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1.
Sabine P. Wintner 《Environmental Biology of Fishes》2000,59(4):441-451
Growth rings (GR) in vertebral centra of 15 whale sharks, Rhincodon typus, four female (418–750cm precaudal length), 10 male (422–770cm), and one of unknown sex (688cm), were examined using x-radiography. GR counts were made from scanned images and count precision was determined using the average percentage error index (4.19%) and the index of precision D (3.31%). In females, counts ranged from 19 GR (418cm) to 27 GR (750cm); in males from 20 GR (670cm) to 31 GR (770cm). Three mature males had 20 GR (670cm), 24 GR (744cm) and 27 GR (755cm). A female with 22 GR (445cm) was adolescent. There was a linear relationship between centrum dorsal diameter and body length, and back-calculated body lengths at number of GR are presented. A linear relationship between body length and number of GR prevented the calculation of von Bertalanffy parameters from either observed or back-calculated values. 相似文献
2.
Sherry C. Manickchand-Heileman Dawn A.T. Phillip 《Environmental Biology of Fishes》1999,55(4):413-421
Reproduction and growth of the vermilion snapper, Rhomboplites aurorubens, were studied in Trinidad and Tobago. The smallest individual caught measured 145mm total length (TL) and all fish appeared to be mature. It was not possible to precisely determine size at first maturity due to the use of macroscopic techniques. The smallest spent male and female measured 181 and 211mm TL respectively, suggesting a size at first maturity below these sizes. Spawning occurred throughout the year, with a period of peak spawning from about June to November in the rainy season when river runoff increased. Sagittal otolith sections were used for age determination and the opaque ring, which was counted as the annulus, was deposited from January to May in the dry season. A total of 11 age groups between the ages of 2–12 years (155–505mm total length) were found. The von Bertalanffy growth parameters were: L=532mm, K=0.13y–1, and t0=–0.17, where L is the asymptotic length, K is the growth coefficient and t0 is the theoretical age at zero length. The relationship between weight (WT) and length (TL) was WT=3.43×10–5 TL2.82. Vermilion snapper in this study area appears to grow slower and attain a smaller asymptotic length, but has a longer lifespan than found in populations in higher latitudes. This may be attributed to different levels of exploitation, which may be higher in the latter areas. 相似文献
3.
Based on the re-interpretation of published data, the von Bertalanffy growth function parameters of the coelacanth, Latimeria chalumnae, are estimated as L=218cm total length, s.e. 23; K=0.059 (year–1), s.e. 0.012; t0=–3.3 (year), s.e. 0.5, corresponding to a life span of 48 years. The length–weight relationship of the form W=a*TLb, with wet weight (W) in g and total length (TL) in cm, is estimated as a=0.0278, b=2.89, r2=0.893, n=87, range=42.5–183cm TL. Using extreme value theory, the maximum length for female coelacanths is estimated as 199cm TL (95% confidence interval=175–223cm TL) and for males as 168cm TL (95% confidence interval 155–180cm TL). Based on data from seven females with embryos or mature eggs, the length-at-first-maturity for females is estimated to be about 150cm TL, corresponding to an age of about 16 years. Based on the value of t0=–3.3 years and on the presence of three scale rings found in a newborn coelacanth, the period of embryogenesis lasts for about three years, the longest known in vertebrates. The natural mortality rate is estimated at M=0.12. Population food consumption is found to be 1.4 times the existing biomass per year, and gross food conversion efficiency indicates that only 10% of the consumed food is utilized for somatic growth. 相似文献
4.
Natacha Brion Willy Baeyens Sandra De Galan Marc Elskens Remy W.P.M. Laane 《Biogeochemistry》2004,68(3):277-296
Annual nitrogen and phosphorus budgets for the whole North Sea taking into account the most recent data available were established. The area considered has a total surface of approximately 700,000km2 and corresponds to the definition by OSPARCOM (Oslo and Paris Commission) with the exclusion of the Skagerrak and Kattegat areas. Input and output fluxes were determined at the marine, atmospheric, sediment and continental boundaries, and riverine inputs based on river flows and nutrient concentrations at the river–estuary interface were corrected for possible estuarine retention. The results showed that the North Sea is an extremely complex system subjected to large inter-annual variability of marine water circulation and freshwater land run-off. Consequently, resulting total N (TN) and P (TP) fluxes are extremely variable from 1 year to another and this has an important influence on the budget of these elements. Total inputs to the North Sea are 8870±4860kTNyear–1 and 494±279kTPyear–1. Denitrification is responsible for the loss of 23±7% of the TN inputs while sediment burial is responsible for the retention of only of 2±2% of the TP input. For TN, due to the large variability on marine and estuarine fluxes, and to the uncertainty related to the denitrification rate, it was concluded that the North Sea could either be a source (1930kTNyear–1) or a sink (1700kTNyear–1) for the waters of the North Atlantic Ocean. For TP it was concluded that the North Sea is mostly a source (–4 to 52kTPyear–1) for the waters of the North Atlantic Ocean. 相似文献
5.
