用基因工程方法研制廿二碳六烯酸

廿二碳六烯酸(DHA)能促进脑细胞的生长发育,改善大脑机能和行为学习,防治中枢神经疾病,是人及其它动物重要的必需多不饱和脂肪酸。目前,DHA主要来自深海鱼油的分离制备。利用微生物发酵生产DHA仍处于实验室阶段。破囊壶菌(Thraustochytriumroseum)是合成DHA的优良海洋真菌。研究与筛选破囊壶菌DHA合成突变株,克隆破囊壶菌DHA合成关键酶基因,进而在酵母真核表达系统中表达,可为今后对该酶进行更深入的研究及应用建立良好的基础。用基因工程方法研制重组DHA,将开拓广阔的应用前景。     

裂殖壶菌高产油突变体的高通量筛选

二十二碳六烯酸(DHA)具有促进婴幼儿大脑和视网膜发育等多种生理功能,被广泛应用于食品、医药和养殖等行业。为了获得适合于工业化生产的高产油、高产DHA的裂殖壶菌工程株,文中建立了一套操作简单、快速准确的基于尼罗红染色的高通量筛选方案。首先利用紫外线(UVC)诱变的方式快速构建裂殖壶菌的随机突变体库。然后采用优化后的筛选条件如裂殖壶菌的最佳尼罗红染色条件(二甲基亚砜浓度为20%,尼罗红终浓度为2.0μg/mL,孵育时间为10 min,孵育温度为40℃)和更合理的筛选依据(多功能酶标仪实现高通量测量的单位细胞密度油脂量)等,对3 648株突变体进行筛选,得到了3株高产油突变体(D03432、D05106和D01521)。摇瓶发酵实验表明,这3株突变体在生物量、油脂含量和DHA产量上均高于野生型菌株,其中突变体D03432和D05106的油脂量分别达到了干重的64.74%和63.13%,远高于野生型菌株的43.19%。而且这两株突变体的DHA产量分别是野生型菌株的2.26倍和2.37倍。最后,对突变体D03432和D05106进行了5 L发酵罐发酵培养,相较于野生型菌株,这两株突变体不仅生物量和油脂含量有所增加,而且DHA产量更是分别增加了45.5 1%和66.46%,展现出较好的工业应用潜力。此外,本筛选方案对其他产油微生物高产油突变体的高通量筛选具有借鉴作用。     

高产DHA破囊壶菌Aurantiochytrium sp. PKU#SW7诱变株的筛选

【目的】对野生菌株Aurantiochytrium sp.PKU#SW7诱变育种,筛选高产DHA突变株。【方法】采用UV诱变和化学药物胁迫筛选方式,以菌株的生物量、油脂产量、DHA产量作为筛选指标,获得高产DHA突变株。【结果】经鉴定获得一株DHA高产突变株PKU#PM003,该菌株传代4次后仍保持较好的遗传稳定性。摇瓶发酵后,PKU#PM003生物量产量高达6.62 g/L,比原始菌株5.95 g/L提高了11.26%,脂肪酸含量高达4.01 g/L,比原始菌株3.18 g/L提高了26.1%,DHA在脂肪酸中所占比例由29.97%增加到33.43%,产量提高了41.01%,油脂突变效果显著。【结论】突变株PKU#PM003可作为性状优良的工业化发酵生产菌种,并在DHA产量提升上仍具有巨大的空间。     

