Evaluation of antioxidant activity of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Melothria maderaspatana in vitro</Emphasis>

In this study, an aqueous extract of leaves from Melothria maderaspatana was tested for in vitro antioxidant activity. Free radical scavenging assays, such as hydroxyl radical, hydrogen peroxide, superoxide anion radical and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2’-azinobis-(3-ethyl-enzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radical scavenging, and reducing power assay, were studied. The extract effectively scavenged hydroxyl radical, hydrogen peroxide and superoxide anion radicals. It also scavenged DPPH and ABTS radicals. Furthermore, it was found to have reducing power. All concentrations of leaf extract exhibited free radical scavenging and antioxidant power, and the preventive effects were in a dose-dependent manner. The antioxidant activities of the above were compared to standard antioxidants such as butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), ascorbic acid, and α-tocopherol. The results obtained in the present study indicate that the M. maderaspatana extract could be considered a potential source of natural antioxidant.     

Evaluation of in vitro free radical scavenging potential of Streptomyces sp. AM-S1 culture filtrate

The present study was carried out to determine the free radical scavenging potential of culture filtrate of Streptomyces sp. AM-S1. Antioxidant activity of culture filtrate, lyophilized culture filtrate and ethyl acetate extract of Streptomyces sp. AM-S1 was determined by various in vitro assays such as ferric reducing power assay, phosphomolybdenum reduction, DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities. The results revealed that the culture filtrate of Streptomyces sp. AM-S1 effectively scavenged DPPH (IC₅₀ 90.2 μl/ml) and ABTS (IC₅₀ 13.2 μl/ml) radicals in a concentration dependent manner. In all the assays, ethyl acetate extract registered higher antioxidant activity when compared with the lyophilized culture filtrate (LCF). In addition, ethyl acetate extract (1123.4 μmole Fe(II)/mg extract) exhibited higher ferric reducing activity than the standard BHA (814.4 μmole Fe(II)/mg extract). Further works are needed on the isolation and identification of antioxidant molecules from the ethyl acetate extract of Streptomyces sp. AM-S1 culture filtrate.     

Antioxidant,inhibition of α-glucosidase and suppression of nitric oxide production in LPS-induced murine macrophages by different fractions of Actinidia arguta stem

In traditional systems of medicine, fruits, leaves, and stems of Actinidia arguta (Sieb. et Zucc.) Planch. ex Miq. have been used to treat various inflammatory diseases. The present study determined the proximate composition, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and hypoglycemic potential of A. arguta stem. Phenolic composition of hot water extract and its sub-fractions was determined by Folin–Ciocalteu’s reagent method. In vitro antioxidant activities of the samples were evaluated using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS) radical scavenging assays. Anti-inflammatory activity of different fractions was investigated through the inhibition of nitric oxide (NO) production in lipopolysaccharide (1 μg/ml) stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. In addition, inhibition of α-glucosidase activity of hot water extract was determined using p-nitrophenyl-α-d-glucopyranoside (pNPG) as a substrate. Ethyl acetate (557.23 mg GAE/g) fraction contains higher level of total phenolic content. The antioxidant activity evaluated by DPPH radical scavenging assay showed a strong activity for ethyl acetate (IC₅₀ of 14.28 μg/ml) and n-butanol fractions (IC₅₀ of 48.27 μg/ml). Further, ethyl acetate fraction effectively inhibited NO production in RAW 264.7 cells induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) than other fractions (nitrite level to 32.14 μM at 200 μg/ml). In addition, hot water extract of A. arguta stem exhibited appreciable inhibitory activity against α-glucosidase enzyme with IC₅₀ of 1.71 mg/ml. The obtained results have important consequence of using A. arguta stem toward the development of effective anti-inflammatory drugs.     

