植酸钠对酿酒酵母乙醇发酵的促进效应

本文研究了植酸钠对酿酒酵母发酵乙醇生成量的促进效应。在酿酒酵母（ＡＳ２．４３１）的合成培养基中添加０．０８％本室自制的植酸钠后,发现其乙醇生成量提高３５．４％。植酸钠使该菌耐酒精能力增加,但对生物量影响不显著。植酸钠促进效应的有效成分为其植酸根。植酸钠对Ｋ酵母天然培养基发酵的乙醇生成量亦有极显著的促进效应,使其提高达８７．９％。     

变灰青霉固态发酵降解植酸的初步研究

从发霉植酸钠溶液中分离到一株产植酸酶的变灰青霉（Ｐｅｎｉｃｉｌｌｉｕｍｃａｎｅｓｃｅｎｓ）Ｐ４。以麸皮：玉米面：黄豆饼粉＝７：２：１为主要培养基成份,用优选法确定最适培养基为在上述基本培养基中添加４％（ＮＨ４）２ＳＯ４,１％葡萄糖,１．５倍水,自然ｐＨ。发酵过程的动态分析表明,该菌在上述条件下２８℃恒温培养６ｄ后植酸降解率可达９０％;无机磷含量由０．１３％增至０．５７％;可溶性蛋白含量由３．８０％增至７．６０％。用４％ＣａＣｌ_２·２Ｈ_２Ｏ水溶液抽提     

植酸在水稻（Oryza sativaL.）细胞培养中的促进作用

植酸（Ｃ６Ｈ１８Ｏ２４Ｐ６）添加到固体和液体培养基中,能显著降低多酚氧化酶活性,稳定培养基中ＰＨ值和ｍＶ值,并能促进水稻细胞生长,增强细胞抗褐化和水渍化能力,从而改善细胞状态。在培养基中植酸的最佳添加量为０．１％,配合使用ＭＥＳ可以增强其稳定ＰＨ值的效果。     

解脂假丝酵母(Candida lipolytica)B74利用正烷烃产生柠檬酸的研究

解脂假丝酵母(Candida lipolytica)B14以正烷烃为碳源可以形成柠檬酸和异柠檬酸。在正烷烃、(NH4)2SO4 过磷酸钙、玉米浆和NaCl等组成的培养基上,发酵4天,发酵液中柠檬酸含量达6．95％。用吡啶显色,总酸(以柠檬酸计)含量达13.78％。将异柠檬酸转化为柠檬酸,发酵液中柠檬酸含量上升到12—13％,柠檬酸占总酸的比例从40一50％提高到80—90％。原料转化率(产酸量与正烷烃量之比)按柠檬酸计达1I 2％,总醛转化率达132．5％,最高达184．1％。     

菲丁对黑曲霉发酵产生柠檬酸的促进效应

葡萄糖全合成培养基中添加少量米糠后,柠檬酸产量显著提高。经分析确定,米糠中所含的菲丁是促进产酸的有效成分之一。本文报道主要的实验结果。     

枯草芽孢杆菌B115优化培养及其对气单胞菌的抗菌效果的研究

采用正交实验设计确定了枯草芽孢杆菌（Bacillus subtilis）B115的基础培养基成份为：胰蛋白胨1％,酵母膏0．25％,氯化钠0．5％;添加成份最优组合为（NH4）2SO4 0.1％,（K2HPO4＋KH2PO4）（1．4＋0．6）％和柠檬酸三钠0．1％;添加成分最优组合与基础培养基培养产量比较,表明添加K^＋、NH4^＋和柠檬酸三钠能极显著地促进B115的生长。研究了B115对致病性气单胞菌的抗菌效果,结果表明：B115对BSK-10和CL990920有明显抑、杀菌效果,对TL970424无抑菌效果。     

用黑曲霉发酵纤维素酶解液生产柠檬酸的研究

以麦草纤维素酶解液为原料,用黑曲霉发酵制备柠檬酸,研究了培养基组成、恒温发酵和周期变温发酵对柠檬酸发酵的影响,结果表明,适宜的培养基组成为NH4NO3 0.3%,KH2PO4 0.1%,Mg2+300×10-6,Fe2+10×10-6,此时,柠檬酸产量为10.52g/L,糖转化率为60.80%.研究还表明,添加低级醇如甲醇和乙醇有利于产酸,但添加甲醇的效果要好于添加乙醇的效果,适宜的甲醇量为2%.在恒温发酵过程中,0～8h为孢子萌发期,产酸较慢;8～24h为对数生长期,产酸增加;24h之后为菌体生长恒定期,但产酸继续增加;104h之后产酸降低.在周期变温发酵过程中,0～8h产酸较慢,8h之后产酸增加.通过对二者的比较可知,在0～16h,周期变温发酵的产酸量要高于恒温发酵的产酸量,但在16h之后,周期变温发酵的产酸量要低于恒温发酵的产酸量.     

