯醋酸酯、顺-8-十二碳烯-1-醇和十二碳-1-醇, 各个组分的比例在地理种群间存在变异。在室内, 通过行为试验证实两种醋酸酯对雄蛾的引诱是必不可少的, 微量的顺-8-十二碳烯-1-醇对二元组分起到增效作用。在田间, 上述3种物质组成的诱芯具有较强的活性; 由此开发的性信息素迷向技术（人工迷向丝、 可喷施的微胶囊和蜡滴）被用于梨小食心虫交配干扰, 取得了很好的效果。梨小食心虫最主要的寄主植物桃梢挥发物包括22种化合物, 其中绿叶挥发物占到50%, 行为生测证实6~8个碳原子的物质是主要的活性化合物。顺-3-己烯丁酸酯、顺-3-己烯醇、反-2-己烯醛、苯甲醛和苯甲腈的五组分混合物, 其引诱力与天然桃梢挥发物相当。通过钙成像试验证实, 尽管苯甲腈在桃梢天然挥发物中仅占0.14%, 但雌蛾对含有该物质的混合物有显著趋性, 该物质对梨小食心虫成功识别寄主具有重要意义。最后对梨小食心虫信息化学物质下一步的研究和应用前景进行了探讨。     

梨小食心虫幼虫感受器扫描电镜观察

梨小食心虫Grapholita molesta(Busck)是一种世界性蛀果害虫,主要以幼虫钻蛀蔷薇科果树的嫩梢和果实进行为害.本文利用扫描电子显微镜观察了梨小食心虫幼虫的超微形态和感受器.结果表明,幼虫触角上有3种类型的感受器:2个刺形感受器、6个锥形感受器和1个栓锥形感受器.上唇有6对刺形感受器.上颚的前端有切齿叶.在下颚的轴节和茎节各有1个刺形感受器.每个外颚叶有3个短而尖的锥形感受器、2个大的栓锥形感受器和3个刺形感受器.体节末梢的下颚须有7个锥形感受器、1个栓锥形感受器.下颚须的末端有1个指形感受器和2个板形感受器.每个下唇须末端具有1个尖锥状刺形感受器和1个长的栓锥形感受器.胸足与腹足上也分布有不规则的毛型感受器和刺型感受器.该研究将为进一步阐明梨小食心虫与其寄主的关系提供形态学的理论基础.     

Factors influencing the effectiveness of an attracticide formulation against the Oriental fruit moth, Grapholita molesta

An attracticide formulation, LastCall?OFM, was tested against the Oriental fruit moth Grapholita molesta (Busck) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in replicated small plot field trials in apple, Malus domestica (Borkhausen), orchards in South‐eastern Pennsylvania, USA. Attracticide treatments were applied using a calibrated hand pump, and treated plots were compared to similar untreated plots. Male moth activity was monitored using virgin female‐baited traps, and the potential for reduction in mating activity was assessed using sentinel virgin females. A comparison of application rates showed that 1500 droplets per ha of the attracticide formulation was as effective as 3000 droplets per ha, and both application rates reduced captures in synthetic pheromone‐baited traps for prolonged periods. Droplets placed either at high or low positions within the canopy significantly reduced trap capture and mating with sentinel females. In addition, the only sentinel females that mated in the treated plots were located in the untreated portion of the tree canopy. Mate finding behaviour was equally disrupted by formulations with and without insecticide. Therefore, under the test conditions, the mechanism by which the attracticide formulation worked was by disruption of male orientation, and not by the removal of males due to insecticide poisoning. Two field cage experiments tested the impact of population density on the competitiveness of the attracticide formulation compared to virgin females. A significant proportion of males were captured in female‐baited traps at the highest female‐to‐droplet ratio tested. Equal proportions of males were captured in attracticide‐baited traps at male moth densities of 10, 20, 40, and 80 males per cage. These results clarify some of the factors influencing the effectiveness and possible mechanisms of an attracticide management tactic against the Oriental fruit moth.     

