中国人均生态足迹与生物承载力变化的EMD分析及情景预测

利用经验模态分解(EMD)方法分解并提取1961～2001年中国人均生态足迹与生物承载力变化的波动周期,建立具有周期性波动的非线性动力学预测模型,提出未来50a中国人均生态足迹和生物承载力变化的3种预测情景。结果表明:(1)40a来,中国人均生态足迹在波动中不断增加,具有明显的3.5a和8a两个波动周期;中国人均生物承载力在波动中不断减少,具有明显的2.7a和28a两个周期。(2)若一切照旧,即未来50a中国人均生态足迹与生物承载力保持过去40a的年均变化率不变,则人均生态足迹会持续上升,2050年达到3.391g.hm2;人均生物承载力持续下降,2050年降为0.490g.hm2;而人均生态赤字急剧拉大,2050年为3.024g.hm2,可持续发展形势非常严峻。(3)若缓慢变化,即未来20a中国人均生态足迹保持年均增长率1.195%、人均生物承载力年均减少率0.614%不变,则2025年人均生态足迹为1.849g.hm2、人均生物承载力为0.860g.hm2、人均赤字0.989g.hm2。(4)若人均生态足迹快速减少,即2025～2050年中国人均生态足迹年均减少率为0.996%、人均生物承载力年均减少率为0.614%不变,则2050年人均生态足迹为1.381g.hm2、人均生物承载力0.739g.hm2、人均生态赤字0.641g.hm2,但这需要中国经济发展和技术水平的极大提高、能源消费结构的多元化、居民消费意识和消费模式的快速转变、人民生活质量的极大改善。这样,中国的生态发展才有助于实现全球水平的生态可持续发展,在促进世界可持续发展的道路上起到积极的推动作用。     

中国1961~2005年人均生态足迹变化

以小波变换技术为基础,对中国1961～2005年人均生态足迹波动的突变时间及影响因素进行了多时间尺度分析.研究结果表明:(1)44a来,中国人均生态足迹波动具有明显的3、7a和23a的特征时间尺度和相应的周期性振荡特征,其中23a周期尤为显著;(2)比较3种尺度下的突变点发现,1966年、1979年、1988年、1996年、2000年和2004年为共同的突变点,说明这5a突变强烈,反映了波动的主要特征;(3)对主要突变点的成因分析发现,中国人均生态足迹的波动主要由于政策因素和经济因素驱动所致,科技因素和自然因素也有影响;(4)综合3、7a和23a 3个时间尺度上小波系数的演变趋势发现,中国人均生态足迹在未来几年会有所下降,可持续发展形势会有所好转.     

长株潭地区生态可持续性

基于长株潭地区被批准为“全国资源节约型和环境友好型社会建设综合配套改革试验区”的背景,针对生态足迹方法的产量因子参数进行改进,利用区域产量因子代替全球产量因子,对长株潭地区1986-2005年生态足迹和生态承载力进行核算,在此基础上,着重采用两种预测方法对该地区2007-2015年生态足迹和生态容量进行预测.两种预测方法分别是二项式曲线预测模型和灰色GM(1,1)模型,对长株潭地区1986-2005年20a的人均生态足迹与时间关系进行了拟合,得出二项式曲线预测模型具有更高的预测精度;用两种预测模型预测了长株潭地区的人均生态容量,GM(1,1)模型的预测精度更高.选取精度最高的模型分别预测研究区未来10a人均生态足迹和生态容量.未来10a人均生态容量增长平缓(年平均增长率1.8％),人均生态足迹增长快(年平均增长率达16％),相应的人均生态赤字增长快.     

