Genetic and ecological study of aboriginal populations of northeastern Siberia. I. Gm-haplotypes and their frequency in 10 chukchi populations. Genetic structure of reindeer chukchi

G1m (z, a, x, f) and G3m (g, b0, b1, b3, b5, s, t) allotypes were tested in 1079 Chukchi inhabitants of interior Chukotka and adjacent Kamchatka. Genetic variation at this particular locus is provided by the presence of three haplotypes, namely, za;g, zax;g and za;bO35st, revealed with mean frequencies of 0.748, 0.089 and 0.154, respectively. Traces of Caucasian Gm (f;bO135) haplotype were observed in 9 of 10 populations studied. Judging from its frequency in the whole group (0.009), European admixture in Reindeer Chukchi did not exceed 1.3%. Analysis of covariance and variance matrices containing gene frequencies for 11 polymorphic loci revealed the aspects of genetic structure. Simultaneously, the action of systematic versus nonsystematic pressure was also evaluated and interpreted in the light of historical and ecological events.     

Genetic structure of the populations of native inhabitants in the northeastern USSR. V. The Chukot Evens

The genetic structure of two Chukot Evens subpopulations (314 individuals) for electrophoretic protein systems and taste sensitivity to PTC was studied. 17 of the 39 loci were polymorphic (43.59%). The following systems were completely monomorphic: diaphorase NAD H (Dia); glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PD); glutamatoxalate transaminase (GOT); carbonic anhydrase (Ca-1); catalase (Ct), lactate dehydrogenase (loci LDH-A and LDH-B); leucine aminopeptidase (Lap); malate dehydrogenase (MDH); purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP); superoxide phosphorylase (PNP); superoxide dismutase (SOD); phosphoglucomutase-2 (PGM2); cholinesterase (locus E1); red cell esterase (4 loci); albumin (Alb); hemoglobin (Hb A and B); ceruloplasmin (Cp); and blood, gren, using the standard method. The following systems were polymorphic: red cell acid phosphatase (AcP); phosphoglucomutase-1 (PGM1); 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (PGD); glutamatepyruvate transaminase (GPT); glyoxalase-1 (GLO-1); esterase (EsD); adenilatkinase (AK); alkaline phosphatase (Pp); cholinesterase (locus E2); haptoglobin (Hp); transferrin (Tf); group-specific component (Gc) and ABO, MN, Lewis, P blood groups and taste sensitivity to PTC. The following allele frequencies for polymorphic loci have been detected: AKI = 0.994; GLO = 1I = 0.082; GPT1 = 0.653; AcPA = 0.400; AcPB = 0.599; AcPC = 0.001; PGDA = 0.944; PGM1(1) = 0.906; EsD1 = 0.897; E2+ = 0.048; HpI = 0.394; GcI = 0,919; Tfc = 0.987; r(O) = 0.669; p(A) = 0.184; q(B) = 0.146; M = 0.711; Le = 0.411; P1+ = 0.521; t = 0.295. The genetic structure of Chukot Evens population is significantly nearer to that of the other ethnic groups of the North-East, in comparison with the genetic structure of Evenks of the Middle Siberia.     

Genetic structure of the populations of native inhabitants of the northeastern USSR. IV. The Koryaks of Kamchatka

Genetic structure of four Kamchatka subpopulations (675 individuals) was estimated for 25 erytrocyte and serum systems, some blood groups and for taste sensitivity to PTC. 23 of 38 loci examined are completely monomorphic. These are: AK, Ca-1, Cat, Dia, Est1-4, GOT, G-6-PD, LDH A and B, MDH, PGM2, SoD, Hb alpha and beta, ChE1, Lap, Alb, Cp, Tf, Rh. Following allele frequencies were found for polymorphic loci: AcPA = = 0.616; AcPB = 0.383; AcPC = 0.0015; EsD1 = 0.882; GLO - I1 = 0.156; GPT1 = 0.611; PGDA = = 0.959; PGM1(1) = 0.953; ChE2+ = 0.039; Gc1 = 0.888; Hp1 = 0.173; r(0) = 0.620; P(A) = 0.201; q(B) = 0.179; le = 0.192; M = 0.397; P1+ = 0.585; t = 0.371. According to monomorphic and polymorphic loci set, Kamchatka Koryaks are rather similar to other ethnic North-East Asiatic groups, being the most approximate to Reindeer Chuckchies and the most remote from Alaskan and Asiatic Eskimos. In other words, the extent of genetic differences between Kamchatka Koryaks and North-East populations corresponds to the geographic distribution and the degree of ecological differences in these populations. Analysis of interpopulation heterogeneity permitted to reveal the extent of contribution of individual loci to "differentiation" of North-East ethnic groups. The possible influence of ecological factors on interpopulation and intersubpopulation heterogeneity of the loci analysed is discussed.     