PGDH^L生化突变型谷氨酸生产菌株选育的生化模式

以Ｔｂｍ－３（ｉｃｌ＾－,异柠檬酸裂解酶活力的生化突变株）为出发菌株,经紫外一诱变,通过依据生人代谢所设计的选择培养基（Ｌ－阿拉伯糖平板与Ｄ－葡萄糖酸钠平板）对接的筛选方法,获得磷酸葡萄糖酸脱氢酶（ＰＧＤＨ,Ｅ．Ｃ．４．２．１．１２）忖突变型的生化突变型菌株Ｔｂｍ３．１８,该菌株经摇瓶发酵试验显示,比出发菌株Ｔｂｍ－３提高产酸率８．９％和转化率８．１％,表明ｐｇｄｈ或ｐｇｄｈ生在变型菌株的选育,对     

玉米浆对Vc二步发酵产2-酮基-L-古龙酸影响的研究

通过在培养基中添加不同量的玉米浆,研究其对氧化葡萄糖酸杆菌（俗称小菌）生产Vc前体2-酮基-L-古龙酸的影响,并研究玉米浆成分中的12种主要氨基酸对小菌产酸的影响。结果表明：每100 mL发酵培养基中添加2.5 g左右过滤除菌玉米浆时,2-酮基-L-古龙酸产量高达26.84 mg/mL,小菌活菌数为不添加玉米浆时小菌单菌发酵下的9.74倍。过量玉米浆抑制小菌产酸。12种氨基酸单独与氧化葡萄糖酸杆菌发酵培养及全部混合后与氧化葡萄糖酸杆菌发酵培养对产酸及菌体生长无影响。     

丙酸积累对薛氏丙酸杆菌生长及产酸的影响*

报道丙酸积累对维生素B12产生菌Propionibacterium shermanii生长及丙酸产生的影响,在初糖浓度6％,pH6.5的批次发酵条件下,测定了该菌的耗糖、产酸和茵体生长曲线。发酵24h后,培养基中添加1％、3％和6％的丙酸,发酵结束时菌体干重只有对照的75．2％、65．4％和52.9％,产酸是对照的79.3％、69．2％和39．3％。加入6％的丙酸不能完全抑制耗糖和产酸。部分解除丙酸抑制可使菌体干重增加60％。     

Citric acid production by Aspergillus niger on wet corn distillers grains

AIMS: To determine which citric acid-producing strain of Aspergillus niger utilized wet corn distillers grains most effectively to produce citric acid. METHODS AND RESULTS: Citric acid and biomass production by the fungal strains were analysed on the untreated grains or autoclaved grains using an enzyme assay and a gravimetric method respectively. Fungal citric acid production on the grains was found to occur on the untreated or autoclaved grains. The highest citric acid level on the grains was produced by A. niger ATCC 9142. The autoclaved grains supported less citric acid production by the majority of strains screened. Biomass production by the fungal strains on the untreated or autoclaved grains was quite similar. The highest citric acid yields for A. niger ATCC 9142, ATCC 10577, ATCC 11414, ATCC 12846 and ATCC 26550 were found on the untreated grains. Treatment of the grains had little effect on citric acid yields based on reducing sugars consumed by A. niger ATCC 9029 and ATCC 201122. CONCLUSIONS: It is feasible for citric acid-producing strains of A. niger to excrete citric acid on wet corn distillers grains whether the grains are treated or untreated. The most effective citric acid-producing strain of A. niger was ATCC 9142. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: The study shows that the ethanol processing co-product wet corn distillers grains could be utilized as a substrate for the commercial production of citric acid by A. niger without treatment of the grains.     

Stimulatory effect of alcohols (methanol and ethanol) on citric acid productivity by a 2-deoxy D-glucose resistant culture of aspergillus niger GCB-47

The present study describes citric acid fermentation by Aspergillus niger GCB-47 in a 15-1 stainless steel stirred fermentor. Among the alcohols tested as stimulating agents, 1.0% (v/v) methanol was found to give maximum amount of anhydrous citric acid (90.02 +/- 2.2 g/l), 24 h after inoculation. This yield of citric acid was 1.96 fold higher than the control. Methanol has a direct effect on mycelial morphology and it promotes pellet formation. It also increases the cell membrane permeability to provoke more citric acid excretion from the mycelial cells. The sugar consumed and % citric acid was 108 +/- 3.8 g/l and 80.39 +/- 4.5%, respectively. The desirable mycelial morphology was in the form of small round pellets having dry cell mass 14.5 +/- 0.8 g/l. Addition of ethanol, however, did not found to enhance citric acid production, significantly. The maximum value of Yp/x (i.e., 5.825 +/- 0.25 g/g) was observed when methanol was used as a stimulating agent. The best results of anhydrous citric acid were observed, 6 days after inoculation when the initial pH of fermentation medium was kept at 6.0.     