Free radical scavenging activity,total phenolic content,total antioxidant status,and total oxidant status of endemic Thermopsis turcica

Thermopsis turcica, endemic to Turkey, is in danger of extinction. Studies on this species are very few due to the fact that it was only discovered in 1983 and grows in a small circumscribed area in Turkey. In this study, free radical scavenging activity, total phenolic content, total oxidant status (TOS), and total antioxidant status (TAS) of methanol (TTM) and acetone (TTA) extracts of T. turcica were measured spectroscopically. Free radical scavenging activity was determined according to the elimination of DPPH radicals and total phenol content was determined by the Folin–Ciocalteu reaction. Total oxidant status (TOS) and total antioxidant status (TAS) were measured with commercially available kits. Methanol and acetone extracts of T. turcica were found to have a specific radical scavenging effect. This effect was found to be related to the total phenolic content of the extracts. Since the TTA had a higher phenolic content than the methanol extract, it had a stronger radical scavenging effect. In addition, the total antioxidant capacity of the methanol extract was observed to be higher than that of its acetone counterpart. As a result, due to its antioxidative properties, T. turcica is thought to be a natural source of antioxidants.     

Investigations of anticholinestrase and antioxidant potentials of methanolic extract,subsequent fractions,crude saponins and flavonoids isolated from Isodon rugosus

Background

Based on the ethnomedicinal uses and the effective outcomes of natural products in various diseases, this study was designed to evaluate Isodon rugosus as possible remedy in oxidative stress, alzheimer’s and other neurodegenerative diseases. Acetylecholinestrase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) inhibitory activities of crude methanolic extract (Ir.Cr), resultant fractions (n-hexane (Ir.Hex), chloroform (Ir.Cf), ethyl acetate (Ir.EtAc), aqueous (Ir.Aq)), flavonoids (Ir.Flv) and crude saponins (Ir.Sp) of I. rugosus were investigated using Ellman’s spectrophotometric method. Antioxidant potential of I. rugosus was determined using DPPH, H₂O₂ and ABTS free radicals scavenging assays. Total phenolic and flavonoids contents of plant extracts were determined and expressed in mg GAE/g dry weight and mg RTE/g of dry sample respectively.

Results

Among different fractions Ir.Flv and Ir.Cf exhibited highest inhibitory activity against AChE (87.44 ± 0.51, 83.73 ± 0.64%) and BChE (82.53 ± 0.71, 88.55 ± 0.77%) enzymes at 1 mg/ml with IC₅₀ values of 45, 50 for AChE and 40, 70 μg/ml for BChE respectively. Activity of these fractions were comparable to galanthamine causing 96.00 ± 0.30 and 88.61 ± 0.43% inhibition of AChE and BChE at 1 mg/ml concentration with IC₅₀ values of 20 and 47 μg/ml respectively. In antioxidant assays, Ir.Flv, Ir.Cf, and Ir.EtAc demonstrated highest radicals scavenging activities in DPPH and H₂O₂ assays which were comparable to ascorbic acid. Ir.Flv was found most potent with IC₅₀ of 19 and 24 μg/ml against DPPH and H₂O₂ radicals respectively. Whereas antioxidant activates of plant samples against ABTS free radicals was moderate. Ir.Cf, Ir.EtAc and Ir.Cr showed high phenolic and flavonoid contents and concentrations of these compounds in different fractions correlated well to their antioxidant and anticholinestrase activities.

Conclusion

It may be inferred from the current investigations that the Ir.Sp, Ir.Flv and various fractions of I. rugosus are good sources of anticholinesterase and antioxidant compounds. Different fractions can be subjected to activity guided isolation of bioactive compounds effective in neurological disorders.     

In vitro antioxidant studies in leaves of Annona species

Antioxidant potential of leaves of three different species of Annona was studied by using different in vitro models eg., 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothizoline-6-sulphonate) (ABTS), nitric oxide, superoxide, hydroxy radical and lipid peroxidation. The ethanolic extract of A. muricata at 500 microg/ml showed maximum scavenging activity (90.05%) of ABTS radical cation followed by the scavenging of hydroxyl radical (85.88%) and nitric oxide (72.60%) at the same concentration. However, the extract showed only moderate lipid peroxidation inhibition activity. In contrast, the extract of A. reticulata showed better activity in quenching DPPH (89.37%) and superoxide radical (80.88%) respectively. A.squamosa extract exhibited least inhibition in all in vitro antioxidant models excepting hydroxyl radical (79.79%). These findings suggest that the extracts of A. muricata possess potent in vitro antioxidant activity as compared to leaves of A. squamosa and A. reticulata suggesting its role as an effective free radical scavenger, augmenting its therapeutic     

