石墨化炭/炭复合材料＋羟基磷灰石涂层（C/C＋HA）复合骨植入材料研究

目的：通过建立兔股骨缺损的动物实验模型,对采用等温化学气相沉积法和等离子喷涂技术所制备的石墨化炭/炭复合材料＋羟基磷灰石涂层（C/C＋HA）复合骨植入材料进行骨植入实验的的生物相容性进行评价,探索该复合材料作为植入机体骨组织的可行性依据。方法：采用骨科钻在实验动物股骨髁上钻孔的方法建立骨缺损的动物实验模型,将待研究比较的实验材料分别植入实验动物的股骨髁内,持续观察8周,在术后第2、4、8周时应用X线照片、组织学染色和扫描电镜技术,分别观察所研究材料在机体内对骨缺损愈合及其对机体的影响,进行组间比较和相关性分析。结果：石墨化炭/炭复合材料＋羟基磷灰石涂层（C/C＋HA）复合骨植入材料的骨植入实验生物相容性良好,材料与骨组织结合牢固,界面中成骨细胞生长明显,且炭颗粒脱落现象少,未见炎症细胞浸润。植入动物体内的材料在植入期未引起机体局部的炎症浸润反应且表面脱落的碳颗粒在机体组织中也未引起局部严重的炎症反应。在实验动物植入材料后的连续8周观察期中,组织学观察显示：表面涂有HA的炭/炭复合材料对骨组织形态改建上表现良好,其与骨组织接界处所形成的纤维结缔组织膜层厚度明显比未涂HA的材料要小,与骨组织结合更为紧密和牢固;碳颗粒出现脱落游离的现象明显减少。结论：在炭/炭复合材料表面涂以HA生物涂层对骨的形态改建和促进骨小梁生长等方面具有良好的作用,是一种具有发展潜力的骨修复材料。     

两种壳聚糖仿生复合材料对家兔桡骨骨缺损修复的实验研究

目的:评价壳聚糖/碳酸钙三维复合材料(CS/CaCO3)和壳聚糖/羟基磷灰石复合材料(CS/HA)用于骨缺损修复的可行性.方法:家兔24只,随机分为对照、CS/CaCO3、CS/HA三组.左前肢去毛后,2%巴比妥钠(30mg/kg,iv)麻醉,距桡骨远端3cm处截骨1cm,形成骨缺损,分别植入相应材料.术后4w、8w、12w分别处死动物,X线摄片后,取骨缺损标本,进行大体与组织学观察.结果:术后4周植入块颜色变红,周围有较多量的新生骨样组织包裹,骨痂增多,向植入块内移行;术后8周,植入块周围有明显新骨生成,将材料分隔包围,新骨中央区可见材料呈蜂窝状残留.术后12周缺损区大部分编织骨被成熟的板层骨组织替代,并形成髓腔.结论:CS/CaCO3和CS/HA两种仿生复合材料能明显促进兔桡骨骨缺损修复,诱导骨痂生成.     

多孔n-HA/PA66支架复合rhBMP-2修复兔桡骨缺损的实验研究

目的 ：研究多孔纳米羟基磷灰石/聚酰胺66（nHA/PA66）骨修复材料作为骨组织工程支架复合基因重组人骨形态发生蛋白2（rhBMP2）后的成骨能力的变化,探讨加速nHA/PA66人工骨与受体骨愈合的方法。方法：选用新西兰大白兔双侧桡骨制作骨缺损模型,将nHA/PA66/rhBMP2复合材料植入左侧骨缺损处,右侧骨缺损以nHA/PA66植入作为实验对照,另做不植入任何材料的骨缺损空白对照。在1、2、4、8、12周各时相点分别进行大体观察、X线照片、组织学切片、免疫组化原位杂交进行检测图象分析。结果：nHA/PA66/BMP2与nHA/PA66组骨缺损均完全修复,而空白对照组骨缺损未见修复;2周时nHA/PA66与nHA/PA66/rhBMP2两组间原位杂交阳性细胞表达有统计学意义（ P<0.05）, 4周时nHA/PA66与nHA/PA66/rhBMP2两组间原位杂交阳性细胞表达无统计学意义（ P>0.05）,2周及4周实验和实验对照两组分别与空白对照组比较均无统计学意义（ P>0.05）,nHA/PA66/rhBMP2组较nHA/PA66组可加速人工骨/植入体/受体界面骨愈合。 结论：多孔nHA/PA66作为骨组织工程支架复合具有诱导成骨活性的rhBMP2后,增强了早期成骨能力,加速了其与受体骨的愈合。     