湖北老河口梨小食心虫成虫发生规律及综合防治效果

【目的】为了寻找湖北省老河口梨小食心虫Grapholita molesta(Busck)的最佳防治时期,推广使用无公害防控技术,减少化学药剂的使用。【方法】分别调查了梨小食心虫在梨园及桃园的发生规律,释放赤眼蜂的生物防治效果,糖醋酒液、三角形诱捕器、黄板的物理防治效果,以及性信息素迷向防治效果。【结果】结果表明,桃园梨小食心虫最佳防治时期在4月中下旬,梨园梨小食心虫最佳防治时期在5月下旬、6月上旬、8月中旬前。防治效果上,释放赤眼蜂生物防治措施、配比为红糖∶白酒∶食用醋:水=3∶1∶3∶80的糖醋酒液诱捕器的物理防治措施、迷向丝及迷向素的迷向措施均有替代化学防治措施的潜力。【结论】综合防治能够有效控制梨园梨小食心虫发生量,减少化学防治频次,为建立稳定的梨园生态系统及生产无公害水果提供了帮助。     

Molecular and functional characterization of three odorant binding proteins from the oriental fruit moth Grapholita molesta (Busck) (Lepidoptera: Tortricide)

Odorant binding proteins (OBPs) act in recognizing odor molecules and their most well‐studied functions are transporting odors across the sensillum lymph to olfactory receptor neurons within the insect antennal sensillum. The adults of Grapholita molesta highly depend on olfactory cues in locating host plants and selecting oviposition sites, in which OBPs play an important role in perceiving and recognizing host plant volatiles. Exploring the physiological function of OBPs could facilitate our understanding of their importance in insects’ chemical communication. In this study, three OBP genes were cloned and named GmolOBP4, GmolOBP5, and GmolOBP10. Quantitative real‐time PCR results indicated that GmolOBP4 and GmolOBP10 were predominantly expressed in adult antennae and GmolOBP5 was expressed in multiple tissues, including head, legs, and wings in addition to antennae. The binding affinities of the three recombinant GmolOBPs (rGmolOBPs) with four sex pheromone components and twenty‐nine host plant volatiles were measured using 1‐N‐Phenyl‐naphthylamine as a fluorescence probe. The three rGmolOBPs exhibited specific binding properties to potential ligands, GmolOBP4 and GmolOBP10 bound to minor sex pheromone components, such as (Z)‐8‐dodecenyl alcohol and dodecanol, respectively. rGmolOBP4 showed intermediate binding ability with hexanal, benzyl alcohol, and pear ester, rGmolOBP5 had a weak affinity for benzaldehyde, pear ester and, methyl jasmonate, and rGmolOBP10 showed strong binding capacity toward hexanol, decanol, and α‐ocimene. We speculate that the GmolOBP4 and GmolOBP10 have dual functions in perception and recognition of host plant volatiles and sex pheromone components, while GmolOBP5 may serve other function(s).     

果园梨小食心虫越冬幼虫与成虫发生的关系

【目的】探明梨小食心虫Grapholita molesta (Busck)在果园中的越冬场所及越冬幼虫与越冬代成虫发生的关系, 为更好地防治梨小食心虫提供科学依据。【方法】选取山东省不同地区（济南、泰安、肥城、广饶、莱芜）6个代表性的果园进行系统调查, 刮树皮调查记录梨小食心虫越冬幼虫在树体上的分布和存活情况, 利用封闭纱网调查土壤中梨小食心虫越冬幼虫数量, 同时利用性诱集和糖醋液对越冬代成虫发生量进行监测, 分析同园越冬幼虫与成虫发生的关系。【结果】梨小食心虫幼虫平均越冬成活率高达62.99%; 不同果园间梨小食心虫的越冬幼虫数量差异显著（P<0.001）。 越冬场所选择更倾向于树体下部（45.10%）和中部（46.28%）以及相应的主干（28.48%）和主枝（44.24%）, 而位于树体上部(8.62%)及相应的侧枝(27.28%)的相对较少; 对树枝方位的选择没有显著差异（P>0.05）（东27.57%, 西26.13%, 南23.76%, 北22.54%）。同园越冬幼虫数量与越冬代成虫诱集数量无显著相关性。【结论】梨小食心虫以老熟幼虫在果树中、下部主干和主枝及树干周围的土壤中越冬。梨小食心虫在果园调查获得的越冬幼虫数量不能作为该果园翌年越冬代成虫发生和防治的依据, 发生危害情况还需根据周围环境情况做综合考虑。     

