胰腺β细胞的离子通道和胰岛素分泌

1 .胰腺β细胞膜上几种重要的离子通道和动作电位β细胞内的离子通道特性和胰岛素分泌的机制研究是深入了解糖尿病的基础。 2 0世纪 70年代初 ,胰岛 (ｉｓｌｅｔ)电生理研究表明 ,葡萄糖刺激伴随着β细胞膜电势的变化 ,并推测其与胰岛素分泌相关[1] 。 2 0世纪 70年代末 ,Ｎｅｈｅｒ等[2 ] 发明了膜片钳记录技术 ,大大促进了包括β细胞在内的单细胞电生理的研究。1 .1　Ｋ 通道　　 2 0世纪 80年代前期 ,各种不同膜片钳构型的研究都表明 ,葡萄糖刺激下β细胞的膜电势变化源于膜上一种Ｋ 通道活性的改变 ,因其可直接被ＡＴＰ关闭而被命名为…     

Role for the TRPV1 Channel in Insulin Secretion from Pancreatic Beta Cells

Transient receptor potential channels have been put forward as regulators of insulin secretion. A role for the TRPV1 ion channel in insulin secretion has been suggested in pancreatic beta cell lines. We explored whether TRPV1 is functionally expressed in RINm5F and primary beta cells from neonate and adult rats. We examined if capsaicin could activate cationic non-selective currents. Our results show that TRPV1 channels are not functional in insulin-secreting cells, since capsaicin did not produce current activation, not even under culture conditions known to induce the expression of other ion channels in these cells. Although TRPV1 channels seem to be irrelevant for the physiology of isolated beta cells, they may play a role in glucose homeostasis acting through the nerve fibers that regulate islet function. At the physiological level, we observed that Trpv1 ^?/? mice presented lower fasting insulin levels than their wild-type littermates, however, we did not find differences between these experimental groups nor in the glucose tolerance test or in the insulin secretion. However, we did find that the Trpv1 ^?/? mice exhibited a higher insulin sensitivity compared to their wild-type counterparts. Our results demonstrate that TRPV1 does not contribute to glucose-induced insulin secretion in beta cells as was previously thought, but it is possible that it may control insulin sensitivity.     

胰岛素对β细胞胰岛素分泌的反馈影响

目的：探讨不同浓度外源性胰岛素在不同浓度葡萄糖情况下对β TC-3细胞胰岛素分泌的影响。方法：取对数生长期的13TC3细胞分三组,即低糖组、中糖组、高糖组（葡萄糖浓度分别取1．0mmol／L、3．Ommoi／L、20．Ommol／L）。每组分0、5、10、15、100、500、5000和50000μU／ml胰岛素八个亚组（其中0μU／ml作为对照组）。刺激10分钟后取上清液测C肽。结果：在高糖组中,C肽分泌量无明显差异;在中糖组中,10μU／ml和15μU／ml两组相对对照组C肽分泌量显著增加,50000μU／ml组C肽分泌量则相对对照组出现减少,其余3个亚组无明显改变;在低糖组中,c肽分泌量除5000μU／ml组减少外。其它亚组C肽分泌量无明显差畀。结论：胞外胰岛素在适宜葡萄糖浓度时,对BTC3细胞胰岛素分泌的反馈影响呈剂量依赖关系。     

胰岛素对β细胞胰岛素分泌的反馈影响

目的:探讨不同浓度外源性胰岛素在不同浓度葡萄糖情况下对βTC-3细胞胰岛素分泌的影响。方法:取对数生长期的βTC3细胞分三组,即低糖组、中糖组、高糖组(葡萄糖浓度分别取1.0mmol/L、3.0mmol/L、20.0mmol/L)。每组分0、5、10、15、100、500、5000和50000μU/ml胰岛素八个亚组(其中0μU/ml作为对照组)。刺激10分钟后取上清液测C肽。结果:在高糖组中,C肽分泌量无明显差异;在中糖组中,10μU/ml和15μU/ml两组相对对照组C肽分泌量显著增加,50000μU/ml组C肽分泌量则相对对照组出现减少,其余3个亚组无明显改变;在低糖组中,C肽分泌量除5000μU/ml组减少外,其它亚组C肽分泌量无明显差异。结论:胞外胰岛素在适宜葡萄糖浓度时,对βTC3细胞胰岛素分泌的反馈影响呈剂量依赖关系。     

