Resistance of different cotton varieties to cotton mirids

随着转基因棉花在中国的大面积推广,棉盲蝽逐渐成为我国棉花生产中重要的害虫之一.我国对棉盲蝽研究基础比较薄弱,棉盲蝽的综合治理工作迫在眉睫.本实验通过田间调查,系统研究了棉盲蝽在不同时期对美中棉、荆7516-1、皖棉小黄花、海7124、SGK321、N73 DelpatineF0、棕絮×浅绿红叶鸡脚叶棕絮和池州红叶棉8个不同棉花品种的为害情况,得到如下结论:皖棉小黄花对棉盲蝽的抗性较高且比较稳定,而N73 DeltapineF0、棕絮×浅绿红叶鸡脚棉棕絮这2个棉花品种对棉盲蝽的抗性较低.     

Genetic relationships and discrimination of ten influential Upland cotton varieties using RAPD markers

Influential Upland cotton ( Gossypium hirsutum L.) varieties are those that have the higher genetic contributions to modern Upland cultivars than other germplasms. Our previous research has shown significant differences in general combining ability (GCA) effects for yield, yield components, and fiber properties among ten influential cotton varieties. In this study, we used random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) data to evaluate DNA variation of these ten varieties. Of 86 random decamer primers screened for their capability of amplifying DNA via the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), 63 generated a total of 312 DNA fragments. Forty two bands were polymorphic, which showed a low percentage (13.5%) of DNA variation among these influential varieties. Genetic similarities among the ten varieties based on RAPD data were from 92.7% to 97.6%. All of the varieties were individually identified by variety specific markers in genetic fingerprinting. One primer, UBC-149, amplified a 1,430-bp DNA fragment that was absent in five varieties and present in the other five varieties. This RAPD marker had significant negative relationships with GCA-effect estimates for seed cotton yield, lint yield, number of bolls per plant and micronaire, and significant positive relationships with GCA effects for boll size and seed index. This finding, for the first time, identifies a DNA fragment in cotton that is a potential DNA marker linked to a yield gene(s) or a yield-related gene(s).     

不同棉花品种对棉盲蝽的抗性鉴定

随着转基因棉花在中国的大面积推广,棉盲蝽逐渐成为我国棉花生产中重要的害虫之一。我国对棉盲蝽研究基础比较薄弱,棉盲蝽的综合治理工作迫在眉睫。本实验通过田间调查,系统研究了棉盲蝽在不同时期对美中棉、荆7516-1、皖棉小黄花、海7124、SGK321、N73DelpatineF0、棕絮×浅绿红叶鸡脚叶棕絮和池州红叶棉8个不同棉花品种的为害情况,得到如下结论:皖棉小黄花对棉盲蝽的抗性较高且比较稳定,而N73DeltapineF0、棕絮×浅绿红叶鸡脚棉棕絮这2个棉花品种对棉盲蝽的抗性较低。     

Genetic diversity in Australian wheat varieties and breeding material based on RFLP data

 Restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) have been used to characterise the genetic diversity of wheat (Triticum aestivum) germplasm. One hundred and twenty-four accessions comprising all major Australian wheat varieties and lines important for breeding purposes were assayed for RFLPs with clones of known genetic location and selected to give uniform genome coverage. The objectives of this study were to determine RFLP-based genetic similarity between accessions and to derive associations between agronomically significant traits and RFLP phenotypes. Ninety-eight probes screened against genomic DNA digested with five restriction endonucleases detected a total of 1968 polymorphic fragments. Genetic similarity (GS) calculated from the RFLP data ranged from 0.004 to 0.409 between accessions, with a mean of 0.18. Cluster analysis based on GS estimates produced four groupings that were generally consistent with available pedigree information. Comparisons of the RFLP phenotypes of accessions containing disease resistance genes present on introgressed alien segments enabled the identification of specific alleles characteristic of these regions. Associations were derived for a range of stem-rust, leaf-rust and yellow-rust resistance genes. These results suggest that RFLP analysis can be used for the characterisation and grouping of elite breeding material of wheat and RFLP profiling can identify chromosome segments associated with agronomic traits. Received: 10 March 1997 / Accepted: 28 July 1997     

小花型菊花新品种的选育

利用南京野生的菊花脑(2n=2x=18)和南京野菊(2n=4x=36)与六倍体栽培菊杂交,或利用中国秋菊与从国外引进的夏、秋两季开花的菊花杂交,育成一组耐夏季高温高湿,花朵繁多,花色艳丽,具有香味的小花型品种。菊花脑和南京野菊在小花型菊花育种中是具有很大潜力的亲本。     

