一种快速辨别糙皮侧耳和肺形侧耳的方法

目的：建立一种快速、经济的方法辨别糙皮侧耳（P.ostreatus）和肺形侧耳（P.pulmonarius）。方法：在GenBank下载糙皮侧耳和肺形侧耳的ITS序列,经ClustalX序列比对,利用Primer 3设计特异引物组合1F（5′-GATAGATCTGTGAAGTCGTC-3′）、1R（5′-TCACAATTGGAAAGAAACC-3′）和2R（5′-TGCGTGCTATTGATGAGTGA-3′）,最后经PCR扩增和琼脂糖凝胶电泳检测。结果：5个糙皮侧耳菌株均能得到2条带,分别为342bp和459bp。4个肺形侧耳菌株均能扩增到一条446bp的片段。结论：该组引物适合辨别糙皮侧耳和肺形侧耳。     

The genus Pleurotus in Argentina

Macro- and micromorphological characters of specimens of the genus Pleurotus (Fr.) P. Kumm. in Argentina obtained in the field and from different national herbaria were analyzed. Cultivation techniques were used to obtain basidiomata, allowing for a macro- and micromorphological study of fresh developing fruit bodies. We concluded that in Argentina there are, so far, six species, namely P. albidus, P. cystidiosus, P. ostreatus, P. pulmonarius, P. rickii and P. djamor, the latter with three varieties: var. djamor, var. cyathiformis and var. roseus.     

Determination of Pleurotus ostreatus, Pleurotus pulmonarius and Paxillus involutus toxicity over Artemia salina

We report the toxicity of ethanolic extracts in Pleurotus ostreatus, Pleurotus pulmonarius and Paxillus involutus over that obtained in Artemia salina. P. involutus showed the highest toxicity (LC50 = 94.4 microg/ml), similar to that detected using potassium dichromate pattern. P. pulmonarius and P. ostreatus did not show toxicity over A. salina in concentrations lower than 1,000 microg/ml.     

Comparative study on the productivity of strains of Pleurotus spp. in commercial cultivation

This paper describes the commercial production of two strains of Pleurotus pulmonarius, selected in the laboratory for their rapid mycelial development and high production of basidiomata, and one commercial strain of Pleurotus ostreatus. Substrate preparation, impact of pathogens and environmental conditions necessary for the production and quality of the fruiting bodies required are discussed.     

基于ITS序列分析对我国主要栽培的侧耳品种的鉴定及评价

利用PCR产物克隆测序测定了20个我国主要栽培的侧耳品种的ITS序列,另外从GenBank获得侧耳属15个种25条ITS序列及亚侧耳属2个种的ITS序列。以Hohenbueheliagrisea和H.tremula为外群,运用PAUP软件中的简约分析法(parsimonyanalysis)构建的系统发育树表明:侧耳属Pleurotus是单起源的,20个主要栽培的侧耳品种分别聚在三个组,即Ostreatus-eryngii-populinus复合组、Pulmonarius组、Citrinopileatus-cornucopiae组。Ostreatus-eryngii-populinus组含刺芹侧耳Pleurotuseryngii、白灵侧耳P.nebrodensis、香侧耳Pleurotussp.、阿魏侧耳P.eryngiivar.ferulae、平963-1Pleurotussp.及糙皮侧耳P.ostreatus、日本秀珍Pleurotussp.、平802Pleurotussp.、姬菇Pleurotussp.、灰白侧耳P.spodoleucus、缘刺侧耳Pleurotussp.、凤尾菇P.sajor-caju;Pulmonarius组含肺形侧耳P.pulmonarius、小白平菇Pleurotussp.、平8804Pleurotussp.、平侧5Pleurotussp.、美味侧耳P.sapidus;Citrinopileatus-cornucopiae组含黄白侧耳P.cornucopiae、金顶侧耳P.citrinopileatus、鸡汁菌Pleurotussp.。系统树还显示黄白侧耳与金顶侧耳、白灵侧耳与刺芹侧耳亲缘关系密切,而凤尾菇与肺形侧耳分属于不同的组,属于两个不同的种。基于ITS序列分析,本文还针对目前我国栽培的主要侧耳品种在名称使用上的混淆和混乱进行了初步的评价和讨论。     

Studies on genus Pleurotus. VIII. Interaction between mycelial growth and yield

This project studies the relationship between mycelial growth rate and production of basidiomata of 19 Pleurotus strains. Firstly, monosporic cultures were isolated of five strains from the following species: Pleurotus djamor (3), Pleurotus ostreatus (1) and Pleurotus pulmonarius (1). These were self-crossed in order to obtain 25 infraspecific dikaryons from which their mycelial growth rate was estimated. The parent strains and the 14 fastest growing crosses were cultivated in the pilot plant on barley straw with the following data recorded: days of incubation, primordia initiation, number of harvests, biological efficiency (BE), production rates (PR) and size of the basidiomes. The BE's fluctuated between 16.8 to 75.6% and the PR's between 0.34 to 1.68%. Most of the basidiomata presented a pileus diameter of 5-15 cm. With the exception of one cross with P. djamor, no increase was observed in the productivity and size of the carphophores of the crosses with respect to the parent strains, suggesting that the rapid mycelial growth rate of the strains was not reflected in the development of the fruiting bodies.     