基于改进生态足迹模型的可持续发展评价——以北疆为例

生态足迹评价体系,可以在一定程度上刻画区域社会经济发展对当地生态环境产生的影响,当前可持续发展研究的难点之一,便是如何更加真实的体现这种影响。立足于传统生态足迹模型,采用“一年一区一值”的参数方案计算区域当年均衡因子与产量因子,结合土地利用转移矩阵和建设用地流入量改进建设用地足迹算法,对北疆地区2005年、2010年、2015年、2018年生态足迹及生态承载力进行测度,并结合相关指数对研究区发展的可持续性进行评价。结果表明：(1)北疆生态足迹增涨3.5倍,且以能源增长为主导,生物生产性足迹贡献率大幅下降;人均生态足迹增长3.4倍,工业型城市生态足迹增长率及人均生态足迹增长率均高于其他类型城市。(2)研究区生态承载力呈现上升态势,除水域和草地外,其他地类承载力均呈上升态势,昌吉州与阿勒泰地区的总体承载力及人均承载力均呈下降态势。(3)北疆生态利用效率上涨1.32倍,各行政单元呈现农业及服务业型城市生态利用效率上升、工业型城市生态利用效率降低的态势,表明工业型城市生态足迹增速远高于经济增速。(4)各行政单元呈现生态赤字状态且不断加剧,总体及人均增速都呈现工业型>农业型>服务业型...     

基于农牧业产品和生活用水的京津冀地区水足迹时空特征研究

水足迹将实体水消费和虚拟水消费联系起来,能真实地反映水资源利用的空间差异状况。运用自下而上的方法,分别计算了京津冀地区市级、区县尺度2000—2014年水足迹与人均水足迹,并分析其时空变化特征。结果表明:(1)市级尺度上,北京市水足迹、人均水足迹最高,天津市次之。石家庄市水足迹、人均水足迹相对较高,衡水市水足迹、人均水足迹均相对较低。京津冀市级平均水足迹由2000年的35.88亿m~3增长到2014年的50.82亿m~3,天津市、北京市增长幅度最大。(2)区县尺度上,北京市主城六区水足迹、人均水足迹最高,北京市其他市辖区和天津市主城六区、滨海新区水足迹、人均水足迹次之,石家庄市主城区水足迹、人均水足迹也相对较高。北部燕山山区、西部太行山区及衡水市所辖区县水足迹、人均水足迹最低。京津冀区县平均水足迹由2000年的2.30亿m~3增长为2014年的3.16亿m~3。北京市市辖区水足迹增长幅度最大,天津市市辖区次之。(3)水足迹的构成比例从大到小依次是消费虚拟水量、生活用水量和生态环境用水量,消费虚拟水量约占水足迹的90%。京津冀生态环境用水所占水足迹比例总体呈现增加的趋势,北京市生态环境用水所占水足迹的比例高于天津市和河北省。本文对京津冀地区水足迹的计算与时空变化特征分析,以期为研究京津冀地区城镇化对水资源量的胁迫效应提供参考与依据。     

黄山市三维生态足迹变化及旅游影响研究

旅游业作为黄山市主导产业, 其发展是否有利于推动黄山市生态可持续发展是亟待回答的理论与现实问题。文章利用2000—2019 年黄山市经济社会相关数据, 基于“地区公顷”下均衡因子和产量因子, 运用三维生态足迹改进模型与偏最小二乘法, 测度分析黄山市近20年生态足迹变化及旅游对其影响。研究表明: (1)黄山市“地区公顷”下均衡因子和产量因子与“全球公顷”下因子存在一定差别, 能更精准反映黄山市生态环境状况。(2)2000—2019 年, 黄山市生态赤字波动下降。人均生态足迹由1.51 ha·cap–1减少到1.20 ha·cap–1。人均生态承载力则稳定在0.79 ha·cap–1左右; (3)人均生态足迹广度变化平缓, 黄山市居民占用的自然资本流量主要来自于耕地和林地; (4)人均生态足迹深度大于1, 2019 年大约需1.53 个黄山市空间上的生物生产性土地面积才能满足黄山市居民需求, 整体呈波动下降趋势。耕地和草地资源存量透支较多; (5)旅游发展可改善黄山市自然环境, 一定程度缓解了黄山市生态压力。第三产业发展、旅游城镇化、居民消费转型升级、经济结构调整优化可降低黄山市生态足迹。     

