粘虫咽侧体对卵巢发育与成熟的作用

内分泌控制昆虫卵巢的发育与成熟已为大家所承认;特别是在直翅目、半翅目、鞘翅目、革翅目、双翅目等昆虫中卵巢的发育已证实由内分泌中心之一——咽侧体所调节。但在某些鳞翅目昆虫中所得的试验结果与上述结论不一致, 它们的卵巢发育似与咽侧体激素无关;这一事实已有分别用家蚕、天蚕蛾、蓖麻蚕等昆虫为材料的试验结果证明。我们分析了这些资料, 发现这些昆虫的卵巢皆在蛹期发育成熟, 成虫期均不取食。而在有些鳞翅目昆虫如粘虫等中, 它们的卵巢需要在成虫期获得补充营养后方能成熟, 我们怀疑粘虫卵巢发育成熟与内分泌的关系可能与上述几种昆虫不一样。 本试验用移植和结扎的方法证明了:(1)粘虫雌蛾卵粒中卵黄的沉积与咽侧体体积的变化相关, 交配后咽侧体体积增大时卵黄沉积最快;(2)粘虫卵巢的发育与成熟是受咽侧体激素的控制, 而与脑无直接关系;(3)激素控制粘虫卵巢发育与成熟的临界期为羽化取食后24小时;(4)粘虫成虫期雌雄两性咽侧体的体积均有明显变化, 雄性的比雌性的大1—3倍。 因此, 通过本工作说明了在鳞翅目昆虫中, 由于生殖腺在蛹期或成虫期发育的不同, 在生殖腺发育的内分泌控制机制上也有差别。     

成虫滞育的主要特点及神经内分泌调控

成虫滞育的主要特点是生殖受到了抑制,其调控涉及到咽侧体、脑和前胸腺的作用,但主要以咽侧体的作用为主.滞育期间,咽侧体的活性很低,分泌的保幼激素量极微,而咽侧体的活性高低直接受脑所分泌的神经激素所调控.     

本期重点推介

正保幼激素(JH)是由昆虫咽侧体中合成的一种倍半萜类化合物,是昆虫发育变态的重要调节因子。大猿叶虫Colaphellus bowringi是一种可被长光照诱导进入生殖滞育的十字花科蔬菜害虫。为了探究促咽侧体素(AT)和抑咽侧体素(AST)基因在大猿叶虫生殖滞育准备中的作用,华中农业大学植物科学技术学院田忠和王小平等在克隆鉴定大猿叶虫CbAT,CbAST-B和CbAST-C基因的基础上,利用qRT-PCR检测这3个基因在大猿叶虫注定滞育和注定非滞育雌蛹和雌成虫头部的表达模式,并在通过RNAi分别干扰大猿叶虫注定滞育2日龄雌蛹体内CbAST-B,CbAST-C以及CbAST-B+CbAST-C基因后检测4日龄雌成虫JH信号基因以及卵黄原蛋白基因的表达量变化,结果进一步揭示了昆虫生殖滞育准备期JH信号的上游调控机制(pp. 30-40)。     

植物中的昆虫变态激素

昆虫在一生中要进行多次蜕皮才能长成成虫,如蚕进行4次蜕皮,然后变态成蛹,再变态成蛾。昆虫的蜕皮受其体内的激素所支配。昆虫头部的咽侧体分泌保幼激素,由胸部的前胸腺分泌蜕皮激素,这两种激素保持平衡即能完成正常发育。     

调控保幼激素合成的神经肽抑制素Allatostatin 4的初级结构分析

由太平洋折翅蠊Diploptera punctata脑提取,纯化出脑神经肽Allatostatin 4(AST 4),并合成了AST 4及两种类似物。这种神经肽可有效地抑制体外咽侧体的保幼激素生物合成。测定了这种肽的初级结构,有8个氨基酸残基。它与已知的AST 1—3的氨基酸序列有某些相似性,即靠近C-末端的三个氨基酸和从C-末端数第五和第六位氨基酸相同。AST 4的氨基酸序列为: Asp-Arg-Leu-Tyr-Ser-Phe-Gly-Leu-NH_2 合成的肽和由N末端截断的片段(末端残基为5或6个氨基酸),其体外活性明显。     