Manganese peroxidase isoenzymes produced by Pleurotus ostreatus grown on wood sawdust

The white rot basidiomycete Pleurotus ostreatus produces two manganese peroxidase (MnP) isoenzymes when grown in solid stationary conditions on poplar sawdust, whereas a lower production of these same enzymes is observed on fir sawdust. Addition of Mn(2+) to poplar culture resulted in a threefold increase of MnP activity; the same addition to fir culture was able to increase tenfold the MnP production. The two MnP isoenzymes (MnP2 and MnP3) were purified from P. ostreatus poplar culture. The isoenzymes differ in their pI values, molecular masses, and N-terminal sequences. MnP3 has the same N-terminal sequence as that of a P. ostreatus MnP previously reported. Both isoenzymes exhibit Mn(2+)-dependent and Mn(2+)-independent peroxidase activities when tested on phenolic substrates. The gene coding for the new isoenzyme MnP2 was cloned and sequenced and the promoter region analyzed. Furthermore, the chromosomal localization of all known P. ostreatus genes was determined.     

The maintenance of wild edible plant gathering in a Mapuche community of patagonia

The Mapuche communities of Argentina and Chile have a vast knowledge of useful plants from temperate forests of Patagonia. However, present processes of transculturation and uprooting seem to have caused a decline in wild plant gathering. This is a case study of a Mapuche community that now lives far away from the forests that their ancestors inhabited. Nineteen families from the Rams Mapuche community (83% of the total population) were interviewed using a semi-structured questionnaire, with the aim of finding out which edible wild species are known and still used, and what factors, according to the people perception, have caused the decline. People mentioned a total of 49 edible wild plants including four types of resources: Araucaria araucana seeds, the fruits and roots of bushes and herbs, and leaves of edible weeds. Factors such as the difficulty access to forests which no longer belong to them, drought and soil deterioration from overgrazing were indicated by people acting negatively on the preservation of the knowledge of plants in the younger generations.     

Genetic Diversity of the Edible Mushroom Pleurotus sp. by Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism

Pleurotus strains are the most important fungi used in the agricultural industry. The exact characterization and identification of Pleurotus species is fundamental for correct identification of the individuals and exploiting their full potential in food industry. The amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) method was applied for genomic fingerprinting of 21 Pleurotus isolates of Asian and European origin. Using one PstI restriction endonuclease and four selective primers in an AFLP assay, 371 DNA fragments were generated, including 308 polymorphic bands. The AFLP profiles were found to be highly specific for each strain and they unambiguously distinguished 21 Pleurotus sp. fungi. The coefficient of Jaccard's genome profile similarity between the analyzed strains ranged from 0.0 (Pleurotus sp. I vs. P. sajor-caju 237 and P. eryngii 238) to 0.750 (P. ostreatus 246 vs. P. ostreatus 248), and the average was 0.378. The AFLP-based dendrogram generated by the UPGMA method grouped all the Pleurotus fungi studied into two major clusters and one independent lineage located on the outskirt of the tree occupied by naturally growing Pleurotus species strain I. The results of the present study suggest the possible applicability of the AFLP-PstI method in effective identification and molecular characterization of Pleurotus sp. strains.     

Mycelium growth kinetics and optimal temperature conditions for the cultivation of edible mushroom species on lignocellulosic substrates

The influence of environmental parameters on mycelial linear growth ofPleurotus ostreatus, P. eryngii, P. pulmonarius, Agrocybe aegerita, Lentinula edodes, Volvariella volvacea andAuricularia auricula-judae was determined in two different nutrient media in a wide range of temperature, forming the basis for the assessment of their temperature optimaV. volvacea grew faster at 35°C,P. eryngii at 25°C,P. ostreatus andP. pulmonarius at 30°C,A. aegerita at 25 or 30°C andA. auricula-judae at 20 or 25°C depending on the nutrient medium used andL. edodes at 20 or 30°C depending on the strain examined. The mycelium extension rates were evaluated on seven mushroom cultivation substrates: wheat straw, cotton gin-trash, peanut shells, poplar sawdust, oak sawdust, corn cobs and olive press-cake. The mycelium extension rates (linear growth and colonization rates) were determined by the ‘race-tube’ technique, and were found to be the highest on cotton gin-trash, peanut shells and poplar sawdust forPleurotus spp. andA. aegerita. Wheat straw, peanut shells and particularly cotton gin-trash supported fast growth ofV. volvacea, whereas wheat straw was the most suitable substrate forL. edodes andA. auricula-judae. Supplemented oak sawdust and olive press-cake were poor substrates for most species examined, white almost all strains performed adequately on corn cobs.     