取食不同品种棉花的棉蚜对龟纹瓢虫功能反应的影响

本文以GK12、33B和SGK3213种转基因棉和对应的3种常规棉泗棉3号、33及石远321为材料,通过室内测定,研究了取食转基因棉的棉蚜却h／sgossypiiGlover对龟纹瓢虫Propylaea japonica Thunberg1—4龄幼虫功能反应的影响。结果指出,龟纹瓢虫对来自转基因棉田蚜虫的捕食量大多高于常规棉田,且捕食量随猎物密度的增加而增大。在1、2龄幼虫期,龟纹瓢虫取食转双价基因棉田蚜虫的数量多高于取食转单价基因棉田的蚜虫数量,但是在3、4龄幼虫时,龟纹瓢虫取食转双价棉田蚜虫的数量多低于取食转单价棉田的蚜虫数量。龟纹瓢虫对来自转基因棉田棉蚜的捕食功能反应符合HollingII型。龟纹瓢虫1龄幼虫取食GK12和SGK3212个转基因棉田蚜虫的最大日捕食量大于对照,处理时间短于对照;龟纹瓢虫P．japonica2、3龄幼虫取食33B和SGK3212个转基因棉田蚜虫A．gossypii的日最大捕食量大于对照,处理时间短于对照;4龄时取食转基因棉田蚜虫的数量都大于对照,处理时间均短于对照,其中取食转双价基因棉SGK321棉田蚜虫的日最大捕食量小于取食单伊棉田蚜虫的日最大捕食量。     

Effect of cotton aphids feeding on transgenic cotton varieties on the behavior of Propylaea japonica

本文以GK12、33B和SGK3213种转基因棉和对应的3种常规棉泗棉3号、33及石远321为材料,通过室内测定,研究了取食转基因棉的棉蚜Aphis gossypii Glover对龟纹瓢虫Propylaea japonica Thunberg1～4龄幼虫功能反应的影响.结果指出,龟纹瓢虫对来自转基因棉田蚜虫的捕食量大多高于常规棉田,且捕食量随猎物密度的增加而增大.在1、2龄幼虫期,龟纹瓢虫取食转双价基因棉田蚜虫的数量多高于取食转单价基因棉田的蚜虫数量,但是在3、4龄幼虫时,龟纹瓢虫取食转双价棉田蚜虫的数量多低于取食转单价棉田的蚜虫数量.龟纹瓢虫对来自转基因棉田棉蚜的捕食功能反应符合HollingⅡ型.龟纹瓢虫1龄幼虫取食GK12和SGK321 2个转基因棉田蚜虫的最大日捕食量大于对照,处理时间短于对照;龟纹瓢虫P.japonica 2、3龄幼虫取食33B和SGK321 2个转基因棉田蚜虫A.gossypii的日最大捕食量大于对照,处理时间短于对照;4龄时取食转基因棉田蚜虫的数量都大于对照,处理时间均短于对照,其中取食转双价基因棉SGK321棉田蚜虫的日最大捕食量小于取食单价棉田蚜虫的日最大捕食量.     

IRAP-and REMAP-analyses of barley varieties of Odessa breeding

Application of polylocus biallelic systems of PCR along with monolocus SSR-analysis is very promising approach for detailed characterization, differentiation and identification of crop varieties. Microsatellite sequences and LTR retratransposon fragments are known to be the most variable in plant genome. They can be used in PCR analysis as IRAP and REMAP. Conditions of IRAP and REMAP analyses of intra- and intervariety polymorphism of the barley varieties of Odessa breeding have been elaborated. The detailed genotype formulas are represented which reflect the intravariety polimorphism and make it possible to detect the changes in variety structure in the course of seed production process.     

Genetic ablation of flowers in transgenic Arabidopsis

We have created transgenic Arabidopsis plants in which a gene encoding the cell-autonomous diphtheria toxin A chain (DT-A) was expressed under the control of the LEAFY (LFY) promoter. This promoter is active both in emerging leaf primordia and young flowers, with the highest activity in flowers. The majority of LFY::DT-A plants had normal vegetative development but lacked flowers, demonstrating that relatively widespread activity of a promoter does not exclude its possible use for ablating selected tissues, as long as differences in activity levels between different tissues are significant. We also found that flowers were replaced by empty bracts in LFY::DT-A plants, suggesting that flower-derived signals normally suppress bract development in Arabidopsis .     

Location of ethylene production in cotton flowers and dehiscing fruits

Summary Over half of the ethylene produced by 1-day-old cotton flowers came from the combined stigma, style, and stamens. These tissues produced 0.0050 l/flower·h compared to 0.0024 and 0.0010 l/flower·h produced by the petals and ovary, respectively. Walls of dehiscing cotton fruits produced 0.052 l ethylene/fruit·h. This was approximately 50% more than seeds plus fiber which produced 0.033 l/fruit·h.     