基于生态足迹修正模型的江苏省海洋经济可持续发展分析

基于生态足迹的理论和方法,提出海洋生态足迹的概念,并根据江苏省海洋环境的特殊性,构建了渔业用海、交通运输用海、工程建筑用海、能源用海、滩涂5个海洋生态足迹子模型,采用改进熵值法确定5类用海的均衡因子,分析了2000-2008年江苏省海洋生态足迹和生态承载力.结果表明:2000-2008年间,江苏省人均海洋生态足迹增幅近7倍,从36.90 hm2上升到252.94 hm2;人均生态承载力从105.01 hm2增至185.49 hm2,呈平稳增长态势;2000年,江苏省海洋环境处于生态盈余状态,海洋经济呈弱可持续发展状态,2004年,海洋生态环境急剧恶化,生态赤字高达109660.5 hm2,海洋经济可持续能力下降.渔业用海的高生态足迹是造成江苏省海洋生态赤字的主要原因,滩涂是维持江苏省海洋经济可持续发展的重要后备资源.     

湖北省近20年生态足迹演化

运用生态足迹模型,对湖北省1985--2004年的生态足迹进行了时间序列的测度.结果表明:20年间,湖北省人均生态足迹需求均大于其人均生态承载力;比较其同时段不同尺度范围的生态赤字/盈余时发现,湖北省生态足迹在省与国家尺度上处于不可持续发展状态,而在全球尺度上处于可持续发展状态.在各种土地类型中,人均耕地生态赤字最大,人均林地处于生态盈余状态,且人均生态足迹需求增长最快的是水域,人均生态承载能力增长最快的是林地;总体上看,湖北省的人均生态足迹和人均GDP持续增长,而万元GDP的生态足迹一直呈现下降趋势;控制建设规模、保护耕地、增加新技术投入量是解决湖北省人均生态赤字过高的重要途径.     

基于绿色GDP和生态足迹的江西省生态效率动态变化研究

生态效率是循环经济与可持续发展的有效测度,其测度方法一直是相关研究领域的热点和难点。鉴于绿色GDP能反映出剔除资源损耗和生态环境影响的国民经济净收益,生态足迹则更能全面地衡量经济发展中消耗的各种物质、能源以及带来的环境影响,基于WBCSD提出的生态效率定义及核算方法,创新性地从绿色GDP和生态足迹的视角改进生态效率度量模型,并以江西省为研究对象,对其2000—2015年间的生态效率变化轨迹及成因进行衡量与分析。结果表明:(1)2000—2015年江西省单位面积生态足迹的绿色GDP即生态效率总体呈上升趋势,15年来提升了4.57倍,与此同时,绿色GDP、生态足迹也呈上升趋势,但绿色GDP的增速明显高于生态足迹的增速;(2)江西省绿色GDP占总的GDP的比例处于不规则波动状态,平均为84.61%,其中自然资源损耗价值、环境退化损失价值和资源环境改善效益也呈不规则波动,三者皆呈现出先上升后下降的趋势,其中自然资源损耗对绿色GDP的影响较为显著;(3)江西省生态足迹不断增加,总生态足迹15年来增加了83.6%,年平均增长率为4.26%,从生态足迹构成来看,各土地利用类型生态足迹均呈波动上升趋势,其中牧草地足迹增长最为显著;(4)江西省生态足迹的主要类型是牧草地足迹、耕地足迹和化石能源用地足迹,其中牧草地足迹比重最大,并且保持波动上升趋势,其次是耕地和化石能源用地足迹,但两者比重均呈小幅下降趋势。从生态效率度量模型的创新性、适应性和生态效率的提高途径等方面进行了详细的探讨。     

中国省际灰水足迹测度及荷载系数的空间关联分析

借鉴Hoekstra等提出的灰水足迹计算公式,从农业、工业及生活三方面计算了1998—2012年中国31个省市(自治区)的灰水足迹及其灰水足迹荷载系数。结果表明:1研究期间全国灰水足迹呈现波动趋势,1998年至2006年的灰水足迹呈现波动上升趋势;2007年开始,全国灰水足迹呈现下降趋势;农业在总灰水足迹的贡献率最高、工业最低;231个省市(自治区)15a灰水足迹荷载系数整体呈现小幅波动趋势。在全国内部也存在着明显的地区差异,大体分为5类,分别为高荷载地区、较高荷载区、中度荷载区、较低荷载区、低荷载区。3借助全局与局部空间自相关对全国31个省市(自治区)灰水足迹荷载系数进行空间关联格局分析可知,中国省级灰水足迹存在空间集聚现象且集聚现象逐渐减弱,其中H-H集聚区主要集中在华北地区,L-L集聚区主要集中在南方与青藏地区。通过全国灰水足迹测度与灰水足迹荷载系数空间关联格局分析为灰水足迹分析提供新的研究思路同时为区域可持续发展提供理论支持。     