Comparative culturing of Pleurotus spp. on coffee pulp and wheat straw: biomass production and substrate biodegradation

The results of the cultivation of six strains of Pleurotus (P. djamor (2), P. ostreatus (2) and P. pulmonarius (2)) on coffee pulp and wheat straw are presented. Metabolic activity associated with biomass of each strain was determined, as well as changes in lignin and polysaccharides (cellulose and hemicellulose), phenolic and caffeine contents in substrate samples colonized for a period of up to 36 days. Analysis were made of changes during the mycelium incubation period (16 days) and throughout different stages of fructification. Greater metabolic activity was observed in the wheat straw samples, with a significant increase between 4 and 12 days of incubation. The degradation of polysaccharide compounds was associated with the fruiting stage, while the reduction in phenolic contents was detected in both substrates samples during the first eight days of incubation. A decrease was observed in caffeine content of the coffee pulp samples during fruiting stage, which could mean that some caffeine accumulates in the fruiting bodies.     

Production of Oxalic Acid by a Wood-Rotting Fungus

The wood-rotting fungus Pleurotus ostreatus NRRL 2366 was grown successfully in submerged shaker cultures in which it produced oxalic acid from simple carbohydrates as efficiently as did Aspergillus niger. P. ostreatus also produced oxalic acid from mixtures of sawdust and CaCO(3), and from the solid residue from the acid hydrolysis of wood when the culture was supplemented with inorganic nutrients. A. niger produced oxalic acid from the liquid hydrolysate.     

β-葡聚糖酶担子菌种复合诱变选育及发酵条件研究

用平板透明圈法对高温平菇(Pleurotus ostreatus)、金针菇(Flammulina velutipes)、香菇(Lentinus edodes)等担子菌菌种进行筛选.选取高温平菇作为诱变出发菌株进行复合诱变处理并进行初筛.选取透明圈半径与菌落半径比值较大的菌株接种至发酵培养基进行复筛.最终筛选出一株产β-...     

Differentiation of closely related oyster fungi Pleurotus pulmonarius and P. ostreatus by mating and molecular markers

Classical matings and RAPD-PCR analysis were used to differentiate two closely related basidial fungi, Pleurotus pulmonarius and P. ostreatus, which are widespread in Russian forest biocenoses with moderate climate. Monokaryon-monokaryon (mon-mon) and dikaryon--monokaryon (di-mon) matings demonstrated complete reproductive isolation of the two species, which have partly overlapping morphological traits. The prevalence of a particular species in nature was shown to depend to a great extent on the natural conditions, namely, the day and night temperature ranges. The clustering of natural Pleurotus strains displayed two trends: one was associated with natural reproductive isolation of the two species (D = 0.61) and the other, with the geographical factor (D = 0.39). A relatively recent origin is suggested for the divergence of the two species and the reproductive barrier between them. Adaptation to natural conditions was considered to be the main factor causing the divergence of natural Pleurotus populations and, eventually, allopatric speciation.     

Effect of different carbon and nitrogen sources on laccase and peroxidases production by selected Pleurotus species

Pleurotus eryngii, P. ostreatus and P. pulmonarius produced laccase (Lac) both under conditions of submerged fermentation (SF) and solid-state fermentation (SSF) with all of the investigated carbon and nitrogen sources. The highest levels of Lac activity were found in P. eryngii, under SF conditions of dry ground mandarine peels and in P. ostreatus, strain No. 493, under SSF conditions of grapevine sawdust.High levels of peroxidases activities were occurred in P. ostreatus, strain No. 494, and P. pulmonarius, under SSF conditions of grapevine sawdust, whereas in SF, these activities were either very low or absent.After purification of extracellular crude enzyme mixture of investigated species and strain which were grown in the medium with the best carbon sources, the Lac activity measurements revealed two peaks in P. eryngii, three peaks in both P. ostreatus strains and three in P. pulmonarius. Results obtained after purification also showed that the levels of phenol red oxidation in absence of external Mn²⁺ were higher than phenol red oxidation levels in presence of external Mn²⁺.In the medium with the best carbon sources (mandarine peels and grapevine sawdust, respectively), both P. eryngii and P. ostreatus, strain No. 493, showed the highest Lac activity with (NH₄)₂SO₄, as a nitrogen source, with a nitrogen concentration of 20 and 30 mM, respectively.In P. ostreatus, strain No. 494, and P. pulmonarius, the best nitrogen sources for peroxidases production were peptone in a concentration of 0.5% and NH₄NO₃ with a nitrogen concentration of 30 mM, respectively.     