Patenting of plant varieties and plant breeding methods

This article considers the relationship between patenting and plant variety rights protection, through a detailed analysis of the recent determination by the Extended Board of Appeal of the European Patent Office that methods for breeding broccoli and tomatoes were not patentable. It concludes that the right to patent agricultural innovations is increasingly located within a political context.     

Genetic transformation of green-colored cotton

Summary This study reports an Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of green-colored cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). A tissue culture procedure was optimized to induce callus formation from hypocotyl explants and subsequent differentiation into the embryogenic type. Callus formation could be induced by growing explants on Murashige and Skoog medium containing 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and kinetin. Among the four genotypes studied, embryogenic calli and plant regeneration were observed only in var. G9803. Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of G9803 with the fiber-specific expansin gene GhExpl was achieved based on the establishment of these tissue culture methods. A total of 32 individual regenerants resistant to kanamycin were generated within 7 mo., with a transformation frequency of 17.8%. Transformation was confirmed by Southern blot analysis and RT-PCR. These results represent the first step towards genetic manipulation of the colors and fiber quality of green-colored cottons by biotechnology. These authors contributed equally to this work     

Creation of the technique of interspecific hybridization for breeding in cotton

The new technique of interspecific hybridization was created in Gossypium, which could remarkably overcome abortion of interspecific hybridization and hybrid sterility of F1. A large number of germplasm resources were obtained from seventy cross combinations among the cultivated species and between the cultivated and the 14 wild species, respectively. 8 varieties have been developed, of which 4 were from the cross combination of G . hirsutum×G . arboretum and the other are the first breed from the hybrids between G . hirsutum and 4 wild species, respectively. Of them Shiyuan 321 (jimian 24) is a new variety which had the highest increase in the national Yellow River Valley Regional test, with planting area added up to 933333 ha in the recent three years. The breeding system of interspecific hybridization was established.     

Prospects of using self-fertility in breeding rye populations varieties

The advances in rye hybrid breeding are due to the use of self-fertile forms. Rye self-fertility is determined by mutations in one of the three gametophytic loci (S, Z, and T), which control the reaction of incompatibility. Attempts to construct synthetic populations by combining self-fertile forms selected by general combining ability failed because of high-rate selfing. A breeding scheme was proposed to include crosses of a line carrying a self-fertility mutation in the S locus with the population subject to improvement, selfing of the resulting hybrids, selection and intermating of the best inbred progenies, and subsequent elimination of the self-fertility mutation from the breeding material with the use of the Prx7 allozyme marker. The scheme can be employed in improvement of the existing rye varieties, their differentiation into populations differing in end use, and construction and improvement of complementary gene pools in hybrid breeding. To facilitate the implementation of the scheme, an original instrument was designed for high-throughput isozyme analysis.     

Prospects of using self-fertility in breeding rye populations varieties

The advances in rye hybrid breeding are due to the use of self-fertile forms. Rye self-fertility is determined by mutations in one of the three gametophytic loci (S, Z, and T), which control the reaction of incompatibility. Attempts to construct synthetic populations by combining self-fertile forms selected by general combining ability failed because of high-rate selfing. A breeding scheme was proposed to include crosses of a line carrying a self-fertility mutation in the S locus with the population subject to improvement, selfing of the resulting hybrids, selection and intermating of the best inbred progenies, and subsequent elimination of the self-fertility mutation from the breeding material with the use of the Prx7 allozyme marker. The scheme can be employed in improvement of the existing rye varieties, their differentiation into populations differing in end use, and construction and improvement of complementary gene pools in hybrid breeding. To facilitate the implementation of the scheme, an original instrument was designed for high-throughput isozyme analysis.     

家蚕抗核型多角体病毒病育种研究进展

家蚕核型多角体病毒(Bombyx mori nuclear polyhydrosis virus,BmNPV)病是蚕业界上最常见、危害比较严重的病害;遗传学研究和抗性分析表明,家蚕对核型多角体病毒抗性由主效基因和微效基因协同控制。在蚕病防治方面,除了加强消毒以外,选育抗病毒新品种无疑是更加经济有效的办法。近年来,随着基因组学和新一代测序技术的迅猛发展,覆盖深度达8.5倍家蚕基因组图谱完成和40个家蚕品种和野生种重测序的完成,为家蚕的抗核型多角体病毒病育种提供了理论依据和基因资源。本文综述了BmNPV基因组研究、家蚕基因组研究以及家蚕抗性品种培育方面取得的进展。