紫色土外源砷的形态分配与化学、生物有效性

采用盆栽试验与化学分析相结合的方法研究了外源As在酸性、中性、钙质紫色土中的形态分配及其化学、生物有效性特征.结果表明,土壤本底As68%～86%为残留态,外源As加入10d后50.2%～61.1%转化为残留态,至收获期(60d)仅增1%～2%.酸性紫色土中活性态As分配为:A(交换态)As>Al As>Fe As>Ca As;中性紫色土:A As>Al As>Ca As>Fe As;石灰性紫色土:A As>Ca As>Al As>Fe As.浸提剂HCl、NaHCO₃、NH₄Cl对土壤As的提取能力不同,与植物吸收As的相关性也有差异.NH₄Cl主要提取交换态As,对土壤As的原有形态影响最小,与植株吸收量呈极显著相关,可作为不同土壤有效As的通用浸提剂.多元回归表明,酸性紫色土决定植株吸As量的是Al As和Fe As,中性、石灰性紫色土为A As和Ca As.试验发现,Al As分级时存在F^-的干扰,1mol·L^-1H₃BO₃可有效掩蔽.     

不同有机肥对土壤镉锌生物有效性的影响

在南方典型稻田设置连续4年施用猪粪、鸡粪、稻草的定位试验,监测施用不同有机肥条件下土壤及水稻植株镉(Cd)、锌(Zn)含量的变化,研究有机肥对土壤Cd、Zn活性及其交互作用的影响.结果表明:施用有机肥(猪粪、鸡粪、稻草)对土壤全Cd、有效态Cd含量及Cd活性皆无显著影响,但有增加土壤Cd全量的趋势,且显著增加土壤全Zn、有效态Zn含量及Zn活性.施用猪粪、鸡粪、稻草皆可降低稻米Cd含量,降Cd效果为猪粪>鸡粪>稻草,猪粪处理水稻稻米、茎、叶Cd含量分别比对照下降37.5%、44.0%、36.4%;鸡粪处理水稻米、茎、叶Cd含量分别比对照下降22.5%、33.8%、22.7%;而稻草处理水稻米Cd含量比对照下降7.5%,但茎、叶Cd含量比对照分别增加8.2%、22.7%;施用猪粪、鸡粪降低稻米Cd含量主要是降低了水稻植株对土壤Cd的富集,而施用稻草则主要是降低了水稻茎Cd向稻米的转运.施用有机肥还增加了水稻茎Zn含量,施用猪粪、鸡粪、稻草的水稻茎Zn含量比单施化肥分别增加53.4%、41.2%、13.9%,但对水稻稻米、叶Zn含量无显著影响.Zn、Cd在土壤、植株茎中皆表现出显著的拮抗作用,土壤及水稻茎Zn含量的增加显著抑制了水稻米、茎、叶对Cd的吸收积累,且随土壤有效态Zn/Cd含量比值的增加,Zn、Cd竞争土壤吸附不是抑制水稻吸收积累Cd的主控因子,而Zn、Cd竞争吸收才是影响水稻吸收积累Cd的主控因子.     

不同有机肥对土壤镉锌生物有效性的影响

在南方典型稻田设置连续4年施用猪粪、鸡粪、稻草的定位试验,监测施用不同有机肥条件下土壤及水稻植株镉(Cd)、锌(Zn)含量的变化,研究有机肥对土壤Cd、Zn活性及其交互作用的影响.结果表明: 施用有机肥(猪粪、鸡粪、稻草)对土壤全Cd、有效态Cd含量及Cd活性皆无显著影响,但有增加土壤Cd全量的趋势,且显著增加土壤全Zn、有效态Zn含量及Zn活性.施用猪粪、鸡粪、稻草皆可降低稻米Cd含量,降Cd效果为猪粪>鸡粪>稻草,猪粪处理水稻稻米、茎、叶Cd含量分别比对照下降37.5%、44.0%、36.4%;鸡粪处理水稻米、茎、叶Cd含量分别比对照下降22.5%、33.8%、22.7%;而稻草处理水稻米Cd含量比对照下降7.5%,但茎、叶Cd含量比对照分别增加8.2%、22.7%;施用猪粪、鸡粪降低稻米Cd含量主要是降低了水稻植株对土壤Cd的富集,而施用稻草则主要是降低了水稻茎Cd向稻米的转运.施用有机肥还增加了水稻茎Zn含量,施用猪粪、鸡粪、稻草的水稻茎Zn含量比单施化肥分别增加53.4%、41.2%、13.9%,但对水稻稻米、叶Zn含量无显著影响.Zn、Cd在土壤、植株茎中皆表现出显著的拮抗作用,土壤及水稻茎Zn含量的增加显著抑制了水稻米、茎、叶对Cd的吸收积累,且随土壤有效态Zn/Cd含量比值的增加,Zn、Cd竞争土壤吸附不是抑制水稻吸收积累Cd的主控因子,而Zn、Cd竞争吸收才是影响水稻吸收积累Cd的主控因子.     