c-met 在大鼠胰岛β细胞INS-1 胰岛素分泌中的作用

目的:从c-met对胰岛β细胞增殖,细胞周期、糖耐受和对GLUT2的表达影响三个方面探讨c-met在胰岛β细胞功能的影响及相关机制。方法:在大鼠胰岛β细胞系INS-1中运用RNA干扰技术(RNAi)抑制HGF的特异性受体c-met蛋白的表达,检测其在正常的生理状况下对成熟的胰岛β细胞增殖以及功能维持的作用。结果:c-met蛋白对成熟的胰岛β细胞的增殖与周期并没有显著影响,但对于β细胞的功能维持具有重要意义。结论:通过调节GLUT2蛋白来维持β细胞的胰岛素分泌功能,有助于进一步阐明HGF/c-met通路在胰岛β细胞功能损伤的分子机制,从而为糖尿病的预防和治疗提供新的理论依据。     

Down-Regulation of ZnT8 Expression in INS-1 Rat Pancreatic Beta Cells Reduces Insulin Content and Glucose-Inducible Insulin Secretion

The SLC30A8 gene codes for a pancreatic beta-cell-expressed zinc transporter, ZnT8. A polymorphism in the SLC30A8 gene is associated with susceptibility to type 2 diabetes, although the molecular mechanism through which this phenotype is manifest is incompletely understood. Such polymorphisms may exert their effect via impacting expression level of the gene product. We used an shRNA-mediated approach to reproducibly downregulate ZnT8 mRNA expression by >90% in the INS-1 pancreatic beta cell line. The ZnT8-downregulated cells exhibited diminished uptake of exogenous zinc, as determined using the zinc-sensitive reporter dye, zinquin. ZnT8-downregulated cells showed reduced insulin content and decreased insulin secretion (expressed as percent of total insulin content) in response to hyperglycemic stimulus, as determined by insulin immunoassay. ZnT8-depleted cells also showed fewer dense-core vesicles via electron microscopy. These data indicate that reduced ZnT8 expression in cultured pancreatic beta cells gives rise to a reduced insulin response to hyperglycemia. In addition, although we provide no direct evidence, these data suggest that an SLC30A8 expression-level polymorphism could affect insulin secretion and the glycemic response in vivo.     

A Novel GLP1 Receptor Interacting Protein ATP6ap2 Regulates Insulin Secretion in Pancreatic Beta Cells

GLP1 activates its receptor, GLP1R, to enhance insulin secretion. The activation and transduction of GLP1R requires complex interactions with a host of accessory proteins, most of which remain largely unknown. In this study, we used membrane-based split ubiquitin yeast two-hybrid assays to identify novel GLP1R interactors in both mouse and human islets. Among these, ATP6ap2 (ATPase H⁺-transporting lysosomal accessory protein 2) was identified in both mouse and human islet screens. ATP6ap2 was shown to be abundant in islets including both alpha and beta cells. When GLP1R and ATP6ap2 were co-expressed in beta cells, GLP1R was shown to directly interact with ATP6ap2, as assessed by co-immunoprecipitation. In INS-1 cells, overexpression of ATP6ap2 did not affect insulin secretion; however, siRNA knockdown decreased both glucose-stimulated and GLP1-induced insulin secretion. Decreases in GLP1-induced insulin secretion were accompanied by attenuated GLP1 stimulated cAMP accumulation. Because ATP6ap2 is a subunit required for V-ATPase assembly of insulin granules, it has been reported to be involved in granule acidification. In accordance with this, we observed impaired insulin granule acidification upon ATP6ap2 knockdown but paradoxically increased proinsulin secretion. Importantly, as a GLP1R interactor, ATP6ap2 was required for GLP1-induced Ca²⁺ influx, in part explaining decreased insulin secretion in ATP6ap2 knockdown cells. Taken together, our findings identify a group of proteins that interact with the GLP1R. We further show that one interactor, ATP6ap2, plays a novel dual role in beta cells, modulating both GLP1R signaling and insulin processing to affect insulin secretion.     