梨小食心虫微卫星标记的扩增稳定性及多态性分析

【目的】筛选适合我国梨小食心虫Grapholita molesta种群遗传学研究的微卫星位点,并依据所筛选的微卫星位点进行梨小食心虫地理种群的遗传多样性分析。【方法】利用欧洲梨小食心虫和苹果蠹蛾Cydia pomonella种群中已报道的11个微卫星位点, 分析各位点在我国12个种群257头梨小食心虫样本中的扩增稳定性,再进行其多态性分析,筛选适合的位点,然后进行种群遗传多态性分析。【结果】在分析的11个微卫星位点中, 位点Gm01, Gm03, Gm04和Cyd15无法稳定扩增; 位点Gm05扩增成功率较低, 位点Gm07遗传多态性较低; 而位点Gm02, Gm06, Gm08, Gm09和Gm10等扩增效果稳定且遗传多态性丰富。这5个稳定扩增的微卫星位点平均等位基因数量（N_A）为7.417~12.500, 平均观察杂合度（H_o）为0.366~0.655, 平均期望杂合度（H_e）为0.642~0.846, 多态信息含量（PIC）为0.800~0.935。【结论】本研究成功筛选出位点Gm02, Gm06, Gm08, Gm09和Gm10等5个微卫星位点。基于这5个微卫星位点标记的结果显示, 山东和陕西不同梨小食心虫地理种群均具有丰富的遗传多样性。 这5个位点可以适用于我国梨小食心虫种群的进一步遗传分析研究。     

短期高温对梨小食心虫成虫存活率和适应性的影响（英文）

【目的】梨小食心虫Grapholita molesta （Busck）（鳞翅目：卷蛾科）是一种世界性的害虫,能使蔷薇科的果树严重减产。本研究旨在评估此害虫的耐热性及适应性。【方法】将梨小食心虫成虫暴露在不同温度（36, 38, 40, 42, 44 和46℃）和不同暴露时间（0.5, 1, 2, 4和8 h）下,测定其存活率以及短期高温（38或40℃热驯化1 h）对其热耐受力、寿命、生殖力及卵孵化率的影响。【结果】随着高温暴露时间的延长,梨小食心虫成虫存活率下降。在38或40℃热驯化1 h后,能显著提高梨小食心虫成虫在42℃下2 h的存活率（P<0.05）。在41℃处理1 h,梨小食心虫出现热休克现象,其寿命显著延长,但产卵量显著下降。进一步的试验证明雄虫受高温影响较大,导致与其配对后的雌虫产卵量降低。然而,不论亲代受到怎样的热刺激,其后代的孵化率均不受影响。【结论】结果说明,超过41℃,1 h的高温能对梨小食心虫带来负面影响,但梨小食心虫成虫有适应高温的潜力。     

梨小食心虫普通气味受体基因GmolOR20的克隆及表达分析

【目的】通过克隆梨小食心虫Grapholita molesta触角中的普通气味受体(odorant receptor, OR)OR20基因,明确其在不同发育期及成虫不同组织中的表达特征,为进一步研究其功能提供理论依据。【方法】根据梨小食心虫雌虫触角转录组数据,利用RT-PCR克隆梨小食心虫OR20基因的完整开放阅读框;采用qRT-PCR检测该基因在不同发育期(卵、1-5龄幼虫、蛹和雌雄成虫)、成虫不同组织(触角、去除触角的头、胸、腹、足、翅)以及不同日龄(1, 3, 5和7日龄)成虫触角中的表达量。【结果】克隆获得梨小食心虫GmolOR20基因cDNA序列(GenBank登录号:MH898864)。该基因完整开放阅读框为1 284 bp,编码427个氨基酸,预测蛋白分子量为49.83 kD,理论等电点为8.57,具有7个跨膜结构域。序列比对和系统进化树结果表明,梨小食心虫GmolOR20与苹果蠹蛾Cydia pomonella CpomOR15和豆荚小卷蛾Cydia nigricana CnigOR15亲缘关系较近,氨基酸序列一致性分别为87%和84%。发育表达模式结果显示,GmolOR20在不同发育时期均有表达,雌雄成虫中的表达量显著高于其他发育期的表达量(P<0.05),但雌、雄虫间的表达量差异不显著。组织表达模式结果表明,GmolOR20主要在成虫触角中高丰度表达,且雌虫触角中的表达量极显著高于雄虫触角中的表达量(P<0.01);GmolOR20在不同日龄成虫的触角中均有表达,且在1和3日龄成虫触角中的表达水平显著高于其他日龄(P<0.05)。【结论】根据GmolOR20基因的表达谱分析结果,推测GmolOR20可能参与梨小食心虫对植物挥发物和性信息素的识别。     

