三种蛋白质生物素化化学方法的比较研究

本文以N-羟基丁二酰亚胺(N-Hydroxy succinimide,NHS)活化酯偶联法原理为基础,探究结晶偶联法、反应液直接偶联法及二环己基碳二亚胺(dicyclohexylcarbodiimide,DCC)偶联法之间的优劣。旨在为实验室安全有效、快捷便利地进行蛋白质生物素化提供更优选择。分别用上述三种方法对牛血清白蛋白(bovine albumin,BSA)进行生物素偶联实验,用SDS-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis,SDS-PAGE)以及紫外波谱扫描特征吸收峰鉴定偶联产物,用凝胶成像系统及Image Lab软件操作系统测定偶联产物相对分子质量,以此确定偶联比。结合上述定性、定量结果对三种偶联方法进行评价。结果显示,三种方法均可以将生物素偶联到BSA上。结晶偶联法首先通过化学合成活化酯并结晶,产率为37.28%,熔点为214～217,偶联比为8.9,单次反应成本128.71元;直接偶联法偶联比为7.0,单次反应成本34.01元;DCC偶联法偶联比为2.2,单次反应成本33.81元。综上可知,反应液直接偶联法相较于结...     

RGD三肽的潜在作用靶标预测与计算机模拟分析

化学基因组技术是药物作用靶标确认、药物分子在通路中的作用的确证等方面有重要应用,可为新药研发和老药新用提供理论依据,并可降低药物发现中的高额成本.精氨酸-甘氨酸-天冬氨酸(RGD)三肽被证明是与细胞粘附受体特异性结合的特征序列,在生理学上扮演者重要角色.本研究利用化学基因组学中的其中一种方法即基于反向对接和药效团反向匹配搜索技术来研究RGD三肽的潜在作用靶标,并进行计算机模拟分析.反向匹配搜索结果发现计算得到的关键性靶标及其涉及的相关疾病与实验报道的RGD的药理活性相吻合,包括具有抗凝血、抗肿瘤作用,与肾及心血管作用有关等,而且还发现RGD可能是一个潜在的神经氨酸酶的抑制剂.     

乙醇能消除二环己基碳二亚胺对H~ -ATPase复合体的抑制效应

本文发现线粒体H~ -ATPase复合体先用0.5μg/ml的DCCD(二环己基碳二亚胺预保温处理,再经12.5%(V/V)乙醇进一步保温处理,则乙醇可完全消除DCCD引起的H~ -ATPase的抑制效应。若H~ -ATPase用DCCD和乙醇同时预保温处理,则DCCD同样消失其抑制作用。用相同浓度的甲醇代替乙醇,则仅可部分的消除DCCD的抑制作用。用相同浓度的DMSO(二甲基亚砜)代替乙醇,则不能消除DCCD的抑制作用。同样浓度的乙醇保温处理经预先用2μg/ml的寡霉素(Oligomycin)处理的H~ -ATPase,并不对寡霉素的抑制作用发生任何影响。表明此浓度的乙醇并未对H~ -ATPase产生解偶联效应。动力学研究表明乙醇对H~ -ATPase水解活力呈现非竞争抑制行为,推测乙醇可能导致H~ -ATPase中的F_1构象的改变,因而影响酶的活性。DPH标记的荧光偏振度,N-[1-P]M标记的荧光强度和内源荧光强度的测定结果显示,乙醇消除DCCD抑制作用的机理,是由于乙醇和DCCD所引起的构象间的相互作用的结果。     

RGD肽对肺癌A549 细胞增殖侵袭能力的影响及其机制研究

目的:研究RGD肽对肺癌A549细胞增殖凋亡及侵袭迁移的影响,并探讨其作用机制。方法:不同浓度RGD肽处理肺癌A549细胞后,MTT检测肺癌细胞的增殖能力,流式细胞仪检测肺癌细胞凋亡及周期分布,Transwell检测其迁移及侵袭能力的变化,Western blot检测RGD肽对肺癌A549细胞MMP2、MMP9的表达水平影响。结果:当RGD肽浓度增加至50 mg/L时,肺癌A549细胞增殖明显受到抑制,且这种抑制作用呈剂量依赖关系;RGD肽组A549细胞G0/G1期细胞比例增高,细胞凋亡率由(6.1±0.1)%增至(15.2±0.5)%;在迁移和侵袭试验中,RGD肽组A549细胞的穿膜细胞数分别由123±10和43±10降至45±5和18±5;RGD肽组A549细胞MMP2、MMP9表达水平显著降低。结论:RGD肽对肺癌A549细胞的增殖有明显抑制作用,并促进其凋亡,可能与RGD肽改变其周期分布有关,RGD肽可明显抑制A549细胞的迁移及侵袭,可能与其下调MMP2、MMP9的表达相关。     