Dynamin-mediated Nephrin Phosphorylation Regulates Glucose-stimulated Insulin Release in Pancreatic Beta Cells

We have previously demonstrated a role for Nephrin in glucose stimulated insulin release (GSIR). We now hypothesize that Nephrin phosphorylation is required for GSIR and that Dynamin influences Nephrin phosphorylation and function. MIN6-C3 Nephrin-deficient pancreatic beta cells and human islets were transfected with WT-Nephrin or with a mutant Nephrin in which the tyrosine residues responsible for SH2 domain binding were substituted with phenylalanine (3YF-Nephrin). GSIR and live images of Nephrin and vesicle trafficking were studied. Immunoprecipitation experiments and overexpression of WT-Dynamin or dominant negative Dynamin mutant (K44A-Dynamin) in WT-Nephrin, 3YF-Nephrin, or Nephrin siRNA-transfected cells were utilized to study Nephrin-Dynamin interaction. In contrast to WT-Nephrin or to single tyrosine mutants, 3YF-Nephrin did not positively affect GSIR and led to impaired cell-cell contacts and vesicle trafficking. K44A-Dynamin prevented the effect of Nephrin on GSIR in the absence of protein-protein interaction between Nephrin and Dynamin. Nephrin gene silencing abolished the positive effects of WT-Dynamin on GSIR. The effects of protamine sulfate and vanadate on Nephrin phosphorylation and GSIR were studied in MIN6 cells and human islets. WT-Nephrin phosphorylation after glucose occurred at Tyr-1176/1193 and resulted in improved GSIR. On the contrary, protamine sulfate-induced phosphorylation at Tyr-1176/1193/1217 was associated with Nephrin degradation and impaired GSIR. Vanadate, which prevented Nephrin dephosphorylation after glucose stimulation, improved GSIR in human islets and MIN6 cells. In conclusion, Dynamin-dependent Nephrin phosphorylation occurs in response to glucose and is necessary for Nephrin-mediated augmentation of GSIR. Pharmacological modulation of Nephrin phosphorylation may thus facilitate pancreatic beta cell function.     

lncRNA TUG1在胰岛β细胞分泌胰岛素中的功能研究

目的:关于lncRNA TUG1在体内外胰岛β细胞分泌胰岛素中的功能研究。方法:通过qRT-PCR检测lncRNA TUG1在小鼠胰腺,脑,肌肉等不同组织的表达。体外干扰MIN6胰岛素瘤细胞系lncRNA TUG1后,通过MTT法和流式细胞计数检测对β细胞增殖和周期影响;通过GSIS检测β细胞不同糖浓度刺激下的胰岛素分泌水平;采用qRT-PCR检测β细胞Insulin及相关特异转录因子Pdx1,Maf A,Neuro D,Glut2的变化;外源性封闭正常成年小鼠中lncRNA TUG1的表达后,采用ELISA法检测对血清胰岛素的影响,采用免疫组化检测对胰岛形态的影响。结果:lncRNA TUG1在胰腺组织中高度表达。干扰lncRNA TUG1后可致β细胞增殖活力受到抑制,糖刺激下的胰岛素分泌水平下降,Insulin及相关特异转录因子Pdx1,Maf A,Neuro D,Glut2减少;外源性封闭正常成年小鼠中lncRNA TUG1的表达后,血清胰岛素减少,胰岛面积减小。结论:干扰lncRNA TUG1后在体内外均可导致胰腺β细胞分泌胰岛素减少,提示lncRNA TUG1可在体内外影响β细胞的胰岛素分泌,lncRNA TUG1是调节胰岛β细胞功能的因素之一。     

Microtubules Regulate Localization and Availability of Insulin Granules in Pancreatic Beta Cells