Conservation status of parrot populations in an Atlantic rainforest area of southeastern Brazil 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
A census of four species of syntopic parrots was carried out using distance sampling methods on São Sebastião island, SE Brazil. Most of the 33593 ha island is covered by mature and secondary Atlantic rainforest. Almost 80% of these forests are within the Ilhabela Park. Although the species counted have marked differences in size and weight, density (individuals/km2) and estimated population size in 23500 ha of well-preserved forests were similar: Amazona farinosa (13.82±5.94; 3247±1395), Pionus maximiliani (15.79±7.04; 3712±1654), Brotogeris tirica (15.05±4.87; 3537±1143) and Pyrrhura frontalis (13.06±5.53; 3068±1298). Encounter rates of Forpus crassirostris and Pionopsitta pileata were very low, which suggests that there is only a small population of these species on the island. The São Sebastião forests still support healthy populations of parrots. Although woodpecker population estimates on the island are large enough to provide nesting sites for parrots, competition for holes with other secondary cavity nesters such as toucans, flycatchers and tytiras, and the selective cutting of dead trees for canoe construction, which is a common practice on the island, may limit hole availability for parrots. 相似文献
6.
Adult fish of a freshwater population of the Iberian endangered cyprinodontid Aphanius iberus, were induced to reproduce at salinities of 5, 15, 30, 45 and 60ppt. For each salinity five 30l aquaria were used, each one including a male and two females. Maturity and spawning outside the natural season, were obtained at conditions of 22 to 28°C and a photoperiod of 14L:10D. The larvae were fed with rotifers Brachionus plicatilis and Synchaeta cecilia valentina. Experiment lasted 40 days. The first spawning occurred on the 17th day at 45ppt of salinity and the first embryos hatched on the 34th day at 5 and 15ppt salinity. The final average number of larvae per aquarium ranged from 5.2 (45ppt salinity) to 10.8 (15ppt salinity). No significant differences were found between the average values at different salinities (p<0.01). 相似文献
7.
Ninety four scalloped hammerhead sharks, Sphyrna lewini (53 females and 41 males) ranging in size from 121 to 321cm total length (TL), were collected from surface gillnetters operating off northeastern Brazil and throughout the southwestern equatorial Atlantic Ocean between January and December 1996. A common regression for TL and eviscerated weight (EW) was calculated as, logEW = –11.786 + 2.889 logTL. Females and males were categorised into reproductive stages (4 and 2, respectively) according to morphological changes in their gonads. Size at sexual maturity for females was estimated to be 240cm, while males appeared to mature at between 180 and 200cm. Gravid females had between 2 and 21 embryos or pups, varying in TL from 3 to 38cm. There was no relationship between maternal length and size of litter. Copulation and parturition appear to occur outside the sampled area and possibly closer to the coast. With the exception of slightly lower uterine and ovarian fecundities, the results support the few existing data on the reproductive cycle of S. lewini in other areas. 相似文献
8.
Rajkhowa R.C. Goswami Pranab Singh H.D. 《World journal of microbiology & biotechnology》2000,16(1):63-68
The mechanism of uptake of water-insoluble -sitosterol by a newly isolated strain of Arthrobacter
simplex SS-7 was studied. The production of an extracellular sterol-pseudosolubilizing protein during growth of A. simplex on -sitosterol was demonstrated by isolating the factor from the cell-free supernatant and its subsequent purification by Sephadex G-150 column chromatography. The M
r of the purified sterol-pseudosolubilizing protein determined by SDS–PAGE was 19kDa. The rate of sterol pseudosolubilization (5.2×10–3g l–1h–1) could not adequately account for the rate of sterol uptake (72×10–3g l–1h–1) and the specific growth rate (56×10–3 h–1). However in the unfavourable growth condition, when the cells were treated with sodium azide at the level of 30–60% of MIC, the sterol pseudosolubilization accounted for nearly 74% of the total growth containing 96% free cells. Cellular adherence to substrate particles was found to play an active role in the normal growth of the strain on -sitosterol. Unlike sodium acetate-grown cells, whose surface activity was negligible (60mNm–1), the sterol-grown cells had strong surface activity (40mNm–1). The high lipid content and long chain fatty acids in the cell-wall of -sitosterol-grown cells probably contribute to the high sterol adherence activity of the cells. 相似文献
9.