Genetic and ecological study of aboriginal populations of northeastern Siberia. II. Polymorphic blood systems, immunoglobulin allotypes and other genetic markers in asian eskimos. Genetic structure of Bering sea eskimos

Blood groups, immunoglobulin allotypes, serum proteins and red cell enzymes were tested in four populations of Asiatic Eskimos. 12 of 16 gene loci studied were found to be polymorphic. Analysis of covariance and variance matrices for gene frequencies of 8 Bering Sea populations revealed major aspects of regional genetic structure. Regression of average heterozygosity on genetic distance from centroid permitted us to interpret it in the light of counterbalancing action of systematic and non-systematic pressure. Analysis of R matrix containing gene frequencies for both Eskimo and Chukchi populations revealed two different clusters - more heterogeneous Eskimo cluster and less heterogeneous Chukchi cluster. Good fit was observed between regional genetic structure, history and geography.     

Biochemical polymorphic systems in the migrant population of northeastern USSR. VI. Genetic structure of patients in separate nosological groups

Genotype frequency distribution for a number of polymorphic loci in patients differs significantly in different nosologic groups, in relation to each other and to a sample of healthy individuals. Genetic structure specificity of each nosologic group and different trends of genetic frequency variations, in relation to the sample of healthy individuals, leads to considerable decrease in genetic differences between the united group of pathology and healthy individuals' sample. Spatial differentiation of genetic structure of separate nosologic groups and healthy individuals' sample also confirms genetic isolation of each of these groups and, at the same time, reveals clearly nonspecific biological resistance of human organism.     

Digital dermatoglyphic patterns of Eskimo and Amerindian populations: relationships between geographic, dermatoglyphic, genetic, and linguistic distances.

Dermatoglyphic traits have been used to assess population affinities and structure. Here, we describe the digital patterns of four Eskimo populations from Alaska: two Yupik-speaking villages from St. Lawrence Island and two Inupik groups presently residing on mainland Alaska. For a broader evolutionary perspective, these four Eskimo populations are compared to other Inuit groups, to North American Indian populations, and to Siberian aggregates. The genetic structures of 18 New and Old World populations were explored using R-matrix plots and Wright's FST values. The relationships between dermatoglyphic, blood genetic, geographic, and linguistic distances were assessed by comparing matrices through Mantel correlations and through partial and multiple correlations. Statistically significant relationships between dermatoglyphics and genetics, genetics and geography, and geography and language were revealed. In addition, significant correlations between dermatoglyphics and geography, with linguistic variation constant, were noted for females but not for males. These results attest to the usefulness of dermatoglyphics in resolving various evolutionary questions concerning normal human variation.     

Genetic distances between the Utah Mormons and related populations

Gene frequency data, consisting of six red cell antigen loci, nine electrophoretic systems, and HLA-A and -B are reported for the Utah Mormon population. These are compared statistically to gene frequencies from at U.S. population, 13 European populations, and seven populations from three religious isolates. The Mormon gene frequencies are similar to those of their northern European ancestors. This is explained by the large founding size of the Mormon population and high rates of gene flow. In contrast, the religious isolates (Amish, Hutterites, and Mennonites) show marked divergence from their ancestral populations and each other, due to isolation and random genetic drift. The HLA loci and electrophoretic loci presented here yield sets of genetic distances that are highly correlated (r = .734) and that both correspond closely to the actual geographic distances among the European populations. The genetic distances based on red cell antigen loci correspond less closely to the geographic distances and exhibit lower correlations with both the HLA and electrophoretic loci (r = .524 and r = .565, respectively).     

Genetic composition of Chilean aboriginal populations: HLA and other genetic marker variation

Phenotypes and gene frequencies for eight genetic systems are presented for five Chilean Indian tribes. Results agree with the pattern expected for Andean Indians. Genetic distances and dendrograms were obtained separately for HLA and traditional genetic markers. The similarity of both is noteworthy. Linguistic distances exhibit a correlation with genetic distances based on traditional markers. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Population genetics in the province of Ferrara. I. Genetic distances and geographic distances.

The ABO and Rh systems of the population in 26 residential units in the province of Ferrara were studied to detect the effect of genetic drift on the differentiation of gene frequencies. Results obtained from principal components analysis and dendrograms were similar. A significant correlation between genetic and geographic distance was found. It was therefore hypothesized that in the area of Ferrara children born to parents originating from different communes were heterozygous at more loci than children born to parents originating from the same commune. It was also thought that it may be possible to use geographic distance between birthplaces of parents as an indicator of hybridity in their children.     

