7岁以下儿童细菌感染耐药分析

目的观察大连地区5家医院（大连医科大学附属一院、大连医科大学附属二院、大连儿童医院、大连市第六人民医院、大连开发区医院）2012年7岁以下儿童感染病原菌分布及其耐药情况。方法临床分离菌株,采用细菌分离鉴定方法（API、VITEK、Microsean系统）进行目标细菌的鉴定,药物敏感性试验用K—B纸片扩散法测定药物的敏感性。结果共收集细菌1235株,其中革兰阴性菌725株占58．7％,革兰阳性菌510株占41．3％;分离细菌前5位依次为大肠埃希菌占14．9％、凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌占13．6％、金黄色葡萄球菌占11．7％、肺炎克雷伯菌占10．8％、铜绿假单胞菌占7．4％。结论7岁以下儿童感染致病菌对抗生素均存在不同程度耐药情况,期望在临床治疗感染时有所帮助。     

Isoflavones in children and adults consuming soy

Soy and their isoflavones (IFLs) are believed to protect against breast cancer, particularly when exposure occurs during childhood. Little is known about the bioavailability of IFLs in children and how this is affected by oral antibiotics (OABX). We measured IFLs by LC/MS and found that the urinary IFL excretion rate (UIER) reflects circulating IFLs accurately when area-under-curve (AUC) and identical time intervals are used (r = 0.93; p < 0.001). UIER in children and adults was determined when healthy and when on OABX by collecting urine in pairs of baseline and overnight specimen before and after consuming soy nuts, respectively. Compared to when healthy, children on OABX showed significantly decreased UIER but adults on OABX showed increased UIER (p < 0.05). All 37 healthy children showed significantly higher UIERs compared to all 34 healthy adults. UIER is an adequate surrogate for determining IFL bioavailability and for measuring soy or IFL exposure in epidemiologic and other studies.     

以儿童呼吸道感染为主的非典型EBV感染报道

目的报道儿童EBV感染所致的临床疾病谱与年龄特点,以进一步提高对EBV感染诊治水平.方法回顾性分析了EBV-VCA-IgM或EBV-DNA-PCR诊断的690例儿童EBV感染的疾病分布和年龄分布特点.结果EBV感染儿童非典型传染性单核细胞增多症患儿422例,占61.16%,非典型EBV感染268例,占38.84%.非典型EBV感染中以呼吸道感染最为多见,为191例,占非典型EBV感染的71.27%.其他为皮炎或口炎、血小板减少性紫癜、腹泻病、川畸病、肠系膜或颈淋巴结炎、肾炎或肾病和CNS感染等.EBV感染致传染性单核细胞增多症和呼吸道感染在各年龄组的分布差异无显著性,EBV感染男女比为1.79：1.结论儿童EBV感染所致疾病多样,累及系统多,非典型表现以呼吸道感染为主.传染性单核细胞增多症和呼吸道感染在各年龄组间差异无显著性.     

海南岛4市县人群口腔假丝酵母菌分布情况的初步调查

目的：调查海南岛海口、三亚市、五指山市和保亭县四市县人群口腔假丝酵母菌的分布情况,为口腔假丝酵母菌分子生物学和遗传学特点研究提供基础资料。方法：分离出的假丝酵母菌经过菌落特征、制片乳酸酚棉蓝染色、芽管形成试验、厚膜孢子形成试验等初步鉴定,并用科玛嘉显色培养基培养确定。结果：海口、三亚市、五指山市和保亭县人群口腔假丝酵母菌总分离率为25．23％．其中白假丝酵母菌占54．48％,光滑假丝酵母菌占14．04％,热带假丝酵母菌占11．06％,克柔假丝酵母菌占9．36％。住院病人和健康人口腔假丝酵母菌的分离率分别为39．95％和11．61％,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）,结论：海南地区人群口腔假丝酵母菌的总分离率高于国内其它省份,分离出的假丝酵母菌以白假丝酵母菌为首位,病人口腔假丝酵母菌分离率明显高于健康人。     

