农田有害生物综合治理在生态农业中的地位

农业是以生物生产为基础的产业 ,对资源具有高度依靠性。面对短缺的自然资源和脆弱的农业生态环境 ,我国植保科技界提出“预防为主 ,综合防治”植保方针 ,推广农作物病虫综防技术防治主要病虫害。农业部在实施可持续发展战略中 ,针对农业对资源的浪费 ,及农产品对消费者安全放在首位的观念 ,提出生态农业建设任务。生态农业建设将有力推动农作物有害生物的综合治理 ,本文就福建省连城县综防技术浅析两者间的同一性。1　农作物病虫综合防治技术与有害生物综合治理目标1 .1　综合防治的主体技术综防的主体技术主要有农业生态防治、生物技术防…     

全国粮棉作物病虫草鼠害综合治理关键技术学术讨论会

由中国昆虫学会和中国农科院植保所共同主办的全国粮棉作物病虫草鼠害综合治理关键技术学术讨论会于1992年11月12～16日在湖南省大庸市召开。会议收到论文120篇。来自全国各省、市、自治区的代表共109名。李光博研究员致开幕词,并介绍了“七五”期间粮棉作物病虫综防研究工作的进展情况。     

造林树种林木病害综合治理对策

本文主要论述林业中的病害防治办法,并且客观认知综合治理的理念和内涵,了解当前综合治理存在的主要问题,强调病害治理的重要性以及防治要点,保障林木健康生长。     

30年来我国棉铃虫预测预报的进展

在棉铃虫Helicoverpaarmigera（Huber）综合治理中,预测预报具有十分重要的作用。我国的棉铃虫预测预报事业,长期以来受到国家和各级政府的重视,拨出专款支持其发展。可为全国和各生态区的棉铃虫治理,提供重要的虫情和信息资料。1我国棉铃虫预测预报体系农业部设农作物病虫测报站,负责全国主要农作物病虫测报和测报管理工作。1980～1992年,农业部在全国重点棉区设立了37个棉铃虫区域性测报站。1992年后,扩大至70多个。连同各省、地、县设立的一般性棉铃虫测报站,以及在县级以下设立的乡、镇、村的棉铃虫测报点、查虫员,形成了一个…     

农作物有害生物防控:成就与展望

我国农作物有害生物具有种类多、危害重、发生规律复杂、防控难度大等特点,相关理论和技术创新、防控体系构建与应用是保障农业安全生产的迫切需求.新中国成立70年来,我国植物保护领域取得了一系列的科技成就,农作物有害生物防控从单一的人为干预起步,经历化学农药防治为主,再到绿色防控综合治理的发展阶段,其中较为突出的成就包括:掌握了农作物重大病虫流行灾变规律;揭示了重要农业有害生物的致害机理;研发了一批防控产品;建立了作物病虫害监测预警及防控技术体系.随着产业变革与科技进步,我国植保科技领域将迎来新的挑战和发展机遇.未来的植保理论和技术研究应围绕下列3方面展开:新型生产模式及气候变化下的有害生物发生规律,全球化趋势下的有害生物检测预警技术,绿色可持续的有害生物综合治理新模式.建立现代植保技术体系将保障我国的粮食安全、环境安全和农业可持续发展.     

设施蔬菜病虫绿色防治技术初探

详细论述了绿色防治技术的内涵,阐明了设施蔬菜病虫绿色防治的必要性和紧迫性,并在充分掌握设施蔬菜病虫发生规律的基础上,提出了一套包括选用抗病虫品种、O3棚室消毒、健身栽培、嫁接、生态调控、果实类蔬菜套袋、防虫网阻隔技术及科学限量使用化学农药等设施蔬菜病虫绿色防治关键技术,将对实现绿色食品蔬菜生产、保护菜田环境具有十分重要的指导作用。     

玉米抗病虫性的分子标记研究进展

本文评述了近十年来利用分子标记研究玉米抗病虫性的进展,主要论述了抗病虫性基因定位中出现的问题、通过分子标记研究这些基因在基因组中的分布和基因组结构等,提出了玉米抗病虫性基因的标记和定位的发展方向和策略。     

玉米抗病虫性的分子标记研究进展

本文评述了近十年来利用分子标记研究玉米抗病虫性的进展。主要论述了抗病虫性基因定位中出现的问题、通过分子标记研究这些基因在基因组中的分布和基因组结构等,提出了玉米抗病虫性基因的标记和定位的发展方向和策略。     

长期积累资料 提高测报水平

我县地处浙江中部,我站1956年建立,21年来,在毛主席革命路线指引下,在同病虫害作斗争中,我站主要做了三项工作:第一,做好病虫预测预报工作;第二,进行科学试验;第三,建立病虫情报网。由于测报比较准确,提出了有效防治措施,大大减轻了病虫为害,确保了农业丰收。     

植物抗病虫SSH文库的EST分析

抑制差减杂交技术广泛应用于植物抗病虫(真菌、细菌和线虫)机理研究。本文在归纳出植物抗病虫SSH文库中ESTs的总体情况之基础上,重点分析了表达频率高的抗病、防御和信号转导基因,并展望了SSH的发展前景,有利于认识植物抗病虫分子机理的普遍规律和推广应用该技术。     

Biological plant protection

Breeding of high-yielding varieties of cultivated plants has led to spectacular results in the past 30 years. Since the genetically fixed yield potential has been exhausted to a very large extent, it is necessary to take intensive plant protection measures in addition to ensuring high nutrient supply. Plant protection has made a highly recognized contribution to the impresssive development of yields in the last few decades.     