Genetic distances,geographic distances and migration between four villages of a single region in Slovakia

Genetic microdifferentiation has been studied among four endogamous villages of the Bystrica Valley in the Kysuce region of northwest Slovakia, which arose from a single ancestral population about 15 generations ago. Genetic distances and sample kinship between the villages were estimated from the gene frequencies of seven serum-group and isozyme genetic markers. The genetic distance was found to correlate positively (though insignificantly) with the geographic distance, and negatively with the intensity of migration between villages; the sample kinship correlates negatively with geography as well as with the genetic distance. This pattern of genetic structure within the area indicates that the genetic variation among the villages is attributable to the genetic drift. Thus, drift has brought about a detectable differentiation in the area within a limited period of approximately 300 years, in spite of the fact that the villages were not completely genetically isolated from each other. The finding of a negative correlation between the sample kinship and geographic distance indicates that the recent breakdown of genetic isolates in Slovakia is likely to be accompanied with an overall increase of heterozygosity.     

Genetic and ecological study of aboriginal inhabitants of the Siberian northeast. IV. Genotype and genetic structure of three modern populations of Yakutia

Three separate and reproductively isolated populations living at present in boreal forest and tundra area in Eastern Siberia were studied. Blood groups (AB0, MNSs, Rhesus, Duffy, P. Diego), immunoglobulin allotypes--G1m (z, a, x, f), G3m (b, b0, b1, b3, s, t), Hp, Tf, PGM1, AcP, 6-PGD were tested in blood samples obtained from total 570 individuals. Analysis of covariance and variance matrices containing gene frequencies of the Nganasans, Reindeer Chukchi, the Yugaghir and the Evens has revealed major aspects of regional genetic structure which is in good accordance with regional history and geography.     

Correlation between genetic and geographic structure in Europe

Understanding the genetic structure of the European population is important, not only from a historical perspective, but also for the appropriate design and interpretation of genetic epidemiological studies. Previous population genetic analyses with autosomal markers in Europe either had a wide geographic but narrow genomic coverage [1] and [2], or vice versa [3], [4], [5] and [6]. We therefore investigated Affymetrix GeneChip 500K genotype data from 2,514 individuals belonging to 23 different subpopulations, widely spread over Europe. Although we found only a low level of genetic differentiation between subpopulations, the existing differences were characterized by a strong continent-wide correlation between geographic and genetic distance. Furthermore, mean heterozygosity was larger, and mean linkage disequilibrium smaller, in southern as compared to northern Europe. Both parameters clearly showed a clinal distribution that provided evidence for a spatial continuity of genetic diversity in Europe. Our comprehensive genetic data are thus compatible with expectations based upon European population history, including the hypotheses of a south-north expansion and/or a larger effective population size in southern than in northern Europe. By including the widely used CEPH from Utah (CEU) samples into our analysis, we could show that these individuals represent northern and western Europeans reasonably well, thereby confirming their assumed regional ancestry.     

中国东亚飞蝗四个地理种群遗传结构的比较研究

利用水平切片淀粉凝胶电泳技术,分析了不同蝗区东亚飞蝗四个地理种群的遗传结构。在检测的20个酶基因座位中,四个种群均表现出一定的遗传多态性, 多态位点的百分率普遍偏高 (P=70%～80%),但由于杂合子数目较少而使每个位点的平均杂合度观察值偏低(H_o=0.023～0.032)。对每个基因座位的各基因型进行χ²检验, 除 Adk-1、Gdh-1、G3pd-1和Pgm-1在部分种群符合Hardy-Weinberg平衡外,其余绝大多数基因座位的基因型频率显著偏离Hardy-Weinberg平衡。从F统计量看,四个种群之间的遗传分化较低(F_st=0.0606 )。它表明： 东亚飞蝗较强的长距离迁飞行为增加了种群之间的基因交流, 降低了种群之间的遗传分化。根据Nei的遗传一致度（I）和Roger的遗传距离（D）进行分析, 在山西临猗与山西永济(I=0.964, D=0.175)、河南中牟与江苏沛县种群(I=0.957, D=0.160)之间,呈现出较高的遗传一致度和较小的遗传距离。结果表明： 迁飞性蝗虫东亚飞蝗种群之间的遗传分化与地理距离呈正相关。     

Genetic distances between Chinese populations calculated on gene frequencies of 38 loci

Genetic distances were calculated for Han subpopulations in different provinces, cities and au-tonomous regions and ethnic minorities in China by using gene frequency data of 38 loci, and genetic trees were con-structed. The results showed that, among both Han and ethnic minorities, there were two types, i.e. southern and northern Mongoloids, with Yangtze River as boundary. Therefore, both African origin theory and local origin theory about the modern man should answer the question; when did these two types separate and how did they develop. This paper also conclusively proved genetically that the Han subpopulations in different regions are genetically close to the lo-cal ethnic minorities, which indicates that much blood of ethnic minorities has mixed into Han, at the same time, some blood of Han also has mixed into the local ethnic minorities.     