碳源对固定化细胞生产柠檬酸的影响

柠檬酸是利用微生物代谢生产的一种极为重要的有机酸．广泛应用于食品、饮料、化工、冶金、印染等各个领域。在国外,近10年来,利用固定化细胞生产柠檬酸已获得较广泛的研究^〔1－6〕,国内也有学者指出,柠檬酸发酵的趋向是利用固定化细胞进行连续化生产⑺。而国内这方面的研究报道很少〔8,9〕。我们利用海藻酸钙凝胶包埋固定化黑曲霉细胞生产柠檬酸．探讨了碳源种类及其浓度对固定化细胞生产柠檬酸的影响。现将结果报道如下。     

Extremely low frequency magnetic field effects on metabolite of Aspergillus niger

The effect of the extremely low frequency (ELF) magnetic field on citric acid and cellulase production by Aspergillus niger using liquid Charles culture medium was studied during shake flask culture. The cellular suspension was exposed to a magnetic field (t = 4 h, B = 1 mT, and f = 50 Hz). The dependence of yield of citric acid and activity of cellulase on time of exposure and on the value of the magnetic field induction B was measured. Both yield of citric acid and activity of cellulase increased with increasing exposure time and/or induction B, but the quantity of the effect was dependent on the chemical structure of metabolites. The metabolism of citric acid was more sensitive to the magnetic field than that of cellulase. From the measurement of the metabolism dynamics we concluded that the increase in the citric acid and activity of cellulase started immediately after the magnetic field was switched on.     

Contribution of cyanide-insensitive respiratory pathway, catalyzed by the alternative oxidase, to citric acid production in Aspergillus niger

In Aspergillus niger, a cyanide (CN)- and antimycin A-insensitive and salicylhydroxamic acid (SHAM)-sensitive respiratory pathway exists besides the cytochrome pathway and is catalyzed by the alternative oxidase (AOX). In this study, A. niger WU-2223L, a citric acid-producing strain, was cultivated in a medium containing 120 g/l of glucose, which is the concentration usually needed for citric acid production, and the effects of 2% (v/v) methanol, an inducer of citric acid, 2 microM antimycin A, and 1 mM SHAM on AOX activities and citric acid production were investigated. The AOX activity, measured as duroquinol oxidase, was localized in the purified mitochondria regardless of the presence of any additives. When WU-2223L was cultivated with antimycin A or methanol, both citric acid production and citric acid productivity, shown as the ratio of production per mycelial dry weight, increased with the increase of both the activity of AOX and the rate of CN-insensitive and SHAM-sensitive respiration. On the other hand, when WU-2223L was cultivated with SHAM, an inhibitor of AOX, the CN-insensitive and SHAM-sensitive respiration was not detected and the citric acid production and the productivity drastically decreased, although mycelial growth was not affected. These results clearly indicated that the CN-insensitive and SHAM-sensitive respiration catalyzed by AOX, localized in the mitochondria, contributed to citric acid production by A. niger.     

Inhibition of fungal NADP+-isocitrate dehydrogenase by citric acid

The variations observed during earlier studies in the activity of NADP+-isocitrate dehydrogenase (EC. 1.1.1.42) in a strain of Aspergillus niger were found to be related to the extent of washing of mycelium. As a result the mycelium washed four times with phosphate buffer (0.05 M, pH 7.5), the enzyme activity present in 4 and 8 days old fungal mycelia increased five- and two-fold, respectively. In vivo studies showed a complete loss of enzyme activity in mycelia resuspended in HCl-KCl buffer (0.02 M, pH 2.2) containing citric acid (13 mM or more). The in vitro studies revealed 50% loss of enzyme activity in presence of 3.6 to 5.2 mM citric acid. However, in case of Aspergillus niger ATCC 1015, which produced less citric acid than the above strain, a much higher citric acid concentration (13 to 26 mM) was required to cause 50% loss of enzyme activity. These findings suggest a correlation between citric acid inhibition of NADP+-isocitrate dehydrogenase and the ability of A. niger to accumulate citric acid in the medium.     