幼虫的滞育

昆虫幼虫的滞育,当是一种复杂的生理现象,以前有人认为昆虫的蛹在缺乏必要的激素,可以苏醒过来,蚕卵的滞育,许多人都认为卵中含有滞育激素的缘故。最近经过好些人的研究结果,认为昆虫幼虫的滞育,乃是它的内分泌器官的咽侧体中含有返幼激素(corpus allatum hormone)来控制着的。最近已有将幼龄激素的提炼及其化学性貭研究     

昆虫变态的激素与基因调控

昆虫变态是一个有趣而复杂的生物学现象,有不完全变态和完全变态。昆虫通过变态获得飞翔与生殖能力,扩大了生活范围,增强了适应能力。昆虫变态主要由咽侧体分泌的保幼激素和前胸腺分泌的蜕皮激素协同调控,众多基因参与。本文综合近几年的研究进展,重点介绍昆虫变态过程中保幼激素与蜕皮激素通过级联反应基因和microRNA调控的机制,以及保幼激素和蜕皮激素的合成调节机制。     

一些因子对七星瓢虫咽侧体活性的影响(英文)

七星瓢虫(Coccmella septimpunctata)为了适应环境的变化,通过咽侧体产生保幼激素的活动调节其生殖作用。为了探索内外因素对咽侧体活动的影响,应用放射化学法及免疫电泳测定了食物、卵巢发育、脑神经肽、保幼激素类似物对卵黄发生期成虫保幼激素生物合成及血淋巴中卵黄原蛋白含量的影响。结果表明咽侧体活性受上述各种因子的影响。咽侧体活性与卵黄原蛋白含量及卵母细胞生长密切相关,说明有反馈作用。食物的质与量影响着咽侧体活性的变化。低剂量外源保幼激素类似物处理成虫则可促使咽侧体活性的变化。脑分泌的神经肽(allatotropin)可活化咽侧体。这些结果表明雌瓢虫保幼激素的生产主要是受起源于脑的促咽侧体信号的调节作用。     

昆虫保幼激素生物合成的调节与测定

<正> 保幼激素(JH)是由昆虫的咽侧体(CA)产生。它调节着发育和生殖。从昆虫中已分离出3种具有JH活性的化合物,分别称为JH1、JH2、JH3。它们的生理活性大不相同。JH3是大部分成虫的主要激素,可促进卵巢的发育,所以是一种促性腺激素。JH1和JH2主要在鳞翅目幼虫和蜚蠊若虫内,它们在变态开始就参与这一过程的调节作用,称为变态激素。     

七星瓢虫咽侧体的组织形态特征

引言在高中生物教材中曾提到昆虫内激素是由脑的神经分泌细胞、心侧体、咽侧体和前胸腺等分泌的内容,有关这类内分泌器官的知识,很多教师认为应重点演示给学生观察,以增加一些感性认识,并希望了解一些解剖昆虫内分泌器官方面的操作技术,本文     

Development of a novel screening system for allatostatin receptor agonists in search of new candidate insect growth regulators

Allatostatins (ASTs) are insect neuropeptide hormones that regulate diverse physiological functions, including feeding, growth and development, and reproduction. Therefore, regulation of allatostatin receptor (AstR) activity can be an effective tool for controlling insect growth and proliferation. Here, we describe a novel screening system using a mammalian cell line in which AstR is ectopically expressed, combined with fluorescence-based measurements of the membrane potential. HEK293T cells that do not express cognate receptors for AST became responsive to AST upon transfection with AstR. The response of the membrane potential to AST could be reliably detected by measuring the fluorescence of DiBAC4(3), a voltage-sensitive dye. We also discovered that overexpressing GIRK1/2 in this cell line could augment the magnitude of hyperpolarization by AST. Our screening system produces a fast and reliable readout for the efficient screening of AstR agonists.     

