群居型和散居型东亚飞蝗雌成虫飞行肌的超微结构

应用电子显微镜对群居型和散居型东亚飞蝗Locusta migratoria manilensis（Meyen）雌成虫背纵肌进行了比较观察。结果表明：群居型和散居型成虫背纵肌具有类似的亚细胞结构,飞行肌的肌原纤维具有1∶3粗细丝比例,每根粗丝由6根细丝环绕排列成六角形结构。飞行肌的发育和线粒体的形成均是渐进的过程,在不同日龄成虫间存在差异。肌节长度为2.1～3.4 μm;7和10日龄时群居型成虫肌节长度小于散居型;7日龄群居型肌原纤维直径显著大于散居型。背纵肌内线粒体含量约占肌纤维的20%～43%,两型飞蝗之间存在着显著的差异,7日龄时群居型线粒体占肌原纤维的比例高达42.96%,而散居型的只有22.45%;10日龄群居型线粒体含量为41.32%,散居型线粒体29.98%。上述差异可能是东亚飞蝗群居型成虫飞行能力显著强于散居型成虫的重要原因之一。     

粘虫蛾飞行肌的发育：超微结构特征分析

应用电子显微镜对正常条件下饲养的0-16日龄粘虫Mythimna separata (Walker)雌蛾飞行肌超微结构的研究结果表明：肌原纤维直径。线粒体和横管的体积分量均随蛾龄的增加而增加,到7日龄达到最大值以后又随蛾龄的增加而下降;但是,肌节长度则随蛾龄的增加而缩短,到7日龄达到最短后又随蛾龄的增加而延长,从而使整条发育曲线呈“V”字形;肌原纤维和肌质网体积分量变化不大或无规律可寻;二位体在发育初期和未期的比例较高,而三位体在4和7口龄比例较高;肌丝排列从0～7日龄均是有序的,肌动蛋白丝(细丝)和肌球蛋白丝(粗丝)的数量比为3：1,粗丝的数量变化也不大,每根肌原纤维约有600根。但从10日龄开始肌丝排列出现紊乱,细丝全部消失,粗丝降解、数量减少了30%,从而使肌原纤维留下一片片的空白。根据这些结果,把7日龄前的飞行肌发育过程视为生长过程,而把10日龄后的视作降解过程。最后对粘虫蛾飞行肌与卵巢发育及其飞行能力变化的关系进行了讨论。     

粘虫蛾飞行肌超微结构的研究

应用电子显微镜对粘虫雌蛾Mythimna separata(Walker)飞行(背纵)肌的研究结果表明,其肌原纤维由500-700根肌球蛋白丝(粗丝)组成,每根粗丝由6根肌动蛋白丝(细丝)环绕排列成六角形,每根细丝精确地位于两根粗丝间1/2处,从而使粗丝和细丝的比为1：3。肌节较短,长度约2.2-2.6μm。肌原纤维之间充满着线粒体和横管。每个肌节约有线粒体三个,横管二根。线粒体约占肌纤维体积的40%,而横管为7%。每根横管准确地位于肌节的1/4、3/4处,或Z线和中膈的中央,并与肌质网交接形成二位体(dyads)或三位体(triads)。肌质网相当不发达,约占肌纤维体积的2.5%。但其分布很有特色,即除了紧贴于肌原纤维周围的由单层液泡组成的肌质网以外,在中膈处还有一层横穿于肌原纤维的肌质网。和其它同步飞行肌的结构和功能分析比较的结果还表明,粘虫蛾飞行肌具有较善于飞行的结构。     

棉铃虫飞翔肌的超微结构

利用电子显微镜观测表明,棉铃虫Helicoverpa rmigera (Hubner)飞翔肌的肌原纤维由400～800根肌球蛋白丝组成,每根肌球蛋白由6根肌动蛋白丝环绕排列成六角形,肌节长度2.0～3.5μm,线粒体占飞翔肌的体积达42.38%～48.57%,微气管组织较为发达。初羽化棉铃虫肌原纤维和线粒体的发育基本完成,横管系统的发育相对较慢,羽化3日后趋于成熟,至5日龄占飞翔肌的体积达3.31%～3.54%。表明棉铃虫具有适宜飞行的飞翔肌结构。采自渤海海面距海岸线80km的迁飞蛾子飞翔肌基本结构和实验种群无明显的区别,但迁飞过程中的能量代谢导致线粒体内脊疏松而出现大量空洞。     

