Consumption of Soy Protein Isolate Reduces Hepatic SREBP-1c and Lipogenic Gene Expression in Wild-Type Mice,but Not in FXR-Deficient Mice

We examined to determine whether hepatic gene expression is affected in mice in which blood lipid levels remain unchanged fed soy protein isolate (SPI) for a short time. We also examined SPI-mediated effects in farnesoid X receptor (FXR)-deficient mice. Compared with casein, SPI affected the expression of various hepatic genes related to lipid metabolism in the wild-type mice. No effects of SPI were observed in the FXR-deficient mice, suggesting the importance of FXR. Hepatic peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator 1α (PGC-1α) gene expression was reduced by SPI, and this might be associated with a decrease in FXR expression. Decreased FXR led to decreased expression of its target, the bile-salt export pump necessary for bile acid secretion and dietary lipid absorption. The earliest response to SPI was a decrease in hepatic sterol regulatory element-binding protein (SREBP)-1c mRNA, on day 3. SPI activated hepatic adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK), which can lead to a reduction in SREBP-1c mRNA. These data indicate the importance of SREBP-1c and PGC-1α/FXR in SPI-mediated alterations in hepatic gene expression.     

The PPARdelta agonist, GW501516, promotes fatty acid oxidation but has no direct effect on glucose utilisation or insulin sensitivity in rat L6 skeletal muscle cells

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-delta (PPARdelta) activation enhances skeletal muscle fatty acid oxidation and improves whole body glucose homeostasis and insulin sensitivity. Recently, GW501516, a selective PPARdelta agonist, was reported to increase glucose uptake in human skeletal myotubes by an AMPK-dependent mechanism that may contribute to the improved glucose tolerance. Here, we demonstrate that whilst GW501516 increases expression of PGC-1alpha and CPT-1 and stimulates fatty-acid oxidation in L6 myotubes, it fails to enhance insulin sensitivity, AMPK activity or glucose uptake and storage. Our findings exclude sarcolemmal glucose transport as a potential target for the therapeutic action of PPARdelta agonists in skeletal muscle.     

A pan-PPAR ligand induces hepatic fatty acid oxidation in PPARα−/− mice possibly through PGC-1 mediated PPARδ coactivation

Tetradecylthioacetic acid (TTA) is a hypolipidemic modified fatty acid and a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) ligand. The mechanisms of TTA-mediated effects seem to involve the PPARs, but the effects have not been assigned to any specific PPAR subtype. PPARα−/− mice were employed to study the role of PPARα after TTA treatment. We also performed in vitro transfection assays to obtain mechanistic knowledge of how TTA affected PPAR activation in the presence of PPARγ coactivator (PGC)-1 and steroid receptor coactivators (SRC)-1 and SRC-2, which are associated with energy balance and mitochondrial biogenesis. We show that TTA increases hepatic fatty acid β-oxidation in PPARα−/− mice. TTA acts as a pan-PPAR ligand in vitro, and PGC-1, SRC-1 and SRC-2 have cell type and PPAR-specific effects together with TTA. In the absence of exogenous ligands, SRC-1 did not induce PPAR activity, while PGC-1 was the most potent PPAR coactivator. When the coactivators were overexpressed, pronounced effects of TTA were observed especially for PPARδ and PPARγ. We conclude that PPARα is involved in, but not required for, the hypolipidemic mechanisms of TTA. It appears that the activity of PPARδ, with substantial contribution of nuclear receptor coactivators, PGC-1 in special, is conducive to TTA's mechanism of action.     

齐口裂腹鱼PGC-1a基因编码区的克隆及其在肌肉组织中的表达

目的：获得齐口裂腹鱼过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体Y辅助活化因子1a（PGC-1a）cDNA序列,探讨其在齐口裂腹鱼肌肉组织中的表达规律。方法：根据斑马鱼基因PGC-1a序列设计引物,提取齐口裂腹鱼肌肉组织总RNA,经RT-PCR扩增PGC-1a仪基因序列;利用半定量RT-PCR分析齐口裂腹鱼PGC-1a基因在红肌和白肌中的mRNA表达特性。结果：获得齐口裂腹鱼PGC-1a基因序列2633bp,GenBank登陆号为JNl95738,其中ORF为2631bp,编码876个氨基酸残基,与同鲤科的斑马鱼、草鱼和金鱼的同源性较高,为88％～93％,但与哺乳动物和禽类如人、小鼠、大鼠、猪、牛和鸡的同源性较低,为49％～50％。在基础状态下,PGC-1a在齐口裂腹鱼红肌中的表达显著高于白肌,禁食可显著诱导PGC-1a在红肌和白肌中的表达水平。结论-首次克隆得到齐口裂腹鱼PGC-1a基因序列,其在红肌中的表达显著高于白肌中,禁食可显著诱导其在红肌和白肌中的表达,为研究PGC-1a在齐口裂腹鱼肌肉中的作用提供了理论依据。