梨小食心虫化学感受蛋白cDNA的克隆、序列分析及原核表达

为了研究梨小食心虫Grapholita molesta化学感受蛋白（chemosensory proteins, CSPs）在化学感受系统中的作用, 本研究利用RT-PCR和RACE技术克隆到一条梨小食心虫化学感受蛋白的全长cDNA序列, 命名为GmolCSP （GenBank 登录号： JQ821389）。序列分析表明, GmolCSP开放阅读框序列为384 bp, 编码127个氨基酸残基, 预测N末端含有18个氨基酸组成的信号肽序列, 其成熟蛋白的预测分子量为12.80 kD, 等电点为8.33。该基因编码的氨基酸序列与其他鳞翅目昆虫化学感受蛋白的氨基酸序列具有较高同源性。RT-PCR结果显示, GmolCSP在梨小食心虫成虫触角、 去触角的头、 胸、 腹、 足和翅中都有表达。将GmolCSP重组到表达载体pET-32a中, 转入大肠杆菌Escherichia coli BL21（DE3）进行表达。SDS-PAGE和Western 印迹检测结果显示, 梨小食心虫化学感受蛋白基因在大肠杆菌中成功地表达出一个分子量约为29 kD的融合蛋白, 与预测的融合蛋白分子量大小一致。本研究结果为进一步研究该蛋白的分子结构和功能奠定了良好基础。     

梨小食心虫气味结合蛋白GmolOBP3的cDNA克隆、表达谱及结合特性分析

【目的】为了更好地了解昆虫气味结合蛋白（odorant binding proteins, OBPs）在梨小食心虫Grapholita molesta（Busck）嗅觉识别中的作用,并明确其与寄主挥发物的结合特性。【方法】利用RT-PCR和RACE技术克隆梨小食心虫OBP基因;采用RT-PCR和实时定量PCR对该基因在成虫不同组织和羽化后不同日龄成虫中的表达情况进行了测定;以N-phenyl-1-naphthylamine（1-NPN）为荧光探针,采用荧光竞争结合试验对GmolOBP3蛋白的结合特性进行了分析。【结果】得到梨小食心虫一个新的气味结合蛋白基因,命名为GmolOBP3（GenBank登录号：KF395363）。GmolOBP3开放阅读框全长492 bp,编码163个氨基酸残基,预测分子量和等电点分别为18.72 kDa和4.93,呈酸性,具有典型的6个半胱氨酸位点。GmolOBP3在雌、雄成虫触角和腹部均有表达,成虫在羽化后5 d内,雌蛾触角中GmolOBP3表达量随羽化后日龄而增加,但雄蛾在羽化后第5天触角中 GmolOBP3表达量显著降低。通过构建GmolOBP3原核表达载体,在大肠杆菌Escherichia coli中诱导表达并获得了GmolOBP3重组蛋白。荧光竞争结合实验对GmolOBP3蛋白与16种寄主挥发物及4种性信息素类似物的结合力发现,在供试的4种梨小食心虫性信息素类似物中,GmolOBP3蛋白与反-8-十二碳烯醋酸酯和十二烷-1-醇不结合,而与顺-8-十二碳烯醋酸酯和顺-8-十二碳烯醇结合,但结合力较弱,结合常数分别为83.00和103.70 μmol/L;与16种寄主挥发物结合能力也不强,其中结合最强的是β 紫罗酮,结合常数为49.36 μmol/L。【结论】由此推断,GmolOBP3具有选择性识别和结合各种配基的特性。     

梨小食心虫自然种群与室内继代饲养种群生物学特性比较

【目的】为明确梨小食心虫Grapholita molesta自然种群与室内继代饲养种群生物学特性的差异, 以期为梨小食心虫的人工饲养以及测报与防治提供理论依据。【方法】本研究对室内继代饲养的和从田间采集的梨小食心虫, 在室内同等条件下饲养, 较系统地观察两者的生物学特性并对其主要生命表参数进行了比较。【结果】在本试验条件下, 梨小食心虫室内继代饲养种群的蛹期极显著长于自然种群（t=-10.78, df=4, P=0.0004）; 卵期、 幼虫期以及预蛹期均稍长于自然种群, 但无显著差异。室内继代饲养种群的幼虫存活率、 化蛹率、 羽化率极显著高于自然种群（存活率： t=-7.61, df=4, P=0.0016; 化蛹率： t=-24.32, df=4, P=0.0017; 羽化率： t=-6.96, df=4, P=0.0022）; 两个种群的卵孵化率、 蛹重、 成虫寿命、 产卵前期、 产卵期及单雌产卵量均无显著差异。自然种群蛀果率高于室内继代饲养种群, 但差异不显著。生命表分析表明, 梨小食心虫室内继代饲养种群的种群趋势指数I、 净增殖率R₀、 内禀增长率r_m、 平均世代周期T、 周限增长率λ均极显著高于自然种群（I： t=-12.20, df=4, P=0.0003; R₀： t=-11.72, df=4, P=0.0003; r_m： t=-9.77, df=4, P=0.0006; T： t=-12.05, df=4, P=0.0003; λ： t=-9.79, df=4, P=0.0006）, 种群加倍时间Dt极显著低于自然种群（t=7.17, df=4, P=0.0020）。【结论】室内继代饲养种群在室内连续饲养50多代后, 与自然种群比较, 不仅各生命表参数和钻蛀危害果实的能力没有下降, 反而在与自然种群同等的室内饲养条件下, 表现了更好的适应性, 在本供试条件下, 后代具有更大的种群增长潜力。所以, 利用室内继代饲养种群进行的相关试验研究结果可以作为梨小食心虫预测预报与防治实践的依据。     