丽斗蟋翅二型雌虫飞行肌和卵巢发育间的资源分配差异

丽斗蟋Velarifictorus ornatus具有明显的翅二型现象, 长翅型与短翅型雌虫的卵巢和飞行肌存在着生理权衡。本研究分别应用蒽酮比色法、 硫代磷酸香草醛法、 考马斯亮蓝染液对羽化后10 d内两型雌虫飞行肌与卵巢内糖原、 总脂及蛋白质含量进行了定量分析。结果表明： 成虫羽化后10 d内, 两型雌虫体重无明显差异(P>0.05), 但短翅型雌虫怀卵量明显多于长翅型雌虫, 而人工脱翅能够促进长翅型雌虫怀卵量增加(P<0.05)。短翅型雌虫飞行肌内蛋白质、 糖原及总脂含量在成虫羽化后10 d内无明显变化, 但长翅型雌虫飞行肌内蛋白质在成虫羽化后3 d时达到最大值564.4±87.5 μg/♀, 糖原与总脂含量分别于羽化后第5天达到最大值85.2±21.7 μg/♀和5 284.7±1 267.4 μg/♀。然后开始下降, 各实验处理天数内, 长翅型雌虫飞行肌内蛋白质、 糖原及总脂含量都显著多于短翅型雌虫(P<0.05)。相反, 各处理天数内, 短翅型雌虫卵巢内蛋白质、 糖原及总脂含量则明显多于长翅型雌虫(P<0.05), 同时虫龄对蛋白质、 糖原及总脂在两型雌虫飞行肌与卵巢内分配也产生明显影响(P<0.05)。人工脱翅能够促进长翅型雌虫卵巢内蛋白质、 糖原及总脂含量增加, 同时诱导飞行肌内蛋白质、 糖原及总脂含量降低, 其中总脂含量在脱翅后10 d时降为2 394.9±1 461.8 μg/♀, 只有最大值的一半, 而与短翅型雌虫相似(P>0.05), 表明总脂为丽斗蟋飞行的主要能源物质。外用保幼激素Ⅲ能够促进长翅型雌虫卵巢内蛋白质、 糖原及总脂含量增加(P<0.05), 但对飞行肌内三者含量无明显影响(P>0.05), 外用早熟素Ⅰ对短翅型雌虫卵巢内蛋白质、 糖原及总脂含量亦无明显影响(P>0.05)。上述结果表明, 丽斗蟋长翅型雌虫首先将获得的资源用于发育飞行所需的飞行肌, 短翅型雌虫则首先将所获得的资源用于发育繁殖所需的卵巢, 但长翅型雌虫飞行肌与卵巢间的资源分配方式受保幼激素的影响。     

取食和交配对苹小吉丁飞行能力的影响

【目的】苹小吉丁Agrilus mali是一种严重危害苹果树的钻蛀性害虫。本研究旨在明确苹小吉丁的飞行扩散能力及对其飞行能力产生影响的关键因子。【方法】以SUN-FL型智能飞行磨系统对苹小吉丁不同日龄雌雄成虫的飞行能力进行了测定,同时评价了取食和交配情况对其飞行能力的影响。【结果】苹小吉丁飞行能力均随日龄的增加先增强后逐渐降低,初羽化的成虫飞行能力最低,11日龄成虫的飞行能力最强。雌成虫飞行能力强于雄成虫。在24 h内雌雄成虫的最长飞行距离分别为0.4165和0.3559 km;最长飞行时间分别为0.4582和0.4873 h;最大飞行速度分别为2.4639和1.8561 km/h。取食的3日龄雌成虫的平均飞行距离和平均飞行时间分别为0.047 km和0.048 h,雄成虫的分别为0.044 km和0.042 h;而未取食的雌成虫平均飞行距离和平均飞行时间仅分别为0.016 km和0.013 h,雄成虫的仅分别为0.013 km和0.012 h。交配对飞行能力的影响存在性别差异,已交配雌成虫的飞行能力要强于未交配雌成虫的,而已交配雄成虫的飞行能力却低于未交配雄成虫的。【结论】日龄对苹小吉丁成虫的飞行能力影响作用显著。取食显著提高苹小吉丁雌雄成虫的飞行能力,交配显著提高雌成虫飞行能力。     