Two key prerequisites for glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) in β cells are the proximity of insulin granules to the plasma membrane and their anchoring or docking to the plasma membrane (PM). Although recent evidence has indicated that both of these factors are altered in the context of diabetes, it is unclear what regulates localization of insulin granules and their interactions with the PM within single cells. Here, we demonstrate that microtubule (MT)-motor-mediated transport dynamics have a critical role in regulating both factors. Super-resolution imaging shows that whereas the MT cytoskeleton resembles a random meshwork in the cells’ interior, MTs near the cell surface are preferentially aligned with the PM. Computational modeling suggests two consequences of this alignment. First, this structured MT network preferentially withdraws granules from the PM. Second, the binding and transport of insulin granules by MT motors prevents their stable anchoring to the PM. These findings suggest the MT cytoskeleton may negatively regulate GSIS by both limiting the amount of insulin proximal to the PM and preventing or breaking interactions between the PM and the remaining nearby insulin granules. These results predict that altering MT network structure in β cells can be used to tune GSIS. Thus, our study points to the potential of an alternative therapeutic strategy for diabetes by targeting specific MT regulators.     

The Adenylyl Cyclase Inhibitor MDL-12,330A Potentiates Insulin Secretion via Blockade of Voltage-Dependent K+ Channels in Pancreatic Beta Cells

Objective

Adenylyl cyclases (ACs) play important role in regulating pancreatic beta cell growth, survival and secretion through the synthesis of cyclic AMP (cAMP). MDL-12,330A and SQ 22536 are two AC inhibitors used widely to establish the role of ACs. The goal of this study was to examine the effects of MDL-12,330A and SQ 22536 on insulin secretion and underlying mechanisms.

Methods

Patch-clamp recording, Ca²⁺ fluorescence imaging and radioimmunoassay were used to measure outward K⁺ currents, action potentials (APs), intracellular Ca²⁺ ([Ca²⁺]_i) and insulin secretion from rat pancreatic beta cells.

Results

MDL-12,330A (10 µmol/l) potentiated insulin secretion to 1.7 times of control in the presence of 8.3 mmol/l glucose, while SQ 22536 did not show significant effect on insulin secretion. MDL-12,330A prolonged AP durations (APDs) by inhibiting voltage-dependent K⁺ (K_V) channels, leading to an increase in [Ca²⁺]_i levels. It appeared that these effects induced by MDL-12,330A did not result from AC inhibition, since SQ 22536 did not show such effects. Furthermore, inhibition of the downstream effectors of AC/cAMP signaling by PKA inhibitor H89 and Epac inhibitor ESI-09, did not affect K_V channels and insulin secretion.

Conclusion

The putative AC inhibitor MDL-12,330A enhances [Ca²⁺]_i and insulin secretion via inhibition of K_V channels rather than AC antagonism in beta cells, suggesting that the non-specific effects is needed to be considered for the right interpretation of the experimental results using this agent in the analyses of the role of AC in cell function.     

ATP 调控大鼠胰腺β细胞胰岛素分泌的双重作用

实验以大鼠胰腺β细胞为研究对象,采用荧光测钙和全细胞膜片钳膜电容测量技术,研究 ATP 对胞内钙离子信号和细胞分泌的影响,并初步探讨了其作用机制 . 实验表明：胞外 ATP 刺激通过动员细胞内 thapsigargin 敏感的钙库 Ca2+ 释放,使大鼠胰腺β细胞内的游离钙离子浓度显著升高,细胞外的 ATP 信号对β细胞胰岛素分泌有双向调节作用,其一,主要通过降低去极化引起的钙电流而对β细胞胰岛素分泌产生较弱的抑制作用,其二,细胞在静息状态下, ATP 通过动员胞内钙库的 Ca2+ 释放使胞浆中的钙离子浓度显著增加,触发β细胞强烈分泌胰岛素 . ATP 的这种双向调节可能对胰岛素分泌的精确调控具有重要的生理意义 .     

Sirt1 Regulates Insulin Secretion by Repressing UCP2 in Pancreatic β Cells

Sir2 and insulin/IGF-1 are the major pathways that impinge upon aging in lower organisms. In Caenorhabditis elegans a possible genetic link between Sir2 and the insulin/IGF-1 pathway has been reported. Here we investigate such a link in mammals. We show that Sirt1 positively regulates insulin secretion in pancreatic β cells. Sirt1 represses the uncoupling protein (UCP) gene UCP2 by binding directly to the UCP2 promoter. In β cell lines in which Sirt1 is reduced by SiRNA, UCP2 levels are elevated and insulin secretion is blunted. The up-regulation of UCP2 is associated with a failure of cells to increase ATP levels after glucose stimulation. Knockdown of UCP2 restores the ability to secrete insulin in cells with reduced Sirt1, showing that UCP2 causes the defect in glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. Food deprivation induces UCP2 in mouse pancreas, which may occur via a reduction in NAD (a derivative of niacin) levels in the pancreas and down-regulation of Sirt1. Sirt1 knockout mice display constitutively high UCP2 expression. Our findings show that Sirt1 regulates UCP2 in β cells to affect insulin secretion.     