紫色土Zn、Cd复合污染生态效应研究

通过盆栽生物试验结合野外典型污染调查,研究紫色土Zn、Cd复合污染对莴笋、蕃茄、甘兰、小麦等的作物效应.结果表明,Zn、Cd复合污染对Zn表现为加和作用,低浓度Cd促进Zn吸收,加重Zn对养分吸收的抑制,加剧Zn的毒害作用;复合效应对Cd表现为竞争作用,高浓度Zn抑制Cd吸收,减轻Cd对养分吸收的抑制,缓解Cd毒性,向土壤添加Zn 500mg·kg^-1为供试盆栽条件下拮抗效应的临界值.     

蚯蚓对土壤中铜、镉生物有效性的影响

以第四纪红黏土红壤和长江冲积物形成的高砂土为供试土壤、分别加入3个浓度的Cu^2 (100、200、400mg／kg)或Cd^2-(5.10、20mg/kg)模拟土壤污染．设置接种蚯蚓(Pheretima sp.)处理与不加蚯蚓对照．并种植黑麦草(Lolium multiflorum)、研究蚯蚓活动对土壤中Cu、Cd生物有效性的影响．以揭示蚯蚓在植物修复重金属污染土壤中的作用。结果表明：蚯蚓活动显著增加红黏中DTPA提取态Cu的含量、只有在浓度低于200mg／kgCu的处理中．才能增加CaCl2提取态Cu的含量．对H2O提取态Cu影响甚微;而对高砂土上Cu、Cd的各种形态影响均不显著;除红黏中浓度高于100mg／kgCu和10mg／kgCd处理外．蚯蚓活动显著提高了两种土壤上黑麦草地上部的生物量;接种蚯蚓后各种重金属处理中黑麦草对Cu的吸收量也显著增加,而Cd的吸收量变化不大。蚯蚓可能通过提高重金属的生物有效性而间接影响植物对重金属的修复效率。     

有机物料对土壤镉形态及其生物有效性的影响

采用盆栽试验,研究了淹水种稻条件下添加猪粪和泥炭对红壤和潮土中内源和外源Cd形态及其生物有效性的影响。结果表明,土壤中内源Cd在各形态之间的分布比较均匀;添加外源Cd时Cd主要分布于交换态,从分蘖期到成熟期,内源Cd交换态普遍升高,添加外源Cd时交换态普遍降低。有机物料对内源Cd交换态的影响不显著,但当添加外源Cd时则对交换态有显著影响,在不添加外源Cd的条件下,有机物料普遍促进水稻根系对Cd的吸收。在添加外源Cd的条件下,有机物料普遍抑制水稻根系对Cd的吸收,猪粪的抑制效果强于泥炭,水稻根系对Cd与Fe的累积呈显著抑制作用。     

镉的致癌性与食品中镉的生物有效性

镉(Cd)因其广泛的环境污染而成为20世纪人类关注的一种重金属。虽然现在仍不知道镉具有的生理功能,但有证据表明镉是一个具有生物活性的金属。一般人镉暴露的主要途径食品摄入,其次饮水等途径。尽管一些地方病的证据有力支持了镉潜在的致癌特性,但由于环境中化学物质和吸烟等生活习惯与镉暴露之间存在难以区分的致病影响,使镉致病的研究得出了并不一致的结论,引起了镉致癌性的争论。该文通过对人类镉暴露的文献综述,试图理解土壤、食品中镉的生物有效性与疾病,特别是致癌性的关系。值得强调的是文献报道人体内营养元素铁(Fe)、锌(Zn)和钙(Ca)浓度的提高,对减少镉的吸收、减轻镉中毒都具有重要的作用,这也许是我们彻底解决人类镉暴露风险的突破口。     