3D-QSAR based optimization of insect neuropeptide allatostatin analogs

Allatostatins (AST) are neuropeptides originally described as inhibitors of juvenile hormone (JH) synthesis in insects. Consequently, they have been considered as potential lead compounds for the discovery of new insect growth regulators (IGRs). In the present work, receptor-based three-dimensional quantitative structure-activity relationship (3D-QSAR) was studied with 48 AST analogs, and a general approach for novel potent bioactive AST analogs is proposed. Hence, six novel AST analogs were designed and synthesized. Bioassays indicated that the majority novel analogs exhibited potent JH inhibitory activity, especially analog A6 (IC₅₀: 3.79?nmol/L), which can be used as lead compound to develop new IGRs.     

青虾咽侧体抑制激素基因全长cDNA序列的克隆及表达分析

咽侧体抑制激素(Allatostatin, AST)是一类由几至几十个氨基酸构成的神经肽类激素, 在甲壳动物中刺激下颌器官合成甲基法尼酯, 影响甲壳动物的蜕皮和生殖。然而AST基因在甲壳动物中的克隆和表达却罕见报道。研究克隆了青虾的AST基因全长cDNA序列, 在甲壳动物中使用荧光定量PCR技术检测了AST基因在不同组织中的表达。青虾AST基因cDNA全长2995 bp, 包括242 bp的5′非编码区(UTR), 647 bp的3′UTR, 2106 bp的开放阅读框(ORF)。开放阅读框编码701个氨基酸, 可转录翻译出35个AST多肽, 在C末端都具有相同的Y/FXFGL-amide结构, 属于A型-AST。氨基酸序列比对显示保守氨基酸为Tyr、Ala、Phe、Gly、Leu。蛋白相似度比对显示, AST多肽在无脊椎动物的进化中是相对保守的。系统进化树分析表明, 青虾AST多肽与罗氏沼虾聚在一起, 具有最近的亲缘关系。荧光定量PCR检测显示, AST基因在所有被检测组织中均有表达, 由高到低依次为: 肝胰脏>肠道>精巢>脑>心脏>卵巢。对青虾AST基因全长cDNA序列克隆和表达的研究为更进一步的了解AST多肽在青虾中的重要功能奠定了基础。     

Effects of an allatostatin and a myosuppressin on midgut carbohydrate enzyme activity in the cockroach Diploptera punctata

Neuropeptides of the cockroach allatostatin (AST) family are known for their ability to inhibit the production of juvenile hormone by the corpora allata of cockroaches. Since their discovery, they have also been shown to modulate myotropic activity in a range of insect species as well as to act as neurotransmitters in Crustaceans and possibly in insects. The midgut of cockroaches contains numerous endocrine cells, some of which produce AST whereas others produce the FMRFamide-related peptide, leucomyosuppressin (LMS). We have determined if ASTs and LMS are also able to influence carbohydrate-metabolizing enzyme activity in the midgut of the cockroach, Diploptera punctata. Dippu-AST 7 stimulates activity of both invertase and alpha-amylase in a dose-dependent fashion in the lumen contents of ligatured midguts in vitro, but not in midgut tissue, whereas the AST analog AST(b)phi2, a cyclopropyl-ala, hydrocinnamic acid analog of Dippu-AST 6, has no effect. Leucomyosuppressin also stimulates enzyme activity in lumen contents only, although the EC50 is considerably greater than for Dippu-AST. Dippu-AST is also able to inhibit proctolin-induced contractions of midgut muscle, and this action had already been described for LMS [18]. Thus, in this organ, AST and LMS have at least two distinct physiological effects.     

Reconstruction of ancestral FGLamide-type insect allatostatins: a novel approach to the study of allatostatin function and evolution

Allatostatins (ASTs) are a class of regulatory neuropeptides, with diverse functions, found in an array of invertebrate phyla. ASTs have complex gene structure, in which individual ASTs are cleaved from a precursor peptide. Little is known about the molecular evolution of AST structure and function, even in extensively studied groups such as cockroaches. This paper presents the application of a novel technique for the analysis of this system, that of ancestral reconstruction, whereby ancestral amino acid sequences are resurrected in the laboratory. We inferred the ancestral sequences of a well-characterized peptide, AST 7, for the insect ancestor, as well as several cockroach ancestors. Peptides were assayed for in vitro inhibition of JH production in Diploptera punctata and Periplaneta americana. Our results surprisingly, indicate a decrease in potency of the ancestral cockroach AST7 peptide in comparison with more ancient ones such as the ancestral insect peptide, as well as more recently evolved cockroach peptides. We propose that this unexpected decrease in peptide potency at the cockroach ancestor may be related to the concurrent increase in peptide copy number in the lineages leading to cockroaches. This model is consistent with current physiological data, and may be linked to the increased role of ASTs in the regulation of reproductive processes in the cockroaches.     