苄非他明人工抗原合成

目的: 通过化学方法对苄非他明进行结构修饰并保留抗原决定簇,将结构改造后的产物与载体偶联合成苄非他明抗原。方法: 苄非他明经化学修饰后,增加活性基团连接上一类可用的经化学修饰的连接臂,使用碳二亚胺法与载体蛋白偶联成苄非他明人工合成抗原。该抗原通过紫外吸收光光谱扫描技术、SDS-PAGE电泳法及胶体金免疫层析法进行偶联效果和抗原活性的鉴定。结果: 苄非他明半抗原结构与载体偶联成功,该抗原具有较高的纯度和活性,与苄非他明抗体反应表现出较高的特异性。结论: 该方法合成的苄非他明抗原可用于免疫检测方法,也可作免疫原制备相关抗体。     

RGD肽与尿激酶B链融合蛋白原核重组表达质粒的构建、表达和功能的初步分析

将化学合成的RGD肽(Arg-Gly-Asp)编码寡核苷酸与尿激酶B链cDNA相连成为融合基因后,克隆至原核表达质粒pBV220中,在P-RP-L启动子的作用下,经42℃热诱导,在大肠杆菌DH5α中获得了融合基因的表达,其表达量占菌体总蛋白的9.2%,表达产物以无活性的包含体形式存在。经变复性处理得到纯化的融合基因的表达产物,经Western blotting分析表明产物具有与天然尿激酶相似的抗原性,体外活性分析显示其具有一定的纤溶和抗血小板聚集的活性。     

RGD肽与尿激酶B链融合蛋白原核重组表达质粒的构建,表达和？…

将化学合成的ＲＧＤ肽（Ａｒｇ－Ｇｌｙ－Ａｓｐ）编码寡核苷酸与尿激酶Ｂ链ｃＤＮＡ相连成为融合基因后,克隆至原核表达质粒ｐＢＶ２２０中,在ＰＲＰＬ自动子的作用下,经４２℃热诱导,在大肠杆菌ＤＨ５α中获得了融合基因的表达,其表达量占菌体总蛋白的９．２％,表达产物以无活性的包含体形式存在。经变复性处理得到纯化的融合基因的表达产物,经Ｗｅｓｔｅｒｎ－ｂｌｏｔｔｉｎｇ分析表明产物具有与天然尿激酶相似的抗原性,     

RGD多肽与尿激酶原嵌合分子的构建及性质研究

利用定点突变及DNA重组技术 ,将编码RGD多肽 (GPRGDWRMLG)的双链DNA片段 ,定向插入到相对于编码尿激酶原的Gly118 Leu119的cDNA分子中 ,构建了尿激酶原的嵌合体基因 ,并在甲醇酵母表达系统中进行了分泌表达。经过Zn²⁺ 螯合柱及SP阳离子柱两步层析后 ,目的蛋白质被纯化。经纤维蛋白平板测活 ,嵌合分子的比活为 6 5 0 0 0IU mg。嵌合分子与尿激酶相比 ,对显色底物S2 44 4作用的催化效率偏低 ,但具有较强的抑制血小板聚集的功能 ,抑制常数IC5 0为 2 1μmol L。以上结果表明嵌合分子不但具有较强的溶栓功能 ,而且具有抗栓功能 ,很可能是一种具有发展前景的双功能溶栓 抗栓分子     

含RGD序列的山蛭素突变体的克隆、表达及性质研究

根据LAP（leech antihemostatic protein）理论,在分析山蛭素和decorsin结构特征的基础上,利用重组PCR方法,删除了山蛭素氨基酸序列的33位至35位,同时分别插入了RGDS和来源于decorsin的一段PRGDADP序列构建成为2种含RGD序列的山蛭素突变体,分别命名为HRGD1和HRGD2.这2种突变体在毕赤酵母菌株GS115中得到成功表达.经过超滤、阳离子交换层析和凝胶过滤层析等纯化步骤之后,得到纯度高于95%的目的蛋白.通过以chromozym TH为底物的凝血酶酰胺水解实验和血小板聚集抑制实验证实了其体外生物学活性,HRGD1和HRGD2抑制凝血酶的动力学常数达到10^-13 mol/L水平,抑制血小板的IC₅₀在10^-6 mol/L水平上.     