小球藻生物富集锌、镉机制的研究

藻类对许多重金属具有较强的生物富集能力,小球藻（Chlorella spp.)分别在不同系列Zn^2 ,Cd^2 浓度下培养8d间隔2d,测定小球藻的生物量及Zn和Cd的含量。结果表明,小球藻随水体中Zn^2 和Cd^2 的浓度不同,在重重金属水体中暴露时间不同,具有不同的富集速率和能力。     

石灰性紫色土中锌的形态分布及其影响因素

为探明川中丘陵分布广泛的石灰性紫色土的缺Zn机理,应用化学连续浸提法对30个样本提取了8种形态的Zn,采用最优组合变量回归分析和相关分析对数据进行处理。结果表明,石灰性紫色土中各形态Zn的分配差异显著;土壤pH、质地、有机质、碳酸盐对Zn的分布起着不同程度的作用,特别是碳酸盐,不仅间接增强土壤氧化物和粘土矿物对Zn的吸附,其本身对Zn的吸附和固定作用（占全Zn2。70%）较为重要。土壤pH、有机质是影响有效态Zn的主要因素。     

紫色土Zn,Cd复合污染生态效应研究

通过盆栽生物试验结合野外典型污染调查 ,研究紫色土Zn、Cd复合污染对莴笋、蕃茄、甘兰、小麦等的作物效应 .结果表明 ,Zn、Cd复合污染对Zn表现为加和作用 ,低浓度Cd促进Zn吸收 ,加重Zn对养分吸收的抑制 ,加剧Zn的毒害作用 ;复合效应对Cd表现为竞争作用 ,高浓度Zn抑制Cd吸收 ,减轻Cd对养分吸收的抑制 ,缓解Cd毒性 ,向土壤添加Zn 50 0mg·kg- 1 为供试盆栽条件下拮抗效应的临界值 .     

Availability of cadmium and zinc accumulated in the leaves of Thlaspi caerulescens incorporated into soil

When grown on contaminated soil, hyperaccumulator plants contain high concentrations of metals which may return to the soil after senescence. This work was undertaken to assess the availability of Cd and Zn associated to the leaves of the hyperaccumulator Thlaspi caerulescens after incorporation into an uncontaminated soil. A Zn- and Cd- accumulator population of T. caerulescens was grown on a Cd- and Zn- contaminated soil previously labelled with ¹⁰⁹Cd. Leaves (TCL) were harvested, dried, ground and incorporated into the soil at a rate of 2.07 mg Cd kg⁻¹ and 51.9 mg Zn kg⁻¹. Then a pot experiment was conducted for 3 months with rye grass (Lolium perenne) and T. caerulescens. Rye grass was harvested monthly and T. caerulescens at the end of the experiment. Plant biomass was measured, along with the concentration of Cd, Zn and ¹⁰⁹Cd. Results showed that water-extractable metals in TCL were 69% for Zn and 33% for Cd. Addition of TCL to soil, depleted growth of rye grass, and improved that of T. caerulescens. At harvest, concentrations of both metals were increased in plants by TCL. Concentrations of Cd in rye grass increased with the cut number, while that of Zn decreased slightly. Rye grass extracted 1.6% of the total Cd and 0.9% of the total Zn, and T. caerulescens extracted up to 22.4% of the Cd and 7% of the Zn. About 94% of the Cd in rye grass and 86% in T. caerulescens was derived from TCL. In conclusion, metals associated with leaves of the hyperaccumulator T. caerulescens were very mobile after incorporation into the soil. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

锌、镉及其复合胁迫下白花泡桐幼苗的生理及富集特征

采用水培培养的试验方法,研究白花泡桐幼苗在锌(Zn)、镉(Cd)单一及复合胁迫下的生理生化响应及对重金属的富集、转移特征变化.结果表明,单一及复合重金属胁迫下,白花泡桐的生物量、株高及过氧化物酶(Peroxidase,POD)活性均随处理浓度的增加而降低.在复合污染下,Zn、Cd在植株的株高及生物量上表现出拮抗作用.与...     