金纹细蛾飞行能力测定

【目的】明确金纹细蛾Lithocolletis ringoniella自身生理状态下的飞行能力,了解其飞行生物学的基础参数。【方法】利用昆虫飞行磨系统,室内测定了金纹细蛾雌雄成虫不同日龄和性别以及5日龄雌雄成虫补充营养(5%蜂蜜水)与交配状态下的飞行距离、飞行时间、飞行速度等参数。【结果】连续吊飞12 h的结果显示,金纹细蛾3-6日龄成虫飞行能力较强,5日龄成虫飞行能力最强; 5日龄雌成虫的平均 飞行距离、飞行时间和飞行速度分别为2.293±0.254 km, 5.341±0.617 h和0.711±0.126 km/h, 5日龄雄成虫的平均飞行距离、飞行时间和飞行速度分别为2.142±0.276 km, 5.132±0.628 h和0.620±0.132 km/h, 说明雌雄成虫间飞行能力差异不显著。金纹细蛾5日龄雌雄成虫取食5%蜂蜜水后其飞行能力较对照显著提高,取食5%蜂蜜水后5日龄雌成虫的飞行距离、飞行时间和飞行速度较对照(取食清水)的分别提高46.945%, 15.430%和15.978%;5日龄雄成虫的飞行距离、飞行时间和飞行速度较对照分别提高42.610%, 13.590%和6.529%。交配后5日龄雌成虫的飞行距离、飞行时间和飞行速度较未交配雌成虫的分别提高41.628%, 7.152%和39.925%,而5日龄雄成虫交配后飞行能力则较未交配雄成虫的分别降低35.823%, 17.888%和46.129%。【结论】金纹细蛾成虫具有一定的飞行能力,补充营养和雌雄交配状态对飞行能力有重要影响。     

黄地老虎飞行能力研究

黄地老虎Agrotis segetum是一种重要的农业迁飞性害虫,研究飞行生物学对明确其迁飞机理有重要意义。本项研究利用昆虫飞行磨系统对黄地老虎的飞行能力进行了测定。对实验室种群飞行能力的测定结果表明:1日龄成虫的飞行能力最弱;3日龄飞行能力最强,其24 h平均飞行时间、平均飞行距离和平均飞行速率分别达到12.16±0.74 h、48.94±3.40 km和3.76±0.12 km/h。雌蛾与雄蛾间的各项飞行参数均无显著差异,但处女成虫平均飞行距离和平均飞行速率均显著高于已交配个体。对渤海湾野外迁飞种群飞行能力的测定显示,早季节北迁个体和晚季节回迁个体的平均飞行时间和平均飞行距离无显著差异,但皆显著低于实验室种群。黄地老虎具有较强的飞行能力,日龄和交配是影响其飞行能力的关键因素。     

交配对广聚萤叶甲成虫耐饥与耐热能力的影响

昆虫交配是一个消耗能量的过程,因此交配后可能对其抗逆能力造成一定的影响。广聚萤叶甲是恶性杂草-豚草的专一性天敌,正常情况下,成虫耐饥饿和耐热能力较强。为明确交配对广聚萤叶甲成虫抗逆能力的影响,本研究观察在一次交配处理后,广聚萤叶甲在饥饿条件下或高温条件下继续存活时间。结果发现,在不提供食物的情况下,交配对雄虫的寿命影响不大,但雌虫的寿命(8.4 d±0.1 d)显著短于对照雌虫(10.8 d±0.1 d)。在高温状态下,无论取食与否,交配都会显著增加广聚萤叶甲雌雄成虫的耐热能力,尤其以雌虫表现更为明显(处理雌虫和对照雌虫存活时间分别为:取食(6.15 d±0.14 d,4.95 d±0.13 d)、不取食(5.55 d±0.13 d,4.81 d±0.11 d)。可见,交配降低广聚叶甲雌虫的饥饿能力,但成虫的耐热能力显著加强。     