基于DNA拓扑异构酶II基因部分序列的侧耳属系统发育分析

对侧耳属（Pleurotus）14个种的14个菌株,亚侧耳属（Hohenbuehelia）1个种和离褶伞属（Lyophyllum）1个种的DNA拓扑异构酶II（EC 5.99.1.3）部分序列进行扩增分析。以灰盖鬼伞（Coprinus cinereus）、新型隐球酵母（Cryptococcus neoformans）和玉米黑粉菌（Puccinia polysora）等担子菌为外群,采用最大距离法、最大简约法和最大似然法构建侧耳属的系统发育树。结果表明：作为外群的三个物种独立于所有供试材料;侧耳属菌株作为一大类与供试的离褶伞属和亚侧耳属分开。侧耳属14个种又可细分成六支：可能为侧耳属起源最早的P. flabellatus、P. salmoneostramineus和P. djamor组成一组;P. tuberregium和P. pulmonarius均自成一组;P. abalonus和P. cystidiosus均产生束梗孢,聚为同组;P. eryngii var. eryngii、P. eryngii var. ferulae和P. nebrodensis为一组;另一组由P. ostreatus、P. columbinus、P. cornucopiae和P. citrinopileatus组成。按照侧耳属物种菌丝类型的不同,构建的系统发育树将该属14个种进行系群划分,单、二系菌丝分属于各个不同的分支中,说明单、二系菌丝均为多系起源,与用28S rDNA序列进行系统分析的结果一致。     

基于DNA拓扑异构酶Ⅱ基因部分序列的侧耳属系统发育分析

对侧耳属（Pleurotus）14个种的14个菌株,亚侧耳属（Hohenbuehelia）1个种和离褶伞属（Lyophyllum）1个种的DNA拓扑异构酶Ⅱ（EC 5．99．1．3）部分序列进行扩增分析。以灰盖鬼伞（Coprinus cinereus）、新型隐球酵母（Cryptococcus neoformans）和玉米黑粉菌（Puccinia polysora）等担子菌为外群,采用最大距离法、最大简约法和最大似然法构建侧耳属的系统发育树。结果表明：作为外群的3个物种独立于所有供试材料;侧耳属菌株作为一大类与供试的离褶伞属和亚侧耳属分开。侧耳属14个种又可细分成6支：可能为侧耳属起源最早的P．flabellatus、P．salmoneostramineus和P．djamor组成一组;P．tuberregium和P．pulmonarius均自成一组;P．abalonus和P．cystidiosus均产生束梗孢,聚为同组;P．eryngii var．eryngii、P．eryngii var．ferulae和P．nebrodensis为一组;另一组由P．ostreatus、P．columbinus、P．cornucopiae和P．citrinopileatus组成。按照侧耳属物种菌丝类型的不同,构建的系统发育树将该属14个种进行系群划分,单、二系菌丝分属于各个不同的分支中,说明单、二系菌丝均为多系起源,与用28S rDNA序列进行系统分析的结果一致。     

A bacterium belonging to the Burkholderia cepacia complex associated with Pleurotus ostreatus

Pleurotus ostreatus is a widely cultivated white-rot fungus. Owing to its considerable enzymatic versatility P. ostreatus has become the focus of increasing attention for its possible utility in biobleaching and bioremediation applications. Interactions between microorganisms can be an important factor in those processes. In this study, we describe the presence of a bacterial species associated with P. ostreatus strain G2. This bacterial species grew slowly (approximately 30 days) in the liquid and semi-solid media tested. When P. ostreatus was inoculated in solid media containing Tween 80 or Tween 20, bacterial microcolonies were detected proximal to the fungal colonies, and the relevant bacterium was identified via the analysis of a partial 16S rDNA sequence; it was determined to belong to the Burkholderia cepacia complex, but was not closely related to other fungus-isolated Burkholderiaceae. New specific primers were designed, and confirmed the presence of in vitro P. ostreatus cultures. This is the first time that a bacterial species belonging to the B. cepacia complex has been found associated with P. ostreatus.