We studied age, growth, and sexual development in the early life intervals of the self-fertilizing mangrove killi-fish, Rivulus marmoratus. Newly hatched (day 0) individuals had sagittal otoliths of 60m radius, with about 30 increments. Sequential sampling until about day 60 after hatching yielded otoliths with the number of increments outside the 60m radius equal to the daily age of the fish. Alizarin complexone marking of otoliths also confirmed the increments were daily, and demonstrated the applicability of this technique to field studies for capture-mark-recapture, or age and growth estimates. Individuals fed a restricted amount of food formed fewer daily otolith growth increments than fish fed to satiation each day. Using histological analysis for identifying gonad morphogenesis, we found no correlation between gonadal development and external appearance (caudal ocellus, orange fin colouration) in young fish of known ages. The caudal ocellus was not present until 9mm total length, and developed thereafter. Of 136 individuals examined, fish less than 17.2mm total length (TL, n = 124) were females. Testicular tissue first appeared among individuals 17–18mm TL (n = 3), while some individuals greater than 18mm TL (n = 8) were functional hermaphrodites. The single male in our study was relatively of small body size (9.6mm, day 37) with a distinct caudal ocellus, indicating that it is presumably a primary male. 相似文献
10.
Early development of the self-fertilizing mangrove killifish <Emphasis Type="Italic">Rivulus marmoratus</Emphasis> reared in the laboratory 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
The mangrove killifish Rivulus marmoratus was reared at 25°±1°C and 17ppt salinity from 0 to 100 days after hatching (DAH), and its early development was described by examining growth and morphometric parameters, meristic characters (vertebral and fin-ray counts), bone-cartilage development, and pigmentation. Growth was isometric for preanal length, head length, snout length, body depth, pectoral-fin length, dorsal-fin length, anal-fin length, and caudal-peduncle depth. Negative allometric growth was observed in eye diameter and gape size. Meristic counts (mean±SD) for vertebrae (34.2±0.4) and dorsal- (8.6±0.5), anal- (11.4±0.5), and caudal-fin rays (30.2±0.8) were complete at 0 DAH (n=5), whereas pectoral-fin rays and pelvic-fin rays were complete by 30 DAH (14.5±0.4, n=5) and 60 DAH (4.2±0.8, n=5). Full ossification of meristic elements proceeded in the following sequence: vertebrae (by 30 DAH), caudal-, dorsal-, and anal-fin rays (by 60 DAH), pectoral-fin rays (between 60 DAH and 100 DAH), and pelvic-fin rays (by 100 DAH). Both morphological characters and meristic counts indicate that this species can be considered to be a juvenile after 9.8mm in standard length (20 DAH). 相似文献
11.
Uptake kinetics of nitrogen derived from sewage–seawater mixtures (2.5–20% v/v effluent) were determined in the laboratory for Ulva rigida (Chlorophyceae) native from Bahía Nueva (Golfo Nuevo, Patagonia, Argentine). In terms of nitrogen concentration, experimental enrichment levels varied between 53.7 and 362.3M of ammonium and between 0.77 and 6.21M of nitrate+nitrite. Uptake rates were fitted to the Michaelis–Menten equation, with the following kinetic parameters: ammonium: Vmax = 591.2molg–1h–1,
K
s=262.3M, nitrate+nitrite: V
max=12.9molg–1h–1, K
s=3.5M). Both nutrients were taken up simultaneously, but ammonium incorporation was faster in all cases. The results show a high capability of Ulva rigida to remove sewage-derived nitrogen from culture media. In the field, most of the nitrogen provided by the effluent would be tied up in algal biomass, supporting low nitrogen levels found at a short distance away from the source. 相似文献
12.