Tuning of electronic properties of one-dimensional cyano-bridged Cu-Ni, Cu-Pd, and Cu-Pt bimetallic assemblies by stereochemistry of ligands

Preparations, XPS and electronic spectroscopy, and magnetism of seven new one-dimensional cyano-bridged coordination polymers, chiral [Cu(RR-chxn)₂][Pd(CN)₄] · 2H₂O (1), [Cu(trans-chxn)₂][M(CN)₄] · 2H₂O (2, 4, and 6 for M = Pd, Ni, and Pt), and [Cu(cis-chxn)₂][M(CN)₄] · 2H₂O (3, 5, and 7 for M = Pd, Ni, and Pt) (RR-chxn = cyclohexane-(1R,2R)-diamine, trans-chxn = racemic trans-cyclohexane-(1,2)-diamine, and cis-chxn = racemic cis-cyclohexane-(1,2)-diamine) have been reported in view of tuning of their electronic properties by stereochemistry of chxn ligands and metal-substitution. Comparison of Cu 2p_1/2 and 2p_3/2 peaks of XPS and broad d-d bands around 18 000 cm⁻¹ of electronic spectra are described systematically for 1-7. Variable-temperature magnetic measurement shows that complexes 1-7 indicate weak antiferromagnetic interactions via cyano-bridges. Because of semi-coordination coupled with pseudo Jahn-Teller elongation and electrostatic interaction for 1, the axial Cu-N coordination bond distances of 2.330(7) and 3.092(8) Å are considerably longer than those of equatorial ones in the range from 2.016(6) to 2.030(6) Å. The former bond distances of 1 are intermediate values among the related Ni (2.324(6) and 3.120(8) Å) and Pt (2.34(1) and 3.09(1) Å) complexes.     

Land,livestock, and livelihoods: Changing dynamics of gender,caste, and ethnicity in a Nepalese Village

Over the past 10 years, Ghusel VDC, Lalitpur District has moved from primarily subsistence agriculture into the wider cash economy aided by the Small Farmers' Development Program (SFDP), which provides credit to farmers mainly for the purchase of buffalo for milk production, and by the National Dairy Corporation, which supports local dairy cooperatives. Analysis reveals that buffalo-keeping and milk sales are increasing the well-being of many households, while at the same time creating new inequalities in gender roles and responsibilities, greater inequities between Brahmin and Tamang residents in Ghusel, and placing pressures on the ecosystem for increased supplies of fodder and fuelwood. Evidence suggests that there is critical, need for attention to the social, and particularly gender-based, implications of maintaining livestock for milk sales and to the ecological underpinnings of this livelihood system.     

Structure and function of S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase

In mammals, S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase (AdoHcyase) is the only known enzyme to catalyze the breakdown of S-adenosylhomocysteine (AdoHcy) to homocysteine and adenosine. AdoHcy is the product of all adenosylmethionine (AdoMet)-dependent biological transmethylations. These reactions have a wide range of products, and are common in all facets of biometabolism. As a product inhibitor, elevated levels of AdoHcy suppress AdoMet-dependent transmethylations. Thus, AdoHcyase is a regulator of biological transmethylation in general. The three-dimensional structure of AdoHcyase complexed with reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADH) and the inhibitor (1′R, 2′S, 3′R)-9-(2′,3′-dihyroxycyclopenten-1-yl)adenine (DHCeA) was solved by a combination of the crystallographic direct methods program, SnB, to determine the selenium atom substructure and by treating the multiwavelength anomalous diffraction data as a special case of multiple isomorphous replacement. The enzyme architecture resembles that observed for NAD-dependent dehydrogenases, with the catalytic domain and the cofactor binding domain each containing a modified Rossmann fold. The two domains form a deep active site cleft containing the cofactor and bound inhibitor molecule. A comparison of the inhibitor complex of the human enzyme and the structure of the rat enzyme, solved without inhibitor, suggests that a 17° rigid body movement of the catalytic domain occurs upon inhibitor/substrate binding.     