杭州地区儿童肺炎支原体感染分析

目的调查杭州地区呼吸道感染儿童肺炎支原体（MP）感染情况和流行特点,为临床治疗和防止其爆发流行提供依据。方法随机采集在本院就诊并有呼吸道感染患儿的咽拭子,用FQ-PCR测定标本中MPDNA含量,若结果〉125拷贝为阳性,〈25拷贝为阴性。用统计学软件SPSS10．0分析MP感染和各调查因素之间的关系。结果在1502例呼吸道感染患儿标本中共检出391例MP阳性,阳性率占26．0％（391／1502）。感染机会、性别差异无显著性。7～15岁的儿童更容易感染,感染率占48．0％-62．1％。一年之中以夏秋季感染率最高,其中7月份高达37．3％。结论杭州地区MP引起儿童呼吸道感染的流行特点和南方其他地区的报道基本一致。     

142例儿童感染肺炎链球菌的耐药性分析

目的分析儿科病房的肺炎链球菌的主要分布情况以及耐药现状。方法收集宁波市妇女儿童医院儿科病房2010年1月1日至2012年12月31日临床分离的142株肺炎链球菌,采用法国生物梅里埃公司的VITEK-60型全自动微生物分析仪进行菌株鉴定。采用纸片扩散法（K—B法）做药敏试验,用参考菌株做质量控制。药敏试验结果按NCCL2002版判断标准,对照参考菌株判断敏感,中介和耐药。结果分离的142株肺炎链球菌的送检科室以呼吸科最多62株,其次是小儿监护病房21株,新生儿科送检标本中未培养出肺炎链球菌。分离的142株肺炎链球菌的标本以痰液标本最多103株。分离的142株肺炎链球菌对克林霉素,红霉素的耐药率分别为98．5％和95．07％且呈现逐年上升;对氨苄西林、氨苄西林舒巴坦钠、头孢呋辛、头孢曲松和万古霉素的敏感率分别为84．51％、89．44％、93．66％、97．89％和100％。结论本地区住院儿童的肺炎链球菌来源仍以呼吸道为主,对广谱半合成青霉素仍较敏感,对β-内酰胺酶抑制剂的广谱半合成青霉素敏感率更高,对头孢类敏感率更高,未发现对万古霉素耐药菌株。在门急诊可选用广谱半合成青霉素作为治疗肺炎链球菌的首选用药,在病房可选用敏感性更高的头孢呋新或头孢曲松治疗肺炎链球菌．但为了延缓耐药性的产生,应动态监测肺炎链球菌的耐药情况,合理选择抗生素,提高疗效。     

健康人群口腔酵母菌的分离及菌种分布

目的调查健康人群口腔酵母菌的分布。方法将来源于健康人的口腔拭子接种于改良SDA培养基,37℃培养14d,分到的酵母菌通过菌落形态、革兰染色作初步鉴定．芽管形成试验、厚膜孢子生成及假菌丝产生试验、YBC酵母鉴定卡作菌种鉴定。结果酵母菌在健康人口腔中总分离率为8．78％(86／979),其中较多的为白色假丝酵母菌37株,占43．02％,近平滑假丝酵母菌和季也蒙假丝酵母菌各9株,各占10．47％,葡萄牙假丝酵母菌6株,占6．98％,其他25株。结论健康人口腔中有多种条件致病酵母菌的寄生。     

A possible relationship between aspects of dentition and feeding in the centrarchid and anabantoid fishes

Synopsis Certain components of dentition — teeth on the third basibranchial in the Centrarchidae and on the parasphenoid in the anabantoids (sensu lato) — are very rare elsewhere in higher teleostean fishes. Though these basibranchial and parasphenoid teeth in the two fish groups are on opposite sides of the oral cavity, it is hypothesized that they both developed as adaptations for gripping a particular category of food items, namely strong-clawed, hard-shelled, active animals that, once within the oral cavity, would try to crawl out again. A corollary to this hypothesis is that higher teleosts with extensive dentition in the central part of the oral cavity have a grasping jaw bite, which, unlike a piercing, shearing, or crushing jaw bite, does not necessarily kill the prey that is taken into the oral cavity.     