糖醋酒液与性诱剂结合对梨园梨小食心虫的最佳诱捕效果研究

【目的】糖醋酒液能有效诱集梨小食心虫Grapholita molesta(Busck),而性诱剂辅助正好使糖醋酒液诱捕效果得以补充。【方法】本文对6种配方的糖醋酒液、3种窗口形状诱瓶、有无性诱剂辅助、4种高度、5种间距在梨园对梨小食心虫的诱捕效果进行了研究,总结出糖醋酒液对梨小食心虫最佳诱捕效果的设计方案。【结果】结果表明,在梨园利用糖醋酒液防治梨小食心虫时,选择红糖∶食用醋∶白酒∶清水=3∶1∶3∶80的糖醋酒液配方,窗口形状为长方形的诱瓶,辅以性信息素诱芯,挂瓶高度为1.5 m,间距为4 m时诱捕效果最佳。【结论】合理利用糖醋酒液防治梨小食心虫是一种简便有效的方法。     

Effects of intermittent and continuous pheromone stimulation on the flight behaviour of the oriental fruit moth, Grapholita molesta

ABSTRACT. When male oriental fruit moths, Grapholita molesta (Busck) (Tortricidae), casting in clean air entered an airstream permeated with pheromone their flight tracks changed immediately on initial contact with pheromone, but after a few seconds returned to casting as if in clean air. The degree of change in the flight track was directly related to the concentration of pheromone. Although little net uptunnel movement occurred in response to the continuous stimulation provided by a uniformly permeated airstream, when an intermittent stimulus provided by a point-source plume was superimposed onto the permeated airstream moths were able to 'lock on' and zigzag uptunnel in the plume. The percentage of moths doing so corresponded to the difference between the peak concentration within the plume and the background concentration of pheromone permeating the airstream. Moths also locked onto, and flew upwind along the pheromone-clean-air boundary formed along a pheromone-permeated side corridor. Because a similar response was observed along a horizontal edge between a pheromone-permeated floor corridor and clean air, we conclude that the intermittent stimulation at the edge perpetuated the narrow zigzagging response to pheromone.     

Improved monitoring of oriental fruit moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) with terpinyl acetate plus acetic acid membrane lures

Male and female moth catches of Grapholita molesta (Busck) in traps were evaluated in stone and pome fruit orchards untreated or treated with sex pheromones for mating disruption in Uruguay, Argentina, Chile, USA, and Italy from 2015 to 2017. Trials evaluated various blends loaded into either membrane cup lures or septa. Membrane lures were loaded with terpinyl acetate (TA), acetic acid (AA) and (Z)‐3‐hexenyl acetate alone or in combinations. Two septa lures were loaded with either the three‐component sex pheromone blend for G. molesta alone or in combination with codlemone (2‐PH), the sex pheromone of Cydia pomonella (L). A third septum lure included the combination sex pheromone blend plus pear ester, (E,Z)‐2,4‐ethyl decadienoate (2‐PH/PE), and a fourth septum was loaded with only β‐ocimene. Results were consistent across geographical areas showing that the addition of β‐ocimene or (Z)‐3‐hexenyl acetate did not increase moth catches. The addition of pear ester to the sex pheromone lure marginally increased moth catches. The use of TA and AA together significantly increased moth catches compared with the use of only one of the two components. Traps with the TA/AA lure outperformed the Ajar trap baited with a liquid TA plus sugar bait. The emission rate of AA was not a significant factor affecting the performance of the TA/AA lure. The addition of TA/AA significantly increased moth catches when combined with the 2‐PH lure. The TA/AA lure also allowed traps to catch both sexes. Catch of C. pomonella with the 2‐PH lure was comparable to the use of codlemone; however, moth catch was significantly reduced with the 2‐PH/PE lure. Optimization of these complex lures can likely further improve managers’ ability to monitor G. molesta and help to develop multispecies tortricid lures for use in individual traps.