湘西“蒿菜粑粑”原料植物鼠麴草总黄酮提取物体外抗氧化活性研究

为了解湘西特色食品“蒿菜粑粑”原料植物鼠麴草(Gnaphalium affine)总黄酮提取物体外抗氧化能力,采用DPPH、ABTS自由基清除实验,还原力实验和抑制β-胡萝卜素褪色实验等方法,测定鼠麴草总黄酮抗氧化活性。结果显示,鼠麴草总黄酮母液中总黄酮浓度为7.01 mg·mL–1mg/mL;总黄酮提取物对DPPH、ABTS自由基有较好的清除能力,其半数抑制浓度(IC50)分别为16.30 mg·L–1、30.16 mg·L–1,将胡萝卜素相对吸光度降为50%的时间延长至67.49 min,在还原能力、延缓胡萝卜素褪色和抑制脂质过氧化上也有较好效果。鼠麴草总黄酮提取物具有良好的体外抗氧化活性,可作为优质食用植物资源进一步开发与推广。     

印度块菌提取物抗氧化活性的研究

对印度块菌Tuber indicum子实体的提取物,包括55%乙醇粗提物(ECE)、石油醚提取物(PEF)和乙酸乙酯提取物(EAF)的清除DPPH自由基和羟基自由基能力、铁离子鳌合能力以及各提取物的总酚含量等进行了研究和测定,结果显示,3种提取物的清除自由基能力和铁离子鳌合能力具有显著差异(P0.05);ECE对DPPH自由基的清除活性最高,其EC50值为1.61g/L;EAF对羟基自由基及铁离子表现出较强的清除或螯合的能力,其EC50值分别为3.31g/L和0.70g/L;EAF的总酚含量(2.964mg GAE/g提取物)最高,其次是ECE,总酚含量为(2.618mg GAE/g提取物);PEF的清除自由基和铁离子鳌合能力较差,其总酚含量也最低(1.124mg GAE/g提取物);总酚含量与印度块菌提取物清除自由基以及鳌合铁离子的能力密切相关。     

Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activity in Some Indian Herbal Plants: Protective Effect against Free Radical Mediated DNA Damage

Indian herbal plant species Lantana indica, Adhatoda vasica, Pandanus furcatus, Tylophora indica and Centella asiatica, traditionally used in ethno medicines to treat common infections and various disorders, have been studied for their antimicrobial and antioxidant activity. The methanolic extracts of the plant leaves exhibited significant and dose-dependent antioxidant activities in DPPH radical scavenging, ferric ion reducing and phosphomolybdate assays. These leaf extracts showed antimicrobial activity against selected Gram +ve and Gram ?ve bacterial strains. A. vasica and L. indica extracts possessed maximum antioxidant and antimicrobial activity, respectively. The activities could be correlated to phenolics and flavonoid content of the leaf extracts which ranged from 30.25 to 91.98 mg GAE g^?1 dw leaf extract and 2.67 to 96.45 mg RE g^?1 dw leaf extract respectively. The aqueous extracts of plant leaves significantly protected the DNA damage against the oxidative damage caused by hydroxyl radicals.     

Optimization of Ultrasonic-Assisted Extraction and Radical-Scavenging Capacity of Phenols and Flavonoids from Clerodendrum cyrtophyllum Turcz Leaves

Ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE) was developed to extract phenolic and flavonoid antioxidants from Clerodendrum cyrtophyllum Turcz leaves. The optimal experimental parameters for antioxidant extraction from C. cyrtophyllum leaves were measured using single-factor experimentation combined with response surface methodology (RSM). Total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) assays were used to quantify antioxidant compounds. Next, antioxidant radical scavenging capacity was measured using 2,2′-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2′ -azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonicacid) (ABTS) radicals. Optimized extraction conditions for UAE from C. cyrtophyllum leaves were as follows: 60.9% ethanol, 85.4 min, and 63.3°C for maximal TPC extraction (16.8±0.2 mg GAE/g DW); 67.7% ethanol, 82.9 min, and 63.0°C for maximal TFC extraction (49.3±0.4 mg RT/g DW); 48.8% ethanol, 85.1 min, and 63.9°C for maximal DPPH radical-scavenging capacity (86.8±0.2%); and 50.6% ethanol, 81.3 min, and 63.4°C for maximal ABTS radical-scavenging capacity (92.9±0.5%). Ethanol concentration was the most important factor in the extraction process. Our work offers optimal extraction conditions for C. cyrtophyllum as a potential source of natural antioxidants.     