2010年夏季急性细菌感染性腹泻患儿沙门菌感染分析

本文旨在了解急性细菌感染性腹泻患儿中沙门菌的感染现状及其耐药性.采集2010年7月1日~2010年9月30日复旦大学附属儿科医院门诊及住院急性细菌感染性腹泻患儿的粪便标本,进行沙门菌分离、培养及鉴定,采用Kirby-Bauer法进行药敏试验.共收集急性细菌感染性腹泻患儿粪便标本 1 045份,检出沙门菌 160株,阳性...     

326例儿童缺铁性贫血与感染幽门螺杆菌关系探究

目的分析幽门螺杆菌(H.pylori)对儿童缺铁性贫血(IDA)的影响,探讨H.pylori感染与儿童IDA的相关性,提高儿童IDA诊治率。方法应用~(13)C-呼气试验和胶体金法检测326例IDA患儿及211例健康儿童H.pylori感染情况,并对其结果进行统计学分析。结果 326例IDA患儿中H.pylori检测阳性217例(阳性率为66.56%),健康组儿童H.pylori检测阳性47例(阳性率为22.27%),两组比较差异有统计学意义(X~2=100.54,P0.01)。2-6岁组分别与7-9岁组及10-12岁组H.pylori阳性率比较差异均有统计学意义(X~2=8.61、21.46,P0.05),7-9岁组较10-12组H.pylori阳性率比较差异无统计学意义(X~2=2.62,P0.05)。其中女患儿H.pylori阳性率为78.06%(121/155),男患儿H.pylori阳性率为56.14%(96/171),两者比较差异有统计学意义(X~2=17.55,P0.01),且不同年龄组男女阳性率比较差异均有统计学意义。217例H.pylori感染的IDA患儿以轻度贫血为主,占95.85%(208/217)。结论H.pylori感染与儿童IDA之间存在相关性。     

2008-2009年南京地区儿童肺炎支原体感染情况分析

目的了解2008年至2009年南京地区儿童呼吸道肺炎支原体（MP）的感染情况。方法应用MP快速培养法对南京地区2008年1月至2009年12月980例急性呼吸道感染患儿的咽拭子标本进行MP培养检测。结果 980例急性呼吸道感染患儿的咽拭子标本中MP培养阳性384例,总阳性率为39.2%。其中〈3岁、35岁、〉5岁各年龄组患儿中MP阳性率分别是36.9%,38.5%和43.3%;不同季度MP感染的检出率分别是：春季（13月）45.7%,夏季（46月）24.8%,秋季（79月）20.4%,冬季（1012月）50.3%,其中冬、春两季MP感染的检出率明显高于其他两季（P〈0.01）。结论 MP为南京地区儿童急性呼吸道感染的重要病原体,各年龄儿童普遍易感;冬、春两季高发。     

抗生素在儿童患者中的使用状况

目的:了解我院(南华大学第一附属医院)儿童患者抗生素的使用情况;为相关治疗提供临床参考、方法:随机抽查我院儿科病历252份,填写“抗生素使用情况调查表”,用Excel软件统计分析数据。结果:抗生素使用率高达97％,抗生素联合使用率为15％。使用频率最高的是头孢菌素类达64．68％,其次是青霉素类达17．06％、大环内酯类达10．71％。结论:抗生素在我院儿童住院病人中被广泛使用;但主要是几种经验药,抗生素的科学使用性偏低。     

Growth, incidence and activities of dissimilatory sulfate-reducing bacteria in the human oral cavity

Abstract Viable counts and activities of sulfate-reducing bacteria were determined in the oral cavities of 12 healthy volunteers. Of these, 10 harboured viable sulfate-reducing bacteria populations. Six separate sites were sampled: the posterior tongue, anterior tongue, mid buccal mucosa, vestibular mucosa, supragingival plaque and subgingival plaque. Sulfate-reducing bacteria occurred in all areas, with the highest incidence in supragingival plaque. Viable counts and sulfate-reducing activities in each of the regions varied from 0 to 10⁸ cfu (g wet weight)⁻¹ and from 0 to 50 nmol (g wet weight) ⁻¹ h⁻¹, respectively. As sulfate-reducing bacteria can be detected in the oral cavity, they may potentially be involved in terminal oxidative processes carried out by the microflora of the mouth.     