人胰腺细胞培养及胰岛素的分泌

人胰腺细胞培养及胰岛素的分泌王石泉,汤国枝,张鹤云,李敏意,金以丰（南京大学生物化学系,南京２１００９３）胰岛β细胞的体外培养获得胰岛素已有报道,但大多采用新生大鼠胰腺,且β细胞成活率低,分泌量少,还处在研究阶段［１－４］．本实验采用人胰腺细胞做较大...     

Dopamine Modulates Insulin Release and Is Involved in the Survival of Rat Pancreatic Beta Cells

The local synthesis of dopamine and its effects on insulin release have been described in isolated islets. Thus, it may be accepted that dopamine exerts an auto-paracrine regulation of insulin secretion from pancreatic beta cells. The aim of the present study is to analyze whether dopamine is a regulator of the proliferation and apoptosis of rat pancreatic beta cells after glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. Glucose stimulated pancreatic islets obtained from male Wistar rats were cultured with 1 or 10 μM dopamine from 1 to 12 h. Insulin secretion was analyzed by RIA. The cellular proliferation rate of pancreatic islets and beta cells was studied with immunocytochemical double labelling for both insulin and PCNA (proliferating cell nuclear antigen), and active caspase-3 was detected to evaluate apoptosis. The secretion of insulin from isolated islets was significantly inhibited (p<0.01), by treatment with 1 and 10 μM dopamine, with no differences between either dose as early as 1 h after treatment. The percentage of insulin-positive cells in the islets decreased significantly (p<0.01) after 1 h of treatment up to 12 h. The proliferation rate of insulin-positive cells in the islets decreased significantly (p<0.01) following treatment with dopamine. Apoptosis in pancreatic islets and beta cells was increased by treatment with 1 and 10 μM dopamine along 12 h. In conclusion, these results suggest that dopamine could modulate the proliferation and apoptosis of pancreatic beta cells and that dopamine may be involved in the maintenance of pancreatic islets.     

A Unifying Organ Model of Pancreatic Insulin Secretion

The secretion of insulin by the pancreas has been the object of much attention over the past several decades. Insulin is known to be secreted by pancreatic β-cells in response to hyperglycemia: its blood concentrations however exhibit both high-frequency (period approx. 10 minutes) and low-frequency oscillations (period approx. 1.5 hours). Furthermore, characteristic insulin secretory response to challenge maneuvers have been described, such as frequency entrainment upon sinusoidal glycemic stimulation; substantial insulin peaks following minimal glucose administration; progressively strengthened insulin secretion response after repeated administration of the same amount of glucose; insulin and glucose characteristic curves after Intra-Venous administration of glucose boli in healthy and pre-diabetic subjects as well as in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Previous modeling of β-cell physiology has been mainly directed to the intracellular chain of events giving rise to single-cell or cell-cluster hormone release oscillations, but the large size, long period and complex morphology of the diverse responses to whole-body glucose stimuli has not yet been coherently explained. Starting with the seminal work of Grodsky it was hypothesized that the population of pancreatic β-cells, possibly functionally aggregated in islets of Langerhans, could be viewed as a set of independent, similar, but not identical controllers (firing units) with distributed functional parameters. The present work shows how a single model based on a population of independent islet controllers can reproduce very closely a diverse array of actually observed experimental results, with the same set of working parameters. The model’s success in reproducing a diverse array of experiments implies that, in order to understand the macroscopic behaviour of the endocrine pancreas in regulating glycemia, there is no need to hypothesize intrapancreatic pacemakers, influences between different islets of Langerhans, glycolitic-induced oscillations or β-cell sensitivity to the rate of change of glycemia.