Chiral Separation of G‐type Chemical Warfare Nerve Agents via Analytical Supercritical Fluid Chromatography

Chemical warfare nerve agents (CWNAs) are extremely toxic organophosphorus compounds that contain a chiral phosphorus center. Undirected synthesis of G‐type CWNAs produces stereoisomers of tabun, sarin, soman, and cyclosarin (GA, GB, GD, and GF, respectively). Analytical‐scale methods were developed using a supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) system in tandem with a mass spectrometer for the separation, quantitation, and isolation of individual stereoisomers of GA, GB, GD, and GF. Screening various chiral stationary phases (CSPs) for the capacity to provide full baseline separation of the CWNAs revealed that a Regis WhelkO1 (SS) column was capable of separating the enantiomers of GA, GB, and GF, with elution of the P(+) enantiomer preceding elution of the corresponding P(–) enantiomer; two WhelkO1 (SS) columns had to be connected in series to achieve complete baseline resolution. The four diastereomers of GD were also resolved using two tandem WhelkO1 (SS) columns, with complete baseline separation of the two P(+) epimers. A single WhelkO1 (RR) column with inverse stereochemistry resulted in baseline separation of the GD P(–) epimers. The analytical methods described can be scaled to allow isolation of individual stereoisomers to assist in screening and development of countermeasures to organophosphorus nerve agents. Chirality 26:817–824, 2014. © 2014 The Authors. Chirality published by John Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Influence of Fluoride on Rat Kidney Antioxidant System: Effects of Methionine and Vitamin E

The aim of the study has been to determine and compare the influence upon the kidney antioxidative system, exercised by administration of vitamin E, and vitamin E in combination with methionine, under conditions of oxidative stress induced by sodium fluoride. The experiment was carried out on Wistar FL rats (adult males) that, for 35 days, were administered water, NaF, NaF with vitamin E, or vitamin E with methionine (doses: 10 mg NaF/kg of body mass/24 h, 3 mg vitamin E per 10 μl per rat for 24 h, 2 mg methionine per rat for 24 h). The influence of administered sodium fluoride and antioxidants upon the antioxidative system in kidney was examined by analyzing the concentration of malondialdehyde (MDA) and the activity of the most important antioxidative enzymes (SOD, total and both its isoenzymes, GPX, GST, GR, and CAT). The studies carried out confirmed the disadvantageous effect of the administered dose of NaF upon the antixodiative system in rats (increase in the concentration MDA, decrease activity of all antioxidative enzymes). The administration of vitamin E increased the activity of studied enzymes with the exception of glutathione reductase GR; it also reduced the procesess of lipid peroxidation. It has been found that combined doses of vitamin E and methionine were most effective in inhibiting lipid peroxidation processes. The results confirmed the antioxidative properties of methionine.     

Reorientation of Microfibrils and Microtubules at the Outer Epidermal Wall of Maize Coleoptiles During Auxin-Mediated Growth

Auxin-mediated elongation growth of isolated subapical coleoptile segments of maize (Zea mays L.) is controlled by the extensibility of the outer cell wall of the outer epidermis (Kutschera et al., 1987). Here we investigate the hypothesis that auxin controls the extensibility of this wall by changing the orientation of newly deposited microfibrils through a corresponding change in the orientation of cortical microtubules. On the basis of electron micrographs it is shown that cessation of growth after removal of the endogenous source of auxin is correlated with a relative increase of longitudinally orientated microfibrils and microtubules at the inner wall surface. Conversely, reinduction of growth by exogenous auxin is correlated with a relative increase of transversely orientated microfibrils and microtubules at the inner wall surface. These changes can be detected 30–60 min after the removal and addition of auxin, respectively. The functional significance of directional changes of newly desposited wall microfibrils for the control of elongation growth is discussed.     

In vitro studies of the rabbit immune system. IV. Differential mitogen responses of isolated T and B cells.