Pattern of intestinal parasitic infection in preschool children in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

A total of 1,167 stool specimens collected from 0.6-6 years old patients attending King Abdel Aziz University Hospital (KAUH) in Riyadh, were examined for intestinal parasites. Of these 243 (20.8%) were positive. Giardia lamblia (13.5) and Enterobius vermicularis (4.2%), were the commonest parasites found. Other parasites present include Ascaris lumbricoides, Entamoeba histolytica and Hymenolepis nana. Abdominal pain (38.6%) and diarrhoea (27.6%) were the most common causes of referral presented among both males and females examined groups. Out of 211 patients positive for different parasites and showing different causes of referral, 45.5% were accompanied with abdominal pain and 22.3% having pruritus ani, while the percentage of patients having diarrhoea and positive for different parasites (9.5%) are less. It has been concluded that diarrhoea is not a major sign of parasitic infestation in 0.6-6 years old age group. Other causes of referral include, loss of appetite, underweight and failure to thrive which are mainly associated with Giardia lamblia infection.     

Oxidant and antioxidant status of Turkish marasmic children: A single center study

The aim of this study was to investigate plasma oxidant and antioxidant status in Turkish marasmic children. The study population consisted of 38 marasmic children (group I) and 28 age-matched children (group II) who were apparently well, with weight-forage >80% of the standards in the same region. After overnight fasting, venous blood samples were drawn and immediately transferred to heparinized and normal tubes. Plasma antioxidant potential (AOP), and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were measured in both groups. The plasma MDA levels were found to be higher in group I than in group II. However, plasma AOP values were lower in group I than in group II. The present study suggests that AOP is reduced due to an impaired antioxidant system in the plasma of malnourished patients. This oxidant stress causes significant peroxidation. Also, the antioxidant defense system of the patients is deteriorated in marasmus.     

两性霉素B对小儿白血病化疗后肺部侵袭性真菌感染的疗效研究

目的探讨两性霉素B对小儿白血病化疗后肺部侵袭性真菌感染（PIFI）的疗效。方法选取沈阳军区总医院于2012年4月至2014年8月收治的54例白血病化疗后PIFI患儿为研究对象,随机分成A、B两组,每组27例。B组采用米卡芬净,A组采用两性霉素B。对比两组临床疗效、G试验结果、肺部CT改变情况及不良反应发生率。结果 （1）A组治疗有效率为66.67%,明显优于B组的44.44%,且治疗后A组死亡6例（22.22%）,低于B组的13例（48.15%）,组间对比差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）;（2）所有受试患儿均行动态G试验检测,发现阳性者43例（79.63%）,A组22例、B组21例（P〉0.05）。其中37例（86.05%）治疗后转阴,A组20例,B组17例（P〉0.05）;治疗前,54例患儿高分辨CT影像显示其肺部出现片状或结节状高密度影,呈现明显新月形或空洞改变;（3）治疗后,两组患者均无严重腹泻、头晕、头痛等不良反应发生（P〉0.05）;A组3例因耐受不足停药,B组4例因肾功能改变而停止治疗,不良反应发生对比差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。结论对白血病化疗后出现PIFI症状的患者给予两性霉素B进行治疗,疗效显著,安全可靠,值得临床推广。     

The humoral immuneresponse to Helicobacter pylori infection in children with gastrointestinal symptoms