蓝莓果渣提取物总酚含量及抗氧化活性研究

研究了蓝莓果渣提取物总酚含量及其抗氧化活性。分别采用水、40%乙醇及纤维素酶辅助乙醇超声提取蓝莓果渣,并用Folin-Ciocalteu试剂对3种提取物的总酚含量进行评估;并采用DPPH清除实验及O2—.清除实验对3种提取物的抗氧化活性进行研究。实验结果表明,纤维素酶辅助超声提取蓝莓果渣的总酚含量最高,可达425.36±15.21 mg GAE.100 g-1DW,远远高于水提物(169.46±9.75 mg GAE.100 g-1DW)及醇提物(218.39±12.54mg GAE.100 g-1DW)中的总酚含量。且纤维素酶辅助乙醇超声提取物对DPPH的清除能力为2.67±0.13 gVc.100 g-1DW,对O—.2的清除能力2.48±0.14 g Vc.100 g-1DW,明显好于醇提物及水提物抗氧化活性。     

Metabolomic profiling and antioxidant activity of some Acacia species

Metabolomic profiling of different parts (leaves, flowers and pods) of Acacia species (Acacia nilotica, Acacia seyal and Acacia laeta) was evaluated. The multivariate data analyses such as principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least square-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) were used to differentiate the distribution of plant metabolites among different species or different organs of the same species. A.nilotica was characterized with a high content of saponins and A.seyal was characterized with high contents of proteins, phenolics, flavonoids and anthocyanins. A.laeta had a higher content of carbohydrates than A. nilotica and A. seyal. On the basis of these results, total antioxidant capacity, DPPH free radical scavenging activity and reducing power of the methanolic extracts of studied parts were evaluated. A.nilotica and A.seyal extracts showed less inhibitory concentration 50 (IC₅₀) compared to A.laeta extracts which means that these two species have the strongest radical scavenging activity whereas A. laeta extracts have the lowest radical scavenging activity. A positive correlation between saponins and flavonoids with total antioxidant capacity and DPPH radical scavenging activity was observed. Based on these results, the potentiality of these plants as antioxidants was discussed.     

Antioxidant activities of different parts of Gnetum gnemon L.

Analyses on biological activities of Gnetum gnemon were done to determine the total phenolic and antioxidants of the plant. Four parts of G. gnemon were used in this study, which were leaf, bark, twig, and seeds of the plant. All parts were extracted in methanol, ethanol, hexane, chloroform and hot water using reflux. The total phenolic content of the plant extracts were determined by using Folin-Ciocalteu method. The results demonstrated that the bark from hot water extract showed the highest total phenolic at 10.71?±?0.01 mg GAE/ FDW, while the lowest was chloroform extract of seed at 2.15?±?0.01 mg GAE/ FDW. The antioxidant activity of the plant extracts were determined by using DPPH and FRAP assays, respectively. The DPPH results showed that all plant extracts demonstrated weak free radical scavenging activity tested at the final concentration of 300 μg/ml. In contrast, the methanolic twig extract showed strong reducing power activity (FRAP) at 83.55?±?1.05%, while the hot water seed extract showed the least activity at 41.86?±?4.22% tested at the final concentration of 300 μg/ml. However, there were no correlation between total phenolics and both antioxidant assays tested.     

In-vitro antioxidative,antiinflammatory properties of Aurea helianthus leaf extract a Korean traditional medicinal plant

The leaf of Aurea helianthus (A. helianthus Jinhuakui) is popularly used in China traditional medicine, however, scientific evidence on its antioxidant properties rarely studied. In this study, biological activities of A. helianthus leave’s 80% ethanol extract (AHL) were investigated. The measured total polyphenol and flavonoid content of AHL was 184.24 ± 5.01 mg GAE/g and 102.53 ± 0.98 mg NAR/g. AHL showed the highest α, α-diphenyl-β-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2′-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzo-thiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) radical scavenging activities of 98.30 ± 0.18% at 1000 µg/mL. DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities significantly increased in a AHL concentration-dependent manner. AHL treatment significantly suppressed the generation of pro-inflammatory mediators, including nitric oxide (NO), in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages. AHL demonstrated strong anti-inflammatory activity that reduced NO production in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. To test the potential protective effect of AHL, the antioxidant capacity, on the cell growth, viability of a human hepatoma cell (HepG2) and Raw 264.7 cell were investigated. AHL also enhanced cytotoxicity on the proliferation of HepG2 cells and was capable of inhibiting 56% against LPS at 400 µg/mL. The results of this study the potential of AHL as an excellent antioxidant substance for inhibiting inflammatory mediators. Therefore, AHL may be used as a therapeutic approach to various inflammatory diseases.     