The mitogenic responses of separated rabbit lymphocyte populations functionally analogous to mouse T and B cells have been tested in vitro. Purified T cells were prepared by passage over nylon wool (NW) and purified B cells prepared by treatment with antithymocyte serum and complement (ATS + C). ATS + C kills 70% of peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL's) and 50% of the spleen cells while passage over NW yields 40% of the applied PBL's and 5–23% of the applied spleen cells. NW-purified T cells from the spleen or PBL's respond fully to concanavalin A (Con A) but have a reduced response to phytohemaglutinin (PHA) and little or no response to goat anti-rabbit immunoglobulin (anti-Ig). PBL's that survive ATS + C (B cells) are stimulated by anti-Ig but not by Con A or PHA. B cells purified from spleen do not respond to Con A or PHA but will respond to anti-Ig under appropriate conditions. A full spleen B-cell response to anti-Ig required removal of Ig produced by the cultures that blocked anti-Ig stimulation. It is concluded that, for rabbit lymphocytes, Con A and PHA are primarily T-cell mitogens and that anti-Ig is primarily a B-cell mitogen. However, the mitogen response of unfractionated PBL or spleen cell populations indicates an overlap in reactivity. This could be due to cells sharing T and B properties, alteration of cell populations by the fractionation procedures used, or recruitment of one population in the presence of a mitogenic response of the other population.     

Gamma-glutamylcysteine protects ergothioneine-deficient Mycobacterium tuberculosis mutants against oxidative and nitrosative stress

Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb.), the causative agent of tuberculosis (TB), cannot synthesize GSH, but synthesizes two major low molecular weight thiols namely mycothiol (MSH) and ergothioneine (ERG). Gamma-glutamylcysteine (GGC), an intermediate in GSH synthesis, has been implicated in the protection of lactic acid bacteria from oxidative stress in the absence of GSH. In mycobacteria, GGC is an intermediate in ERG biosynthesis, and its formation is catalysed by EgtA (GshA). GGC is subsequently used by EgtB in the formation of hercynine-sulphoxide-GGC. In this study, M.tb. mutants harbouring unmarked, in-frame deletions in each of the fives genes involved in ERG biosynthesis (egtA, egtB, egtC, egtD and egtE) or a marked deletion of the mshA gene (required for MSH biosynthesis) were generated. Liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry analyses (LC-MS) revealed that the production of GGC was elevated in the MSH-deficient and the ERG-deficient mutants. The ERG-deficient ΔegtB mutant which accumulated GGC was more resistant to oxidative and nitrosative stress than the ERG-deficient, GGC-deficient ΔegtA mutant. This implicates GGC in the detoxification of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species in M.tb.     

八种脑-肠肽侧脑室内注射对大鼠基础胃酸分泌的影响

用乌拉坦麻醉大鼠作急性实验,采用连续灌流胃并收集流出液的方法,观察向侧脑室内注射微量脑-肠肽对大鼠基础胃酸分泌的影响。实验结果如下:(1)雨蛙肽、八肽胆囊收缩素、促甲状腺素释放激素及四肽胃泌素均使总酸排出量增加;(2)生长抑素、胰多肽、P 物质、胰高血糖素则使总酸排出量减少;(3)上述肽类用侧脑室注射的剂量作肌肉注射,除四肽胃泌素也产生明显的刺激胃酸分泌作用外,对胃酸分泌均无明显影响。以上结果提示,脑内的一些肽类可能以神经递质或调制物的方式,参与中枢对胃酸分泌的调节。     

A chromium-tolerant plant growing in Cr-contaminated land

In this paper, a kind of Typhaceae plant species, Typha angustifolia L, with a high tolerance to Cr is described. Experiments were carried out to examine its ability to tolerant Cr and its physiological response. The results showed that there was no difference in growth, plant height, and biomass response to external Cr (VI) between the plants exposed to 100 microM Cr (VI) and control (0 microM), while increasing Cr levels to 200-800 microM induced a significant decrease in plant height and biomass, but no significant injury was detected, even for the plants exposed to 800 microM Cr. Chromium induced significant increases in superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD) activities. Meanwhile, a significantly positive correlation was found between Cr and Mn or Cu in leaves and roots, respectively. The Cr tolerance of the plant appeared to be associated with the enhancement of SOD and POD activities and the improvement in uptake and translocation of the essential microelements.