The prevalence of Helicobacter pylori is high in Eastern Europe. The purpose of this study was to estimate the prevalence of H. pylori in symptomatic Lithuanian children and to identify the infection by clinicopathological and serological analyses. One hundred sixteen symptomatic children (age 8-16) with gastritis and duodenal ulcer were included. Biopsies were histologically assessed according to the Sydney-System. Serum IgG antibodies against H. pylori were detected by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), using low molecular mass antigen. The western blot technique was used to detect serum antibodies against the cytotoxin-associated protein (CagA) using whole cell antigen. Histologically the prevalence of H. pylori infection was 79% and not influenced by demographic factors. Mucosal inflammation and atrophy were associated with a H. pylori infection. Intestinal metaplasia was found in eight children, suggesting early H. pylori acquisition in life. Increased levels of IgG antibodies were detected in 57% of children. The prevalence of IgG antibodies was significantly higher in patients with duodenal ulcer compared to children with gastritis. Forty-four (67%) H. pylori-seropositive children had antibodies against CagA. Low molecular weight-ELISA and whole cell-western blot results were significantly associated with histopathology, the presence of duodenal ulcer and the CagA status. A high number of false seronegative cases were due to poor immunological responses in children and poor locally validated tests. The prevalence of H. pylori infection in Lithuanian children is higher compared to Western Europe. The infection is acquired in early life. Diagnosing H. pylori infection, serology is helpful, but endoscopy/histology remains as gold standard.     

Lipopeptides in microbial infection control: Scope and reality for industry

Lipopeptides are compounds that are formed by cyclic or short linear peptides linked with a lipid tail or other lipophilic molecules. Recently, several lipopeptides were characterized, showing surfactant, antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities. The properties of lipopeptides may lead to applications in diverse industrial fields including the pharmaceutical industry as conventional antibiotics; the cosmetic industry for dermatological product development due to surfactant and anti-wrinkle properties; in food production acting as emulsifiers in various foodstuffs; and also in the field of biotechnology as biosurfactants. Some lipopeptides have reached a commercial antibiotic status, such as daptomycin, caspofungin, micafungin, and anidulafungin. This will be the focus of this review. Moreover, the review presented here will focus on the biotechnological utilization of lipopeptides in different fields as well as the functional–structure relation, connecting recent aspects of synthesis and structure diversity.     

A prospective study of human papillomavirus infection of the cervix

In a prospective study 42 women, diagnosed as having low grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN), made a total of 281 clinic visits over a 45 month period. At each visit, they were subjected to cytological and colposcopical examination and samples were taken for human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA hybridization studies and for the detection of non-HPV infections. HPV types 16 and/or 18 were found in 25% of all the samples tested and these virus types were detected in five of six (83%) women whose lesions progressed compared to seven of 14 (50%) of those whose lesions regressed. The presence of HPV DNA was not a good prognostic indicator of progression since half of those whose disease regressed also harboured these viruses at some time. The recording of non-HPV infections almost 10 times more often in the women whose disease regressed than in those whose disease progressed could probably be accounted for by the former having a larger number of follow-up visits. Nevertheless, the significance of non-HPV infections also remains unclear.     

Effect of Ascaris infection on the nutritional status and I.Q. of children

It was estimated that about 1.3 billion persons all over the world were infected with Ascaris Lumbricoides (A.L.), Especially children in tropical and subtropical countries. AIM To investigate the effects of A.L. infection on the nutritional status and the intellectual level in a sample of Egyptian primary school children from rural Giza province. SUBJECTS AND METHODS A sample of 637 children (329 boys and 308 girls) aged 6–12 years, have been subjected to some anthropometric measurements including body weight, body height, arm circumference, head circumference and triceps skinfold thickness. In addition, the I.Q. was determined using “Draw-a-man” test. Blood hemoglobin concentration was also determined using a spectrophotometric method. All the children were then subjected to stools and urine examinations, and peri-anal swab. Only 242 children were included for further study, of whom 45 boys and 38 girls were found infected with A.L. solely, and 81 boys and 78 girls of about the same age free of parasitic infections were taken as control. RESULTS Children infected with A.L. has significantly lower body weight, height, and arm circumference but insignificantly lower skinfold thickness and head circumference as comparedto the control group. Infected children had significantly lower hemoglobin concentration and I.Q. than the controls. CONCLUSIONS Selected anthropometric measurements, biochemical and intellectual tests from a useful complementary battery for reliable and informative investigation of the effects of parasitic infection on child nutrition and health. A.L. was found to have a significant effect on the physical and intellectual status of the rural Egyptian children of age 6–12 years.