微生物对昆虫行为的影响研究进展

在漫长的进化过程中,微生物与昆虫形成了多种形式的互作关系.微生物的广泛分布为与昆虫接触并影响昆虫的行为提供了背景条件.为了深入探究微生物影响昆虫行为的现象和机制,本文综述了微生物影响昆虫行为方面的研究进展.微生物通过产生可被昆虫识别的化学信号物质、参与昆虫或寄主植物信息化合物的合成等方式可影响昆虫对其寄主的定位和选择....     

植食性昆虫唾液效应子和激发子的研究进展

植食性昆虫与寄主植物通过协同进化形成了复杂的防御和反防御机制.本文系统综述了昆虫唾液效应子和激发子在植物与昆虫互作中的作用及机理.昆虫取食中释放的唾液激发子被植物识别而激活植物早期免疫反应,昆虫也能从口腔分泌效应子到植物体内抑制免疫;抗性植物则利用抗性(R)蛋白识别昆虫无毒效应子,启动效应子诱导的免疫反应,而昆虫又进化...     

Astakine 2—the Dark Knight Linking Melatonin to Circadian Regulation in Crustaceans

Daily, circadian rhythms influence essentially all living organisms and affect many physiological processes from sleep and nutrition to immunity. This ability to respond to environmental daily rhythms has been conserved along evolution, and it is found among species from bacteria to mammals. The hematopoietic process of the crayfish Pacifastacus leniusculus is under circadian control and is tightly regulated by astakines, a new family of cytokines sharing a prokineticin (PROK) domain. The expression of AST1 and AST2 are light-dependent, and this suggests an evolutionarily conserved function for PROK domain proteins in mediating circadian rhythms. Vertebrate PROKs are transmitters of circadian rhythms of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the brain of mammals, but the mechanism by which they function is unknown. Here we demonstrate that high AST2 expression is induced by melatonin in the brain. We identify RACK1 as a binding protein of AST2 and further provide evidence that a complex between AST2 and RACK1 functions as a negative-feedback regulator of the circadian clock. By DNA mobility shift assay, we showed that the AST2-RACK1 complex will interfere with the binding between BMAL1 and CLK and inhibit the E-box binding activity of the complex BMAL1-CLK. Finally, we demonstrate by gene knockdown that AST2 is necessary for melatonin-induced inhibition of the complex formation between BMAL1 and CLK during the dark period. In summary, we provide evidence that melatonin regulates AST2 expression and thereby affects the core clock of the crustacean brain. This process may be very important in all animals that have AST2 molecules, i.e. spiders, ticks, crustaceans, scorpions, several insect groups such as Hymenoptera, Hemiptera, and Blattodea, but not Diptera and Coleoptera. Our findings further reveal an ancient evolutionary role for the prokineticin superfamily protein that links melatonin to direct regulation of the core clock gene feedback loops.     

植物病原-媒介昆虫互作:研究进展与展望

大多数植物病毒及一些植物病原细菌由介体昆虫传播。植物病原与介体昆虫关系的研究有助于找到防控介体传播病原的关键环节,因此植物病原与介体昆虫的互作关系是植物病原传播机理研究中的核心问题。本文概述了国内外在植物病原与介体昆虫互作研究的最新进展,推介了本专辑论文的主要内容,并在此基础上,从生态和进化的角度提出了在植物病原-媒介昆虫互作研究中以下3个值得关注的研究方向:(1)植物病原与介体昆虫互作对生态系统的影响;(2)昆虫介体传播植物病毒的不同方式之间的关联性以及病毒、介体和植物之间的协同进化关系;(3)自然条件下植物病原-媒介昆虫互作的机理。植物病原与媒介昆虫互作的研究,既是生态和进化的理论问题,也和植物病原及其介体昆虫的绿色防控密切相关。