Rat liver metabollothionein interactions of silver,zinc, and cadmium

Weanling rats were fed diets either alone or with combinations of silver, elevated zinc, or elevated cadmium for 7 weeks. The rats were then killed, and the silver, zinc, and cadmium proteins isolated from the livers by gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography. When silver was fed alone in diet, low levels of this metal were eluted as two peaks from the ion exchange column. In contrast, when silver was fed with cadmium or elevated zinc, three metal-containing peaks were eluted from this ion exchange column. Amino acid analysis revealed that the major proteins binding these metals are metallothioneins, as judged by high cysteine content.     

紫色土人工林生态系统碳库与碳吸存变化

采用时空代换法,以福建省宁化县严重退化紫色土人工林生态系统为对象,按侵蚀强度由强到弱选取4种生态恢复措施Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ,对比研究了碳库与碳吸存能力．结果表明,随着恢复程度的提高,生态系统的碳吸存能力逐渐增加,即Ⅰ<Ⅱ<Ⅲ<Ⅳ,4种措施生态系统碳库分别为1．4、8．5、25．6和37．6t·hm^-2;CO2年同化量分别是712．87、1458．01、9718．10和11109．56k·hm^-2．可见,恢复过程中的生态系统是本地区重要的碳汇之一．水土保持工程措施与生物措施相结合应是退化生态系统生态恢复的重要手段,但是减少人为干扰才是目前较为合理的恢复策略,使森林生态系统成为大气中CO2的一个重要的碳汇．     

Bioavailability and toxicity of dietborne copper and zinc to fish

To date, most researchers have used dietborne metal concentrations rather than daily doses to define metal exposure and this has resulted in contradictory data within and between fish species. It has also resulted in the impression that high concentrations of dietborne Cu and Zn (e.g. > 900 mg kg(-1) dry diet) are relatively non-toxic to fish. We re-analyzed existing data using rations and dietborne metal concentrations and used daily dose, species and life stage to define the toxicity of dietborne Cu and Zn to fish. Partly because of insufficient information we were unable to find consistent relationships between metal toxicity in laboratory-prepared diets and any other factor including, supplemented metal compound (e.g. CuSO(4) or CuCl(2)), duration of metal exposure, diet type (i.e. practical, purified or live diets), or water quality (flow rates, temperature, hardness, pH, alkalinity). For laboratory-prepared diets, dietborne Cu toxicity occurred at daily doses of > 1 mg kg(-1) body weight d(-1) for channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus), 1-15 mg kg(-1) body weight d(-1) (depending on life stage) for Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and 35-45 mg kg(-1) body weight d(-1) for rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). We found that dietborne Zn toxicity has not yet been demonstrated in rainbow trout or turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) probably because these species have been exposed to relatively low doses of metal ( < 90 mg kg(-1) body weight d(-1)) and effects on growth and reproduction have not been analyzed. However, daily doses of 9-12 mg Zn kg(-1) body weight d(-1) in laboratory-prepared diets were toxic to three other species, carp Cyprinus carpio, Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus, and guppy Poecilia reticulata. Limited research indicates that biological incorporation of Cu or Zn into a natural diet can either increase or decrease metal bioavailability, and the relationship between bioavailability and toxicity remains unclear. We have resolved the contradictory data surrounding the effect of organic chelation on metal bioavailability. Increased bioavailability of dietborne Cu and Zn is detectable when the metal is both organically chelated and provided in very low daily doses. We have summarized the information available on the effect of phosphates, phytate and calcium on dietborne Zn bioavailability. We also explored a rationale to understand the relative importance of exposure to waterborne or dietborne Cu and Zn with a view to finding an approach useful to regulatory agencies. Contrary to popular belief, the relative efficiency of Cu uptake from water and diet is very similar when daily doses are compared rather than Cu concentrations in each media. The ratio of dietborne dose:waterborne dose is a good discriminator of the relative importance of exposure to dietborne or waterborne Zn. We discuss gaps in existing data, suggest improvements for experimental design, and indicate directions for future research.