利用环境胁迫提高破囊壶菌二十二碳六烯酸生产的研究进展

破囊壶菌由于具备生产多种高值天然活性物质的能力,如二十碳五烯酸(eicosapentaenoic acid, EPA)、二十二碳六烯酸(docosahexaenoic acid, DHA)、角鲨烯和类胡萝卜素等,目前已被视为商业脂质生产的优质来源。本文首先对破囊壶菌的生态作用和生物技术价值进行介绍,并概述了脂肪酸的两条生物合成途径;其次重点阐述了NaCl、温度、溶氧和pH这4种环境胁迫因子对破囊壶菌生长、脂质积累、脂肪酸组成和DHA生产的影响;随后总结了当前利用环境胁迫因子的渗透调节策略、分段发酵策略和缓解氧化应激策略提升破囊壶菌DHA生物合成能力的研究现状;最后指出了破囊壶菌在环境胁迫的分子调控机制、分段式发酵策略、菌株进化及代谢工程等方面存在的问题,并对如何改进这些问题以及未来可能的发展方向进行了展望。该综述旨在为破囊壶菌实现高效工业化生产DHA提供有效的参考。     

常压室温等离子体(ARTP)诱变快速选育高产DHA的裂殖壶菌突变株

旨在建立一种能够快速便捷的诱变选育高产DHA菌株的方法。出发菌株Schizochytrium sp.ATCC 20888悬浮液经过常压室温等离子体(ARTP)处理后,涂布到2,2’-联吡啶平上板培养。将所得的突变菌株摇瓶发酵培养,通过磷酸香草醛油脂快速检测法和气相色谱分析从突变菌株中筛选得到DHA高产菌株。结果表明,裂殖壶菌诱变选育条件为ARTP为处理时间15 s,气量10 L/min,电功率100 W;2,2’-联吡啶浓度为100μmol/L。通过该方法可以获得高产DHA的菌株。其中D32菌株DHA生产能力提升显著,比初始菌株提升了29.8%,DHA产量达到7.31g/L。D32菌株与出发菌株相比,主要的饱和脂肪酸含量显著下降(P0.005),而不饱和脂肪酸含量显著增加(P0.005)。经5次传代后性状稳定,本方法快捷高效,同时也为其他多不饱和脂肪的诱变选育方法提供参考。     

基于同源重组的裂殖壶菌遗传转化体系的构建及验证

【目的】裂殖壶菌是一种能高效生产DHA的海洋真菌;基因工程技术已经成功应用在微生物改造和代谢机理研究中,利用基因工程技术对裂殖壶菌进行改造首先需要构建适合裂殖壶菌的遗传转化体系;【方法】本文利用电转化的方法将含有18S r DNA同源重组片段的ble基因导入裂殖壶菌中,通过zeocin抗性平板筛选出阳性菌株,并设计ble基因引物,以裂殖壶菌基因组为模板,进行PCR验证ble基因是否成功结合到裂殖壶菌染色体上。【结果】筛选获得的抗性菌株基因组上确实PCR出ble基因片段,对改造菌株与原始菌株进行发酵培养,发现改造后菌株在生物量、油脂含量、DHA含量及脂肪酸分布等方面和原始菌株基本一致。【结论】抗性基因的插入不会影响菌株的正常代谢,该体系的构建为后续其他外源基因导入奠定基础。     

渗透压调控对裂殖壶菌发酵产DHA的影响

考察了不同渗透胁迫(0、10、20、30和40 g/L NaCl)对裂殖壶菌HX-308发酵产DHA及脂肪酸构成的影响。结果表明:20 g/L NaCl最有利于裂殖壶菌生长和DHA积累,生物量、总脂肪酸含量、DHA产量及DHA占生物量的比值分别为73 g/L、10.7 g/L、5.0 g/L和68 mg/g,并且DHA在总脂肪酸中所占百分比最高,为45.2%。此外,在低渗透压(10 g/L NaCl)条件下,添加40 mmol/L甘氨酸甜菜碱,DHA产量与未添加相比提高了28.21%;在高渗透压(40 g/L NaCl)条件下添加40 mmol/L海藻糖,DHA产量提高了46.84%;表明添加适量的外源相容性溶质能有效地促进裂殖壶菌积累DHA。     