RGD肽介导的MR分子探针在体外结直肠癌细胞的显像及对其生物学行为的影响

目的：探讨RGD肽介导的MR分子探针在体外结直肠癌细胞的MRJ显像及对其生物学行为的影响。方法：利用纳米技术构建靶向RGD荧光纳米MR、探针,利用荧光倒置相、差显微镜观察该探针与LOVO细胞结合情况;体外磁共振成像（MRI）显像;利用细胞克隆实验测其增殖活性;流式细胞术检测其细胞周期、凋亡。结果：荧光相差显微镜示该RGD肽介导的MR分子探针能特异性与LOVO细胞结合;体外MRI成像示靶向RGD组T1信号强度高于非靶向组及对照组（P〈0．05）;该探针作用24h后的LOVO细胞增殖活性降低,细胞分裂周期发生变化,阻滞在S＋G2M期的细胞比例上升,细胞凋亡率与其他两组相比有显著增加（P〈0．05）。结论：该RGD肽介导的MR分子探针能与结直肠癌LOVO细胞靶向结合,能增强MR1的显像效果,并对肿瘤细胞具有一定的抑制作用．     

Synthesis of tripeptide RGD amide by a combination of chemical and enzymatic methods

The tripeptide Bz-Arg-Gly-Asp(NH₂)OH was synthesized by a combination of chemical and enzymatic methods in this study. Firstly, Gly-Asp-(NH₂)₂ was synthesized by a novel chemical method in three steps including chloroacetylation of l-aspartic acid, esterification of chloroacetyl l-aspartic acid and ammonolysis of chloroacetyl l-aspartic acid diethyl ester. Secondly, the linkage of the third amino acid (Bz-Arg-OEt) to Gly-Asp-(NH₂)₂ was completed by enzymatic method under kinetic control condition. An industrial alkaline protease alcalase was used in water–organic cosolvents systems. The synthesis reaction conditions were optimized by examining the effects of several factors including water content, temperature, pH and reaction time on the yield of the synthesis product Bz-Arg-Gly-Asp(NH₂)OH. The optimum conditions are pH 8.0, 35 °C, in ethanol/Tris–HCl buffer system (85:15, v/v), 8 h with the tripeptide yield of 73.6%.     

The synthesis of alternative diketopiperazines as potential RGD mimetics.

Alternative RGD mimetics-with the exception of glycine-c(Arg-Asp) 1, c(Arg-Glu) 2 and c[Arg-Asp(Phe-OH)] 3 were synthesized. The DKPs were prepared on solid phase with orthogonal protection allowing further derivatization in solution. During solution phase cyclization in NH(3)/methanol, the side chain benzyl ester group of H-Arg(Tos)-Asp(OBzl)-OMe and H-Arg(Tos)-Glu(OBzl)-OMe suffer transesterification, while beta-t-butyl or beta-cyclohexyl esters are stable under the same conditions. In spite of the simple structure, all compounds bind selectively to the alpha(v)beta(3) integrin receptor, 3 showing the highest affinity with an IC(50) value of 0.74 microM value. On the other hand only 3 binds with measurable activity to the alpha(IIb)beta(3) receptor (IC(50) 159 microM). The binding affinities seem to be in accordance with the distances between the arginine guanidino and the aspartic acid carboxyl group in extended conformation determined by semiempirical geometry optimization.     

光交联剂SA N PA H 在处理后的牛颈静脉血管表面接枝生物短肤R G D

目的：通过不同摩尔浓度、摩尔比的光交联荆SANPAH和RGD接枝于经过去细胞和光氧化后的牛颈静脉（BJVC）表面的初步研究,以明确接枝RGD的效果和最佳浓度。方法：分别取4个不同浓度的SANPAH和RGD进行3个摩尔比的反应,经过紫外线照射光化学接枝后,各组血管片进行快速冰冻切片,荧光显微镜下观察,看不同浓度下和摩尔比反应、结合的荧光效果,从而初步推断出最佳的反应和结合浓度。结果：应用光交联剂后,血管内膜面有一层较强的荧光,随着RGD和SANPAH的浓度的升高,荧光整体上是越来越强,但是二者的浓度高于0．6mm时,荧光差别不是很明显;当二者的反应摩尔比为1：1时,荧光最强。结论：光交联剂SANPAH能够把RGD接枝到BJVC上,最佳的RGD和SANPAH反应及接枝的浓度是0．6raM,最佳的摩尔比是1：1。     