g-HA/PLA复合材料的细胞反应和血液相容性研究

将表面改性后的羟基磷灰石颗粒同聚乳酸复合得到新型复合材料可望用于骨替代领域, 本文旨在研究此种复合材料的血液相容性和细胞反应. 将L-乳酸低聚物接枝到羟基磷灰石表面, 得到接枝羟基磷灰石颗粒. 之后, 将g-HA颗粒同PLA进行共混获得g-HA/PLA复合材料. 先前研究表明, 由于提高了聚合物基体和HA颗粒之间的界面黏附力, 这些材料的拉伸性能得到了明显提高. 为进一步考察这些材料在骨修复及其他整形外科方面的潜在应用, 进行了一系列体内和体外实验来测试其细胞反应及血液相容性. 体外实验表明, g-HA/PLA复合材料有利于L-929细胞的生长. 复合材料的溶血率低于纯PLA. 皮下植入实验表明, g-HA/PLA复合材料的软组织反应比较合适. 以上结果提示, g-HA/PLA复合材料是一种安全的材料, 有望用于组织工程研究.     

利用聚己内酯/羟基磷灰石复合支架修复犬胸骨缺损

目的：探讨利用生物可降解支架修复动物胸骨缺损,为临床手术治疗提供新的可行性方法。方法：对于12只比格犬进行手术切除部分胸骨,并利用聚己内酯/羟基磷灰石（PCL/HA）复合支架,并制备出与临床相似的胸骨缺损模型。实验动物分成2组,分别是：空白对照组和PCL/HA支架组。分别于术后第4、12周进行胸部CT扫描,并对胸廓进行三维重建,观察胸骨缺损部位的修复情况,并在第12周取胸骨缺损部位组织进行硬组织切片,苦味酸-品红染色,观察缺损部位的骨组织修复情况,并利用软件进行骨组织比率分析,评估修复情况。结果：通过检查发现空白对照组的胸骨缺损部位未见明显骨连接,胸廓的骨性结构有明显畸形,PCL/HA支架组能很好地维持胸廓的完整性,组织学检查发现PCL/HA支架组的缺损部位有明显新生骨形成,通过软件分析可发现支架组的骨组织比率较空白组的高（P〈0.05）。结论：这些结果表明采用PCL/HA复合材料支架能很好地修复胸骨缺损。     

骨诱导无机材料BAM 修复牙种植体周围骨缺损的实验研究

目的:评价骨诱导磷酸钙生物陶瓷(BAMOICPC)与可吸收胶原膜(BME-10X医用胶原膜)在牙种植体周围骨缺损中的修复能力。方法:在兔股骨上植入羟基磷灰石涂层BLB种植体,然后在其侧壁制造高4 mm、宽3 mm、深2 mm的骨缺损。对照组为单纯侧壁骨缺损,实验A组骨缺损区仅覆盖BME-10X膜,B组骨缺损区植入BAMOICPC,C组骨缺损区植入BAMOICPC并加盖BME-10X膜。于术后6个月取带种植体的骨段,通过HE染色和扫描电镜(SEM)分析。结果:对照组骨缺损区种植体表面见纤维包裹,实验A组骨缺损边界区少许骨质移行覆盖,实验B组下半部分缺损区新生骨覆盖。C组新生骨完全覆盖骨缺损区,且较B组硬度高,扫描电镜见与种植体结合更紧密。组织学观察B、C两实验组新生骨均可见比较成熟的哈弗氏管系统。结论:骨诱导磷酸钙生物陶瓷BAMOICPC是一种较理想的骨替代材料,联合运用胶原膜修复种植体周骨缺损效果佳。     

碳/碳材料含硅羟基磷灰石涂层体外成骨细胞相容性研究

目的:成骨细胞在碳/碳复合材料表面羟基磷灰石涂层上有良好的长入,该实验在羟基磷灰石(hydroxyapatite HA)涂层中掺入硅后,研究成骨细胞对该涂层的生物活性,为临床骨科应用提供实验基础。方法:本研究采用化学液相气化沉积/水热法在碳/碳材料表面制备了含硅羟基磷灰石(silicon-hydroxyapatite Si-HA)涂层。在体外成骨细胞相容性的研究中,以HA涂层为对照,通过甲基噻唑基四唑(methylthiazolyl tetrazolium MTT)法测定细胞增殖反应和对细胞毒性反应,碱性磷酸酶(alkaline phosphatase ALP)测定细胞的分化,扫描电镜观察细胞生长形态,免疫荧光显影技术测定细胞的长入。结果:在HA涂层中引入硅后,Si-HA涂层和HA涂层在第2天、第4天的成骨细胞增殖实验表明前者的细胞长入数较后者多,两者的差异有统计学意义,而Si-HA涂层浸泡液中的ALP活性下降较HA涂层而言更明显,两者的差异有统计学意义,电镜扫描及荧光染色均提示在Si-HA涂层中成骨细胞的增值数更多。结论:在HA涂层中引入硅后,改变了涂层自身的晶体结构及表面电荷,同时诱导成骨细胞分泌胶原,使得成骨细胞更好的贴壁生长和增殖,成骨能力增加。在临床骨科植入物表面涂层改性上有很好的应用前景。     