Phytochemical,antioxidant and mineral composition of hydroalcoholic extract of chicory (Cichorium intybus L.) leaves

The phytochemical, antioxidant and mineral composition of hydroalcoholic extract of leaves of Cichorium intybus L., was determined. The leaves were found to possess comparatively higher values of total flavonoids, total phenolic acids. The phytochemical screening confirmed the presence of tannins, saponins, flavonoids, in the leaves of the plant. The leaf extract was found to show comparatively low value of IC₅₀ for 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) inhibition. The IC₅₀ value of chicory leaves extract was found to be 67.2 ± 2.6 μg/ml. The extracts were found to contain high amount of mineral elements especially Mg and Zn. Due to good phytochemical and antioxidant composition, C. intybus L., leaves would be an important candidate in pharmaceutical formulations and play an important role in improving the human health by participating in the antioxidant defense system against free radical generation.     

Antioxidant activity of aqueous methanol extracts from the lucanid beetle,Serrognathus platymelus castanicolor Motschulsky (Coleoptera: Lucanidae)

The objective of this study was to evaluate the antioxidant properties of extracts of the lucanid beetle, Serrognathus platymelus castanicolor Motschulsky, obtained at different growth stages. The antioxidant activities of six different extracts were determined using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS), and singlet oxygen (¹O₂). The activity level of pupal methanol extracts (PME) was higher in the DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging assays, whereas that of the water extracts was weaker in all assays. The ¹O₂ quenching ability of the PME was comparable to that of ascorbic acid (effective concentration of 50% ¹O₂ quenching: EC₅₀ = 0.184 mg/ml^-1 and 0.167 mg/ml^-1, respectively). The free radical scavenging antioxidant ability of the extracts significantly altered phenolic contents, important factors in the potency of antioxidant capacity. Our results suggest that these extracts may reduce oxidative stress in living organisms and reduce oxidative damage in insects under unfavorable conditions.     

Control of Staphylococcus aureus methicillin resistant isolated from auricular infections using aqueous and methanolic extracts of Ephedra alata

In the current study the potential use of aqueous and methanolic extracts of Ephedra alata aerial parts as biological control agent against pathogenic bacteria and especially Staphylococcus aureus methicillin resistant isolated from auricular infections was evaluated. Chemical tests and spectrophotometric methods were used for screening and quantification of phytochemicals. The assessment of the antioxidant activity was accomplished by DPPH and ABTS radicals scavenging assays. Extracts were evaluated for their antibacterial efficacy by diffusion and microdilution methods. Biofilm inhibition was tested using XTT assay and the cytotoxicity of extracts was carried out on Vero cell line. The GC-FID analysis revealed that E. alata was rich in unsatured fatty acids. In addition, the aqueous extract had the highest flavonoid and protein contents (30.82 mg QE /g dry extract and 98.92 mg BSAE/g dry extract respectively). However, the methanolic extract had the highest phenolic, sugars and tannins. The antioxidant activity demonstrated that the aqueous extract exhibited the strong potency (IC50 ranged between 0.001 and 0.002 mg/mL).Both extracts displayed antimicrobial activity on Gram negative and positive strains. They were effective against S. aureus isolated from auricular infections. The tested extracts were able to inhibit biofilm formation with concentration-dependent manner.Moreover, no cytotoxic effect on Vero cells line was demonstrated for the extracts. Overall, our findings highlight the potential use of E. alata extract as a novel source of bioactive molecules with antioxidant, antibacterial and antiobiofilm effects for the control of infectious disease especially those associated to S. aureus methicillin resistant.     