Targeting of Lipid-Protamine-DNA (LPD) Lipopolyplexes Using RGD Motifs

Abstract

The incorporation of pegylated lipid into Lipid-Protamine-DNA (LPD-PEG) lipopolyplexes causes a decrease of their in vitro transfection activity. This can be partially attributed to a reduction in particle binding to cells. To restore particle binding and specifically target LPD formulations to tumor cells, the lipid-peptide conjugate DSPE-PEG_5K-succinyl-ACDCRGDCFCG-_COOH (DSPE-PEG_5K-RGD-4C) was generated and incorporated into LPD formulations (LPD-PEG-RGD). LPD-PEG-RGD was characterized with respect to its biophysical and biological properties. The Incorporation of DSPE-PEG_5K-RGD-4C ligands into LPD formulations results in a 5 and a 15 fold increase in the LPD-PEG-RGD binding and uptake, respectively, over an LPD-PEG formulation. Enhancement of binding and uptake resulted in a 100 fold enhancement of transfection activity. Moreover, this transfection enhancement was specific to cells expressing appropriate integrin receptors (MDA-MB-231). Huh7 cells, known for their low level of αvβ3 and αvβ5 integrin expression, failed to show RGD mediated transfection enhancement. This transfection enhancement can be abolished in a competitive manner using free RGD peptide, but not an RGE control peptide. Results demonstrated RGD mediated enhanced LPD-PEG cell binding and transfection in cells expressing the integrin receptor. These formulations provide the basis for effective, targeted, systemic gene delivery.     

Structure-activity relationship study of Aib-containing amphipathic helical peptide-cyclic RGD conjugates as carriers for siRNA delivery

The conjugation of Aib-containing amphipathic helical peptide with cyclo(-Arg-Gly-Asp-d-Phe-Cys-) (cRGDfC) at the C-terminus of the helix peptide (PI) has been reported to be useful for constructing a carrier for targeted siRNA delivery into cells. In order to explore structure–activity relationships for the development of potential carriers for siRNA delivery, we synthesized conjugates of Aib-containing amphipathic helical peptide with cRGDfC at the N-terminus (PII) and both the N- and C-termini (PIII) of the helical peptide. Furthermore, to examine the influence of PI helical chain length on siRNA delivery, truncated peptides containing 16 (PIV), 12 (PV), and 8 (PVI) amino acid residues at the N-terminus of the helical chain were synthesized. PII and PIII, as well as PI, could deliver anti-luciferase siRNA into cells to induce the knockdown of luciferase stably expressed in cells. In contrast, all of the truncated peptides were unlikely to transport siRNA into cells.     

The relative orientation of the Arg and Asp side chains defined by a pseudodihedral angle as a key criterion for evaluating the structure-activity relationship of RGD peptides.

The ability of an integrin to distinguish between the RGD-containing extracellular matrix proteins is thought to be due partially to the variety of RGD conformations. Three criteria have been proposed for the evaluation of the structure-activity relationship of RGD-containing peptides. These include: (i) the distance between the charged centres, (ii) the distance between the Arg Cbeta and Asp Cbeta atoms, and (iii) the pseudo-dihedral angle defining the Arg and Asp side-chain orientation formed by the Arg Czeta, Arg Calpha, Asp Calpha and Asp Cgamma atoms. A comparative conformation-activity study was performed between linear RGD peptides and strongly constrained cyclic (S,S) -CDC- bearing compounds, which cover a wide range of inhibition potency of platelet aggregation. It is concluded that the fulfilment of the -45 degrees < or = pseudo-dihedral angle < or = +45 degrees criterion is a prerequisite for an RGD compound to exhibit inhibitory activity. Once this criterion is accomplished, the longer the distance between the charged centres and/or between the Arg and Asp Cbeta atoms, the higher is the biological activity. In addition, the stronger the ionic interaction between Arg and Asp charged side chains, the lower the anti-aggregatory activity.     