不同日龄及交配前后小菜蛾飞行能力

国内外研究表明小菜蛾Plutella xylostella(L.)具有迁飞现象。飞行能力的测定是了解其迁飞规律的重要基础。本研究利用飞行磨对不同日龄以及交配前后的小菜蛾飞行能力进行了研究。结果表明,不同日龄的小菜蛾雌虫飞行能力有差异,第1日龄飞行能力最弱,第3日龄飞行能力最强,12 h内最大飞行距离为10 546 m,最长飞行时间为11.613 h;不同日龄的雄虫的飞行能力差异不明显,最大飞行距离为13 191 m,最长飞行时间为12h;交配与否对雌雄虫的飞行能力的影响不明显。吊飞对小菜蛾的寿命及繁殖能力有较大的影响,吊飞后的寿命缩短,产卵量减少;吊飞前交配与否对存活及繁殖能力的影响不显著。     

The role of feeding,mating and ovariectomy on degeneration of indirect flight muscles of Dysdercus cingulatus (Heteroptera: Pyrrhocoridae)

Degeneration of indirect flight muscles takes place during the first gonotrophic cycle in females. Feeding and mating stimulate egg production and muscle histolysis. Starved virgin females do not histolyse the flight muscles. Mating has greater effect on muscle degeneration than feeding. Ovariectomy inhibits degeneration to a certain extent.     

Laboratory evaluation of flight activity of the common cutworm, Spodoptera litura (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

Abstract  The flight activity of Spodoptera litura in tethered conditions is evaluated using a computer-mediated flight-mill in the laboratory. The 3–4-day-old moths fly longer and farther than those of other ages. Male and female moths exhibit similar flight activity. Mating status does not influence the flight duration and distance of 2-day-old females. However, these two flight parameters with a 6-day-old mated female is significantly lower than that of unmated ones. The optimum temperature for flight ranged from 16–24°C, whereas the optimum RH ranged from 60%–100%. During 72-h period, the total flight duration and distance of 1-day-old male and female moths were 19.6 h (± 5.8) and 83.3 km (± 28.4), and 24.0 h (± 7.0) and 105.4 km (± 37.4), respectively. These results indicate that S. litura has a great potential to undertake long-distance migratory flights.     

Simultaneous monitoring of flight and oviposition of individual velvetbean caterpillar moths

ABSTRACT. A 'pivot' flight actograph was combined with a rolling oviposition surface to characterize the flight and oviposition behaviour of velvetbean caterpillar moths, Anticarsia gemmatalis Hubner. Tethered, caged control females laid significantly more eggs that those flown on the actograph. Mated females laid more eggs than unmated ones. However, mating did not affect longevity nor fight frequency and duration. Laboratory-reared and wild-type females also did not differ signficantly in longevity and flight. Both laboratory and wild mated females laid most of their eggs during the first 7 days whereas unmated ones delayed their oviposition. None of the female types produced a definite hourly, daily or lifetime pattern in flight frequency or duration. Of the 7672 recorded flights, about 3% were greater than 0.5 h. 'Long' flights (>0.5h) were made by some females before oviposition, as in colonization migration, but most interspersed flight with oviposition, as in extended search migration.     

二化螟雄蛾交配行为与精巢大小的关系

【目的】为了明确二化螟Chilo suppressalis雄蛾交配行为与精巢大小的关系,阐明信息素群集诱杀防治二化螟的有效性。【方法】本研究通过测定和比较不同日龄、交配状态以及性信息素诱捕的二化螟雄蛾精巢体积,建立精巢体积与雄蛾发育及交配状态的相关性。【结果】雄蛾日龄显著影响二化螟的交配,刚羽化(0日龄)雄蛾的交配率较低,1日龄雄蛾的交配率最高,之后随着日龄增加交配率逐渐降低。精巢体积与二化螟雄蛾日龄之间存在显著的负相关性。同一日龄交配的二化螟雄蛾的精巢体积显著大于未交配雄蛾;性诱捕器诱捕雄蛾的精巢体积显著大于未被性诱捕器诱捕雄蛾,与已交配雄蛾的精巢体积相似。交配之后,精巢的发育过程和未交配雄蛾相似。田间性信息素引诱二化螟雄蛾精巢体积小于0-1日龄未交配雄蛾,大于2-6日龄未交配雄蛾。【结论】本研究结果表明,二化螟雄蛾对雌蛾性信息素的反应与其精巢大小存在正相关性;性信息素引诱的二化螟雄蛾具有更强的性信息素反应能力,同时性信息素引诱的大部分雄蛾为未交配状态;交配过程并不影响二化螟雄蛾精巢体积,也不影响精巢发育。二化螟交配能力与精巢大小的关系在理论上解释了性信息素群集诱杀二化螟的防控有效性,并为其他蛾类昆虫的交配研究提供依据。     