Carl C. Childers Raul Villanueva Hugo Aguilar Ryan Chewning John P. Michaud 《Experimental & applied acarology》2001,25(6):461-474
Residual toxicities of registered and selected experimental pesticides used on citrus against Agistemus industani Gonzalez (Acari: Stigmaeidae) were compared. Pesticides considered highly toxic to A. industani were: abamectin 0.15 EC at 731ml/ha+FC 435-66 petroleum oil at 46.8l/ha, pyridaben 75WP at 469g/ha, ethion 4EC at 7.01l/ha+FC 435-66 petroleum oil at 46.8l/ha, propargite 6.55 EC at 3.51l/ha, chlorfenapyr 2SC at 1.46l/ha applied alone or in combination with FC 435-66 petroleum oil at 46.8l/ha, sulphur 80DF at 16.81kg/ha, dicofol 4EC at 7.01l/ha, fenbutatin oxide 50WP at 2.24kg/ha, benomyl 50WP at 2.24kg/ha, benomyl 50WP at 1.68kg/ha+ferbam 76 GF at 5.60kg/ha, ferbam 76GF at 11.21kg/ha, neem oil 90EC at 46.8l/ha, and copper hydroxide DF (40% metallic copper) at 4.48kg metallic copper/ha+FC 435-66 petroleum oil at 46.8l/ha. Pesticides that were moderately to slightly toxic included: copper sulphate 98% at 4.48kg metallic copper/ha+FC 435-66 petroleum oil at 46.8l/ha, fenbuconazole 2F at 280ml/ha+FC 435-66 petroleum oil at 46.8l/ha, FC 435-66 petroleum oil applied alone at 46.8l/ha or 23.4l/ha, and diflubenzuron 25WP at 1.40kg/ha. Pesticides that were non-toxic included: fenbuconazole 2F at 585ml/ha, malathion 57EC at 5.85l/ha, FC 435-66 petroleum oil at 46.8l/ha, carbaryl 80S at 3.36kg/ha, chlorpyrifos 4EC at 4.68l/ha, and formetanate 92SP at 1.12kg/ha. Understanding the toxic effects of field weathered pesticides against key predacious mite species is important for effective IPM. The results of this study provide a comparison of direct and indirect toxic effects of various pesticides to A. industani under field conditions. 相似文献
13.
14.
The production of erythritol and the erythritol yield from glucose by Torula sp. were improved, in increasing order, by supplementing with 10 mg MnSO44H2O l–1, 2 mg CuSO45H2O l–1, and both 10 mg MnSO44H2O l–1 and 2 mg CuSO45H2O l–1. Mn2+ decreased the intracellular concentration of erythritol, whereas Cu2+ increased the activity of erythrose reductase in cells. These results suggest that Mn2+ altered the permeability of cells, whereas Cu2+ increased the activity of erythrose reductase in cells. 相似文献
15.
An efficient and reliable micropropagation system for Persian clover (Trifolium resupinatum L.) was developed using different explants and media. Node, hypocotyl and cotyledonary node explants were cultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with combinations of either 6-benzyladenine (BA) and indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) or BA, Kinetin (KIN) and IBA. Direct multiple shoots developed within 6weeks in all explants in most media tested. The best shoot multiplication capacity was obtained from cotyledonary node explants on MS medium containing 7.1M BA and 1M IBA or 14.1M BA and 1M IBA. Elongated shoots were rooted on either MS medium alone or combination with different concentrations of indole-3-butyric acid (IBA), indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and -naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA). High rooting was achieved in half strength MS medium containing 8M IBA. 相似文献
16.
In bitterlings (Acheilognathinae) C- and Ag-banding karyotypes of 6 species-subspecies collected in China and South Korea were analyzed. The chromosomal constitution of 2n=46 (4SM+42ST) in Rhodeus atremius fangi was quite different from that of 2n=48 (8M+20SM+20ST) in other species-subspecies in Rhodeus. It was concluded from the analysis of banded chromosomes that the increase in number of ST during the karyotype change from 2n=48 to 2n=46 was achieved by a series of pericentric inversions from 24 M-SM to 24 ST, and the decrease in the diploid number was caused by an additional tandem fusion of 4 ST chromosomes, forming a new ST pair in the 2n=46 karyotype. The karyotype of Tanakia koreensis, T. signifer, and Acheilognathus macropterus is 2n=48 (8M+20SM+20ST), 2n=48 (8M+20SM+14–16ST+4–6 A), 2n=44 (14M+16SM+14ST), respectively. In R. ocellatus ocellatus, T. koreensis, T. signifer and A. macropterus, karyotype changes from 2n=48 to 2n=44 due to centric fusion and inversion have also been estimated. It was suggested that C-banding heterochromatin was greatly concerned with the karyotype evolution in bitterlings. 相似文献
17.