Advances in citric acid fermentation by Aspergillus niger: biochemical aspects, membrane transport and modeling

Citric acid is regarded as a metabolite of energy metabolism, of which the concentration will rise to appreciable amounts only under conditions of substantive metabolic imbalances. Citric acid fermentation conditions were established during the 1930s and 1940s, when the effects of various medium components were evaluated. The biochemical mechanism by which Aspergillus niger accumulates citric acid has continued to attract interest even though its commercial production by fermentation has been established for decades. Although extensive basic biochemical research has been carried out with A. niger, the understanding of the events relevant for citric acid accumulation is not completely understood. This review is focused on citric acid fermentation by A. niger. Emphasis is given to aspects of fermentation biochemistry, membrane transport in A. niger and modeling of the production process.     

黑曲霉菌株柠檬酸合成酶基因的敲除及功能分析

【背景】柠檬酸合成酶是碳代谢途径的中心酶,其在三羧酸循环(tricarboxylic acid cycle,TCA)、氨基酸合成和乙醛酸循环中发挥着重要作用,是柠檬酸合成的关键酶。本论文所选用的是一株高产柠檬酸的黑曲霉菌株CGMCC10142。【目的】克隆柠檬酸合成酶关键基因,构建柠檬酸合成酶的敲除菌株并鉴定其在黑曲霉菌株高产柠檬酸过程中的功能及影响。【方法】采用根癌农杆菌转化方法并利用同源重组原理,采用抗性筛选和致死型反向筛选的双重筛选方法获得正确敲除株。对转化子在不同碳源下的生长情况进行观察并对柠檬酸发酵过程中菌丝球变化和产酸量进行分析,最后通过荧光定量PCR分析柠檬酸合成酶基因对黑曲霉积累柠檬酸的影响,及其对主要代谢途径中重要酶相关基因和其他的表达量的影响。【结果】以柠檬酸高产菌株黑曲霉CGMCC10142为出发菌,构建一株遗传稳定的柠檬酸合成酶敲除的菌株T1-2。结果发现该菌株在以葡萄糖为碳源的培养基上生长缓慢并且产生孢子量减少。通过摇瓶发酵产酸实验,结果表明敲除菌在84 h产酸量为64.3 g/L,相对于出发菌的98.7g/L降低了34.85%。通过荧光定量PCR发现柠檬酸合成酶的表达量是下降的,同时重要酶的表达量都下降。【结论】该菌株的柠檬酸合成酶基因对柠檬酸积累具有重要作用,但存在其他同工酶基因,该基因敲除仅使产酸合成降低34.85%,同时发现该柠檬酸合成酶的顺畅表达有助于主代谢途径中各关键酶的高效表达,本研究可为研究黑曲霉高产柠檬酸机理奠定基础。     

Citric acid production by selected mutants of Aspergillus niger from cane molasses

The present investigation deals with citric acid production by some selected mutant strains of Aspergillus niger from cane molasses in 250 ml Erlenmeyer flasks. For this purpose, a conidial suspension of A. niger GCB-75, which produced 31.1 g/l citric acid from 15% (w/v) molasses sugar, was subjected to UV-induced mutagenesis. Among the 3 variants, GCM-45 was found to be a better producer of citric acid (50.0 +/- 2a) and it was further improved by chemical mutagenesis using N-methyl, N-nitro-N-nitroso-guanidine (MNNG). Out of 3,2-deoxy-D-glucose resistant variants, GCMC-7 was selected as the best mutant, which produced 96.1 +/- 1.5 g/l citric acid 168 h after fermentation of potassium ferrocyanide and H2SO4 pre-treated blackstrap molasses in Vogel's medium. On the basis of kinetic parameters such as volumetric substrate uptake rate (Qs), and specific substrate uptake rate (qs), the volumetric productivity, theoretical yield and specific product formation rate, it was observed that the mutants were faster growing organisms and produced more citric acid. The mutant GCMC-7 has greater commercial potential than the parental strain with regard to citrate synthase activity. The addition of 2.0 x 10(-5) M MgSO4 x 5H2O into the fermentation medium reduced the Fe2+ ion concentration by counter-acting its deleterious effect on mycelial growth. The magnesium ions also induced a loose-pelleted form of growth (0.6 mm, diameter), reduced the biomass concentration (12.5 g/l) and increased the volumetric productivity of citric acid monohydrate (113.6 +/- 5 g/l).     

Occurrence of an organic inhibitor in cane molasses affecting citric acid production by Aspergillus niger

A highly potent inhibitor of citric acid fermentation by Aspergillus niger is shown to be present, in addition to minerals, in cane molasses. Sephadex G-10 fractionation of molasses shows the inhibitor to be present in the hexose fraction. This fraction, after concentration reduces the citric acid yield from a citric acid-producing system. The hexose fraction of the sulphitated syrup is much more inhibitory than the hexose fraction of unsulphitated syrup, indicating enhanced activity of the inhibitor at this step of cane-juice processing in sugar-mills.