Chemical Composition and Biological Activities of Trans-Himalayan Alga Spirogyra porticalis (Muell.) Cleve

The freshwater alga Spirogyra porticalis (Muell.) Cleve, a filamentous charophyte, collected from the Indian trans-Himalayan cold desert, was identified on the basis of morpho-anatomical characters. Extracts of this alga were made using solvents of varying polarity viz. n-hexane, acetonitrile, methanol and water. The antioxidant capacities and phenolic profile of the extracts were estimated. The methanol extract showing highest antioxidant capacity and rich phenolic attributes was further investigated and phytochemical profiling was conducted by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS) hyphenated technique. The cytotoxic activity of methanol extract was evaluated on human hepatocellular carcinoma HepG2 and colon carcinoma RKO cell lines. The anti-hypoxic effect of methanol extract of the alga was tested on in vivo animal system to confirm its potential to ameliorate oxidative stress. The antioxidant assays viz. ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), 2,2''-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS), 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and nitric oxide (NO) radical scavenging capacities, β-carotene-linoleic acid bleaching property and lipid peroxidation exhibited analogous results, wherein the algal extracts showed significantly high antioxidant potential. The extracts were also found to possess high content of total proanthocyanidin, flavonoid and polyphenol. GC/MS analysis revealed the presence of thirteen chemotypes in the methanol extract representing different phytochemical groups like fatty acid esters, sterols, unsaturated alcohols, alkynes etc. with substantial phyto-pharmaceutical importance. The methanol extract was observed to possess anticancer activity as revealed from studies on HepG2 and RKO cell lines. In the present study, S. porticalis methanol extract also provided protection from hypoxia-induced oxidative stress and accelerated the onset of adaptative changes in rats during exposure to hypobaric hypoxia. The bioactive phytochemicals present in this trans-Himalayan alga are of enormous interest and can be utilized sustainably for discovery of novel drugs against oxidative stress.     

Inhibition of nitric oxide production in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells by stem bark of Ulmus pumila L.

This study was designed to isolate and identify a potent inhibitory compound against nitric oxide (NO) production from the stem bark of Ulmus pumila L. Ethyl acetate fraction of hot water extract registered a higher level of total phenolics (756.93 mg GAE/g) and also showed strong DPPH (IC₅₀ at 5.6 μg/mL) and ABTS (TEAC value 0.9703) radical scavenging activities than other fractions. Crude extract and its fractions significantly decreased nitrite accumulation in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells indicating that they potentially inhibited the NO production in a concentration dependent manner. Based on higher inhibitory activity, the ethyl acetate fraction was subjected to Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography and yielded seven fractions and all these fractions registered appreciable levels of inhibitory activity on NO production. The most effective fraction F1 was further purified and subjected to ¹H, ¹³C-NMR and mass spectrometry analysis and the compound was identified as icariside E₄. The results suggest that the U. pumila extract and the isolated compound icariside E₄ effectively inhibited the NO production and may be useful in preventing inflammatory diseases mediated by excessive production of NO.     

Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities of Sargassum horneri extract in RAW264.7 macrophages

[Purpose]In this study, we investigated whether a 70% ethanolic (EtOH) extract of Sargassum horneri had antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated macrophage-like RAW 264.7 cells.[Methods]The proximate composition, fatty acids, amino acids, and dietary fiber of S. horneri, various biologically active compounds, and antioxidant activity were analyzed.[Results]The DPPH and ABTS free radical scavenging activities, as well as the reduction power, of the S. horneri extract used here were significantly increased in a concentration-dependent manner. This indicates that S. horneri contains bioactive compounds, such as phenols and flavonoids, that have excellent antioxidant activity. The cellular viability and metabolic activity results confirmed that the extract had no discernible toxicity at concentrations up to 100 μg/mL. The levels of nitrites and cytokines (PGE₂, TNF-α and IL-6), which mediate pro-inflammatory effect, were significantly inhibited by treatment with either 50 or 100 μg/mL S. horneri extract, whereas that of IL-1β was significantly inhibited by treatment with 100 μg/mL of the extract. Similarly, the expression of iNOS and COX-2 proteins also decreased according to 50 or 100 μg/mL extract concentrations. NF-κB binding to DNA was also significantly inhibited by treatment with 100 μg/mL of extract.[Conclusion]These results suggest that 70% EtOH extracts of S. horneri can relieve inflammation caused by disease or high intensity exercise.