This study examined macronutrient input from pollen in two naturally regenerating pine stands in southeast Korea. Durham gravity pollen collectors were used to measure pine pollen deposition and the macronutrients in the collected pine pollen were analyzed. In 1998, pine pollen deposition began just before 18 April and lasted for approximately 2weeks. Total pine pollen deposition differed between the two sampling sites; 27.5kgha–1 was collected from the mature stand and 17.7kgha–1 was collected from the young stand. The values for nutrient deposition from pine pollen are 549gha–1 N, 78gha–1 P, 240gha–1 K, 45gha–1 S and 22gha–1 Mg at the mature stand and 353gha–1 N, 51gha–1 P, 151gha–1 K, 27gha–1 S and 14gha–1 Mg at the young stand, suggesting that nutrients from pine pollen contribute to forest nutrient cycling. The pine pollen deposition values obtained from our study (17.7–27.5kg–1ha–1year–1) are approximately 1/115–180-fold that of pine litterfall in Korea. If we take pollen nutrients into account, the contribution rate of pollen to the annual nutrient input is very high in our study (N 1/30, P 1/5, K 1/9 that of litterfall). Macronutrient deposition from pine pollen is concentrated temporally in spring. Although the annual contribution of nutrient mass by pollen is small compared to that of litterfall, the rapid turnover rate of pollen nutrients combined with episodic deposition suggests that pollen may play a disproportionate role in temperate pine forest nutrient cycling. 相似文献
18.
American ginseng, Panax quinquefolius L., is one of the most heavily traded medicinal plants in North America. The effect of harvest on genetic diversity in ginseng was measured with a single generation culling simulation program. Culling scenarios included random harvest at varying levels, legal limit random harvest and legal limit mature plant harvest. The legal limit was determined by the proportion of legally harvestable plants per population (% mature plants per population). Random harvest at varying levels resulted in significant loss of genetic diversity, especially allelic richness. Relative to initial levels, average within-population genetic diversity (H
e) was significantly lower when plants were culled randomly at the legal limit (Mann–Whitney U=430, p<0.001) or when only mature plants were culled (Mann–Whitney U=394, p<0.01). Within-population genetic diversity was significantly higher with legal limit mature plant harvest (H
e=0.068) than when plants were culled randomly at the legal limit (H
e=0.064; U=202, p<0.01). Based on these simulations of harvest over one generation, we recommend that harvesting fewer than the proportion of mature plants could reduce the negative genetic effects of harvest on ginseng populations. 相似文献
19.
Michael R. Heithaus 《Environmental Biology of Fishes》2001,61(1):25-36
Tiger sharks, Galeocerdo cuvier, are apex predators in a variety of nearshore ecosystems throughout the world. This study investigates the biology of tiger sharks in the shallow seagrass ecosystem of Shark Bay, Western Australia. Tiger sharks (n = 252) were the most commonly caught species (94%) compared to other large sharks. Tiger sharks ranged from 148–407cm TL. The overall sex ratio was biased towards females (1.8:1), but the sex ratio of mature animals (> 300cm TL) did not differ from 1:1. Contrary to previous accounts, tiger sharks were caught more often in all habitats during daylight hours than at night. Tiger shark catch rates were highly correlated with water temperature and were highest when water temperatures were above 19°C. The seasonal abundance of tiger sharks is correlated to both water temperature and the occurrence of their main prey: sea snakes and dugongs, Dugong dugon. Stomach contents analysis indicated that sea turtles and smaller elasmobranchs were also common prey. The importance of major seagrass grazers (dugongs and green sea turtles, Chelonia mydas) in the diet of tiger sharks suggests the possibility that these sharks are keystone predators in this ecosystem. 相似文献
20.
Chromosome preparations of 30 specimens of Oryzomys subflavus trapped in eight Brazilian localities were C-, and G-banded and analyzed by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). Two karyotypes were found, 2n=50/FN=64, at three coastal localities of the Atlantic Forest domain, and 2n=58/FN=70 at two sites located in the Cerrado biome, Brazil Central. Two fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) patterns of the telomeric sequence (T2AG3)n were observed: in both karyotypes the probes hybridized to the telomeres of all chromosomes and also a hybridization signal in the centromeric regions of two autosome pairs was seen in the 2n=50 karyotype. These results, together with the occurrence of other diploid numbers described in the literature, suggest that O. subflavus is a complex species, bearing fusion/fission rearrangements proper to the different biomes which it inhabits. 相似文献