Conjugation of Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) Sequence in Copolymer Bearing Sugar Moiety for Insulinoma Cell Line (MIN6) Culture

Copolymers composed of an Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) sequence for the adhesion molecule and sugar moieties were synthesized for an insulinoma cell (MIN6) culture. MIN6 cells attached on the poly(N-p-vinylbenzyl-D-maltonamide-co-6-(p-vinylbenzamido)-hexanoic acid-g-GRGDS) (p(VMA-co-VBGRGDS))-coated dishes were in a more aggregated form than other polymer-coated surfaces. P(VMA-co-VBGRGDS) also shows faster proliferation of MIN6 cells (about 18% higher) than with p(VLA-co-VBGRGDS). By interaction between cell and matrix, about 80% greater insulin secretion from MIN6 cells was produced with the p(VMA-co-VBGRGDS), and about 50% greater insulin secretion was produced with the poly(N-p-vinylbenzyl-D-lactonamide-co-6-(p-vinylbenzamido)-hexanoic acid-g-GRGDS) (p(VLA-co-VBGRGDS) as compared with unstimulated cells. Moreover, attachment of MIN6 cells treated with RGD monomer was suppressed approximately 50% for the p(VMA-co-VBGRGDS) surface. This result supported the idea that conjugation of adhesion molecules of RGD peptide in p(VMA-co-VBGRGDS) copolymer specifically interact with integrin families on MIN6 cell membrane.     

Solid-phase synthesis of tailed cyclic RGD peptides using glutamic acid: unexpected glutarimide formation.

To provide multiple conjugating sites on cyclic peptides for their increasing biomedical applications, a tailed cyclic RGD peptide, c[RGDfE(GGGKK-NH(2))] was designed with c(RGDfE) linked through Glu to a tail consisting of a spacer of three Gly residues and a linker of two Lys residues. The spacer is used to increase the mobility and binding ability of the c(RGDfE) ligand, and the linker is used to proved multiple active sites for conjugating other molecules or biomaterials. We found that the sequence of Glu(Gly)-OAll leads to glutarimide formation, which disrupts the formation of cyclic RGD peptides. However, our results show that glutarimide formation is sequence dependent and can be inhibited by incorporating an amino acid like Lys(Boc) with steric hindrance from the protecting group. To prevent glutarimide formation, Ser(tBu) was used to replace the glycine in the GGG spacer adjacent to the residue of Glu, and a tailed cyclic RGD peptide, c[RGDfE(SGGKK-NH(2))] was successfully obtained.     

Internal mobility of cyclic RGD hexapeptides studied by 13C NMR relaxation and the model-free approach

Summary The internal mobility of three isomeric cyclic RGD hexapeptides designed to contain two -turns in defined positions, cyclo(Arg-Gly-Asp-Gly-d-Pro-Pro) (I), cyclo(Arg-Gly-Asp-d-Pro-Gly-Pro) (II) and cyclo(Arg-Gly-Asp-d-Pro-Pro-Gly) (III), have been studied by ¹³C NMR longitudinal and transverse relaxation experiments and measurements of steady-state heteronuclear {¹H}-¹³C NOE enhancement with ¹³C at natural abundance. The data were interpreted according to the model-free formalism of Lipari and Szabo, which is usually applied to data from macromolecules or larger sized peptides with overall rotational correlation times exceeding 1 ns, to yield information about internal motions on the 10–100 ps time scale. The applicability of the model-free analysis with acceptable uncertainties to these small peptides, with overall rotational correlation times slightly below 0.3 ns, was demonstrated for this specific instance. Chemical exchange contributions to T₂ from slower motions were also identified in the process. According to the order parameters obtained for its backbone -carbon atoms, II has the most rigid backbone conformation on the 10–100 ps time scale, and I the most flexible. This result coincides with the results of earlier NMR-constrained conformational searches, which indicated greatest uncertainty in the structure of I and least in II.     

Cell-surface modification of non-GMO without chemical treatment by novel GMO-coupled and -separated cocultivation method

We developed a novel method to coat living non-genetically modified (GM) cells with functional recombinant proteins. First, we prepared GM yeast to secrete constructed proteins that have two domains: a functional domain and a binding domain that recognizes other cells. Second, we cocultivated GM and non-GM yeasts that share and coutilize the medium containing recombinant proteins produced by GM yeasts using a filter-membrane-separated cultivation reactor. We confirmed that GM yeast secreted enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) fusion proteins to culture medium. After cocultivation, EGFP fusion proteins produced by GM yeast were targeted to non-GM yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae BY4741ΔCYC8 strain) cell surface. Yeast cell-surface engineering is a useful method that enables the coating of GM yeast cell surface with recombinant proteins to produce highly stable and accumulated protein particles. The results of this study suggest that development of cell-surface engineering from GM organisms (GMOs) to living non-GMOs by our novel cocultivation method is possible.