利用原生质体融合技术选育淀粉发酵产DHA的新型裂殖壶菌

以生产DHA的裂殖壶菌(Schizochxtrium)B4D1和黑曲霉(Aspergillus niger)CGMCC 3.316为出发菌株,利用原生质体融合技术选育可以利用淀粉发酵生产DHA的新型裂殖壶菌。用裂解酶制得了两亲本的原生质体,通过研究两亲本培养时间、培养方法、酶解时间等条件对原生质体产量影响的基础上,以PEG介导进行了原生质体的融合,最终确定了原生质体融合最佳条件为40%的PEG6000,融合温度30℃,融合时间为10 min,在此条件下融合率可达1.9%。通过比较菌落外观、颜色、形态以及分离培养筛选获得了一株利用淀粉裂殖壶菌融合子。经过RAPD验证表明B4D1与CGMCC 3.316发生了重组,融合菌株表达了更多源于B4D1的遗传信息。     

耐低水活度高毒力虫生真菌菌株选育

以球孢白僵菌Beauveria bassiana和玫烟色拟青霉Paecilomyces fumosoroseus为研究对象,利用紫外线诱变芽生孢子和低水活度条件胁迫筛选,选育出突变株Bb07240、Pf01120和Pf01160,它们在低水活度（或相对湿度）下的生长和萌发均明显优于其相应的初始菌株。生物测定表明,突变株对桃蚜的毒力明显高于其初始菌株。     

搅拌和通气对裂殖壶菌LX0809产DHA的影响

利用一株生产DHA专利菌株裂殖壶菌LX0809,在10 L全自动发酵罐中考察了16个搅拌转速和通气量组合对裂殖壶菌LX0809发酵产DHA的影响。生物量和总油脂的产量随搅拌转速和通风量的增加而增加,DHA占总油脂比例随搅拌转速和通风量的增加而降低,最终确定通气量为全程0.3 m3/h(通气比0.83),搅拌转速为前40 h 400 r/min,后56 h 300 r/min。发酵96 h放罐,细胞生物量92 g/L,油脂质量浓度52.3 g/L,DHA占总油脂含量为40.2%,DHA发酵产量高达21 g/L。     

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.     

肝癌中HBV和HCV基因和抗原的分布及意义

采用原位分子杂交方法检测HCV RNA及HBV X基因;采用免疫组织化学方法研究HCV核心抗原,非结构区C33c抗原及HBxAg在肝细胞肝癌中的定位及分布.结果表明(1)HCV RNA、HBV X基因在肝细胞肝癌组织检出率分别为40%(55/136)和82%(112/136).HCV RNA定位于癌细胞的胞浆内,阳性细胞呈散在、灶状及弥漫分布三种形式;HBV X基因在肝癌细胞中的分布呈胞浆型、核型及核浆型,阳性细胞也呈上述三种分布形式;(2)HCV C33c抗原、核心抗原在肝细胞肝癌中的阳性率为81%(133/164)及86%(141/164).C33c抗原定位于癌细胞及肝细胞的胞浆内;核心抗原既定位于癌细胞核中,又可定位于胞浆中.C33c抗原阳性细胞以灶状分布为主;而核心抗原阳性细     

Selection with two alleles and complete dominance

For a plant selection model with frequency-independent viabilities, fertilities and selfing rates, it is shown that apart from global fixation, for certain parameter combinations a protected polymorphism and facultative fixation (either allele may become fixed according to initial frequencies) may both occur. Facultative fixation requires different selling rates for the dominant and recessive type. Protection of the polymorphism requires resource allocation for male and female function. In this connection the problem of purely genetically caused population extinction is discussed.
For general frequency dependence and regular segregation, the chances for establishment of a completely recessive gene are compared to those of a completely dominant gene. It is proven that the process of establishment of the recessive gene, despite a fitness advantage, may be considerably endangered by drift effects if random mating prevails. The recessive gene may reach the same effectivity in establishment as a dominant gene, only if the recessive homozygote mates exclusively with its own type during the period of establishment.