Sexual differences in the flight performance of the oriental fruit moth, Cydia molesta

Cydia molesta Busck (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), a major pest of stone fruits and an increasingly important late season pest of apple, is predominately monitored by pheromone trapping of male moths. We investigated flight performance in relation to sex, age, and mating status using computer-linked flight mills, and also examined the relationship between female flight and reproduction. The crepuscular flight pattern of the experimental moths in relation to photointensity was very similar to that reported from field studies. Female moths significantly outperformed males in all measured flight parameters including total distance flown, distance of longest single flight, and velocity. The proportion of long-flying females (categorised as those completing an unbroken flight of greater than 1 km) was three to six times greater than that of males. Female flight performance was not related to mating status, but mated males displayed significantly greater flight than unmated males. The maximal flight period of mated females commenced on the third day after eclosion, following 30% egg deposition. Male flight was not significantly related to age. The data suggest that a limited proportion of the population, in particular females, may have the capacity to make inter-orchard flights. The limitations of monitoring C. molesta populations in apple orchards solely by pheromone trapping of males are discussed.     

Effects of age and mated status on flight potential of Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

Abstract The effects of ageing and female mated status on the flight potential of Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner), collected as larvae from a pigeonpea crop in southern India, were investigated using a tethered-flight technique. In non-mated moths fed sugar solution, from the first night after adult eclosion, the durations of both total and longest continuous flight per night increased up to night 4 and remained at this level until at least night 6. Ovarian maturation was rapid with 77% of unmated moths having commenced oviposition by the third night. On the basis of field evidence it is likely that most females would be mated by the third or fourth night, provided plants with nectar or sugary exudates were locally available. In successfully-mated females a 15-fold decrease in total flight duration and a 28-fold decrease in longest continuous flight duration was observed in contrast to non-mated females of similar age. As host plants suitable for adult feeding and oviposition were locally available during the time of feral adult emergence, synchronous pre-reproductive migration was unlikely to occur in the population studied.     

日龄和交配状态对二化螟雄蛾内生殖器特征的影响

【目的】性信息素群集诱杀应用于二化螟Chilo suppressalis测报和防治。本研究旨在明确性信息素群集诱杀二化螟的机理及诱集雄蛾的交配状态。【方法】利用行为学和生殖器解剖技术,研究不同日龄和交配状态二化螟雄蛾内生殖器特征,并将其与田间性信息素诱集获得的雄蛾进行比较。【结果】二化螟雄蛾单射精管非角质化区可分为7段;生殖器内含物主要为白色,紧实程度可以分为5级(0-4级),存在充满和未充满生殖器两种状态。随着日龄增加,雄蛾附腺以及第3和4段非角质化区内含物等级降低,第5和7段非角质化区内含物未充满比例升高,内含物为白色的比例下降。交配后1 h之内二化螟雄蛾第5和7段非角质化区和复射精管内含物等级显著低于未交配雄蛾,而第1-4段非角质化区内含物等级显著高于未交配雄蛾。交配后24 h,所有内含物等级和未交配雄蛾无显著差异;交配后36 h,第5和7段非角质化区内含物未充满比例高于未交配雄蛾。性信息素诱集和未诱集雄蛾生殖器内含物等级无显著差异。田间性信息素诱集雄蛾附腺端半部内含物等级显著高于2-6日龄未交配二化螟,第3和4段非角质化区内含物等级显著低于刚羽化(0日龄)雄蛾。【结论】本研究结果表明,利用生殖器内含物特征可以区别交配后12 h内的已交配和未交配二化螟雄蛾,性信息素群集诱杀的可能大部分是羽化1 d的未交配雄蛾。本研究结果为二化螟雄蛾交配状态判定和蛾类害虫性信息素测报和防治的有效性提供了一定依据。