Genetic identity in subdivided populations. I. Two equal-sized subpopulations

Moments of the steady state frequency spectrum (probabilities of identity of samples of genes) are obtained for a subdivided population by using standard recursive identity by state calculations. These moments are used to obtain variances for some measures of genetic identity, including Nei's normalized genetic identity (I) and genetic distance (?log_eI). The results are compared with those obtained from the corresponding undivided population theory, including adjustments to the effective number to try to account for subdivision. Undivided population approximations based on effective number are surprisingly accurate, regardless of the migration rate, when sampling exclusively from one subpopulation.     

Quantitative genetic differences between populations of Drosophila melanogaster from diverse geographic origins

Crosses were made between each seven populations of Drosophila melanogaster-three of which were laboratory populations and four were recently captured populations-and a line previously selected for low sternopleural bristle number for many generations. In each of six replicate lines from each cross, selection was practised for low sternopleural bristle number; subsequently these replicates were intercrossed and reselected. Introduction of new genetic material from four populations into the selected line was achieved, indicating the presence in these populations of particular alleles which are absent from or rare in the base populations of the selected line. Introduction of new genetic material from three populations into the selected line was not achieved. Consequently, it was possible to establish two groups of populations. In each group, the populations appear to be segregating for essentially the same alleles. Differences in gene frequency rather than the presence or absence of particular alleles are mainly responsible for the differences observed between the populations.In all, 11 populations screened for genetic differences controlling sternopleural bristle number. There are widespread genetic similarities among populations of very different geographic origin. Laboratory populations as a group are not more homogeneous than recently collected populations, although the latter are genetically more variable. Drift alone could account for the reduction of variability in the laboratory populations.     

Decomposed pairwise regression analysis of genetic and geographic distances reveals a metapopulation structure of stream-dwelling Dolly Varden charr

Isolation by distance is usually tested by the correlation of genetic and geographic distances separating all pairwise populations' combinations. However, this method can be significantly biased by only a few highly diverged populations and lose the information of individual population. To detect outlier populations and investigate the relative strengths of gene flow and genetic drift for each population, we propose a decomposed pairwise regression analysis. This analysis was applied to the well-described one-dimensional stepping-stone system of stream-dwelling Dolly Varden charr ( Salvelinus malma ). When genetic and geographic distances were plotted for all pairs of 17 tributary populations, the correlation was significant but weak ( r ² = 0.184). Seven outlier populations were determined based on the systematic bias of the regression residuals, followed by Akaike's information criteria. The best model, 10 populations included, showed a strong pattern of isolation by distance ( r ² = 0.758), suggesting equilibrium between gene flow and genetic drift in these populations. Each outlier population was also analysed by plotting pairwise genetic and geographic distances against the 10 nonoutlier populations, and categorized into one of the three patterns: strong genetic drift, genetic drift with a limited gene flow and a high level of gene flow. These classifications were generally consistent with a priori predictions for each population (physical barrier, population size, anthropogenic impacts). Combined the genetic analysis with field observations, Dolly Varden in this river appeared to form a mainland-island or source-sink metapopulation structure. The generality of the method will merit many types of spatial genetic analyses.     

Genetic diversity and genetic structure of populations of Ranunculus japonicus Thunb. (Ranunculaceae)

Abstract In order to clarify the genetic diversity and population structure of Ranunculus japonicus , allozymic analysis was conducted on 60 populations in southwestern Japan. Considerable genetic variati ons were detected among the populations of R. japonicus . The genetic diversities within species ( H _es = 0.215) and within populations ( H _ep = 0.172) were slightly higher than those of other perennial herbs with widespread distribution and outcrossing plants. Significantly higher values of fixation index were detected in some populations, which might have arisen from restricted mating partners. The majority of genetic variation (approx. 80%) resided within a population and a moderate level of genetic differentiation ( G _ST = 0.203) was observed among populations. The F _ST value (0.203) suggests the existence of a substantial population structure in this species. The highly significant correlation between geographic distance and F _ST values indicates that isolation by distance has played an important role in the construction of the genetic structure of this species.