Aerobiology in plant protection

Summary The control of phytopathogenic fungi in agriculture requires sometimes excessive chemical treatments because, in many cases, reliable monitoring systems in order to assess the real risk for the cultivations are not available.Therefore, the likelihood to assess the presence and the amount of phytophatogenic fungus propagules in the air with a spore-trap has been investigated in order to evaluate their correlation with the climate and the disease occurrence. Four phytopathogenic fungi, namelyVenturia inequalis, Phytophthora infestans, Cercospora beticola andDiaporthe phaseolorum var.caulivora were taken into consideration.Practical use of airborne spore monitoring in a disease control strategy proved to be useful only forVenturia inequalis andPhytophthora infestans causal agent of apple scab and tomato late blight respectively. For the latter, the utilisation of an aerobiological monitoring system for the disease prediction can be assumed.     

Intellectual property protection of plant biotechnology inventions

The intellectual property protection of biotechnology-related subject matter is undergoing significant change and several countries have revised their legislation and/or patent practice as a result of challenges from industry and members of the public. Plant-related subject matter can be protected using plant variety protection, utility patents or, in the USA, by plant patent. Although easier to obtain than a utility patent, plant variety protection does not provide the same scope of protection. Protecting a plant using a utility patent is permitted only in countries that allow the patenting of higher life forms and requires a higher degree of experimental support than is required for plant variety protection, although the scope of protection is being steadily reduced.     

Inherited biotic protection in a neotropical pioneer plant

Chelonanthus alatus is a bat-pollinated, pioneer Gentianaceae that clusters in patches where still-standing, dried-out stems are interspersed among live individuals. Flowers bear circum-floral nectaries (CFNs) that are attractive to ants, and seed dispersal is both barochorous and anemochorous. Although, in this study, live individuals never sheltered ant colonies, dried-out hollow stems--that can remain standing for 2 years--did. Workers from species nesting in dried-out stems as well as from ground-nesting species exploited the CFNs of live C. alatus individuals in the same patches during the daytime, but were absent at night (when bat pollination occurs) on 60.5% of the plants. By visiting the CFNs, the ants indirectly protect the flowers--but not the plant foliage--from herbivorous insects. We show that this protection is provided mostly by species nesting in dried-out stems, predominantly Pseudomyrmex gracilis. That dried-out stems remain standing for years and are regularly replaced results in an opportunistic, but stable association where colonies are sheltered by one generation of dead C. alatus while the live individuals nearby, belonging to the next generation, provide them with nectar; in turn, the ants protect their flowers from herbivores. We suggest that the investment in wood by C. alatus individuals permitting still-standing, dried-out stems to shelter ant colonies constitutes an extended phenotype because foraging workers protect the flowers of live individuals in the same patch. Also, through this process these dried-out stems indirectly favor the reproduction (and so the fitness) of the next generation including both their own offspring and that of their siblings, all adding up to a potential case of inclusive fitness in plants.     

Herbicide residues in soil decrease microbe-mediated plant protection

• The residues of glyphosate are found to remain in soils longer than previously reported, affecting rhizosphere microbes. This may adversely affect crop and other non-target plants because the plant's resilience and resistance largely rely on plant-associated microbes. Ubiquitous glyphosate residues in soil and how they impact mutualistic microbes inhabiting the aboveground plant parts are largely unexplored.
• We studied the effects of herbicide residues in soil on Epichloë sp., which are common endophytic symbionts inhabiting aerial parts of cool-season grasses. In this symbiosis, the obligate symbiont subsists entirely on its host plant, and in exchange, it provides alkaloids conferring resistance to herbivores for the host grass that invests little in its own chemical defence.
• We first show decreased growth of Epichloë endophytes in vitro when directly exposed to two concentrations of glyphosate or glyphosate-based herbicides. Second, we provide evidence for a reduction of Epichloë-derived, insect-toxic loline alkaloids in endophyte-symbiotic meadow fescue (F. pratensis) plants growing in soil with a glyphosate history. Plants were grown for 2 years in an open field site, and natural herbivore infestation was correlated with the glyphosate-mediated reduction of loline alkaloid concentrations.
• Our findings indicate that herbicides residing in soil not only affect rhizosphere microbiota but also aerial plant endophyte functionality, which emphasizes the destructive effects of glyphosate on plant symbiotic microbes, here with cascading effects on plant–pest insect interactions.