不同炭化温度制备的蚕丝被废弃物生物炭对重金属Cd2+的吸附性能

以蚕丝被废弃物为原料,在300、500和700 ℃高温缺氧条件下热解炭化制备成3种生物炭(BC300、BC500和BC700).利用扫描电镜(SEM)、傅里叶红外光谱仪(FT-IR)、X-射线衍射仪(XRD)、比表面积分析仪等对其理化性质进行表征,并研究了不同温度下制备的生物炭对溶液中Cd²⁺的吸附特性.结果表明: 随着炭化温度上升,BET比表面积、pH、灰分均增大,生物炭表面形态结构越来越不规则.XRD结果显示:不同温度下获得的生物炭中均含有一定量的方解石,FT-IR光谱图上的峰主要为-OH和方解石典型的吸收峰;pH对生物炭吸附Cd²⁺的影响不大;Langmuir方程能更好地拟合3种生物炭对Cd²⁺的吸附等温过程,其最大吸附量分别为25.61、52.41和91.07 mg·g^-1.3种生物炭对Cd²⁺吸附过程均更符合准二级动力学方程,且BC700对Cd²⁺的吸附效果最佳.进一步研究离子浓度及阳离子共存对BC700吸附Cd²⁺的影响,结果显示: NaCl浓度越高,对Cd²⁺的吸附抑制越明显;共存阳离子中,Ca²⁺和Mg²⁺对Cd²⁺的吸附抑制更明显,而K⁺几乎无影响.因此,以蚕丝被废弃物制备的生物炭作为去除水体中Cd²⁺的吸附剂具有较强的应用潜力.     

国产多孔钽材料修复兔胫骨缺损的实验研究

摘要 目的：研究国产多孔钽材料能否在兔胫骨缺损模型中顺利实现骨长入,用于修复胫骨缺损。方法：在36只新西兰大白兔双侧胫骨骨干处建立骨缺损模型,每只动物左右侧缺损随机分组,分别进入实验组(植入多孔坦材料)和对照组（不植入多孔坦材料）。植入后4周、8周和12周取材,通过X线检测以及硬组织切片苏木精伊红染色,检测多孔钽材料与骨界面的骨整合情况。采用推出实验检测多孔钽材料与骨界面的结合强度。结果：将术后不同时间点取得的胫骨标本作X射线拍片分析,4周时,骨缺损端与材料结合部位有骨质生成,在8周时材料表面有骨形成现象,逐渐完全覆盖材料表面,在12周时骨量继续增加,形成覆盖材料并桥接骨缺损断端的骨痂。样本行硬组织切片并行HE染色后检测,植入4周后实验组材料两端被新生骨所覆盖,材料深部的孔隙中也可见少量骨组织长入;植入8周后发现实验组材料与骨组织生长良好,多孔钽材料表面和两端材料孔隙内均有骨组织长入,材料孔隙与组织紧密连接,有骨小梁长入;植入12周时两端骨组织长入深度没有明显变化,但材料表面骨组织继续长入,并完全嵌入圆柱体材料内。材料植入后4周与8周比较差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）,材料植入后8周与12周比较差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。将植入4周、8周和12周后含材料样本置于动态疲劳试验机上进行推出实验,随时间延长所需推出力明显增加,植入后4周和8周相比,虽然后者所需推力较大,但两者比较差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）,而8周和12周比较则差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。结论：国产多孔坦材料能在胫骨缺损中实现与骨整合,能用于皮质骨缺损修复。     

运用偏振光观测聚乙烯磨屑颗粒诱导人工关节假体无菌性松动

目的:探讨运用偏振光显微镜来观测无菌性松动人工关节假体周围的聚乙烯颗粒分布,评估其在研究磨屑颗粒诱导假体无菌性松动机制及防治措施等实验研究中的可行性。方法:我们用雌性新西兰大白兔建立动物模型,在左侧胫骨髓腔内植入羟基磷灰石(hydroxyapatite,HA)涂层假体。并分别于假体表面和膝关节腔内植入0.5×107超高分子量聚乙烯(Ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene,UHMWPE)颗粒。术后行四环素荧光双标记。膝关节滑膜组织苏木精-伊红(hematoxylin-eosin,HE)染色、骨组织改良丽春红染色后分别用普通光镜和偏振光镜观察,未染色的骨组织行荧光显微镜和偏振光镜观察。结果:在聚乙烯颗粒刺激下,膝关节滑膜组织增生明显,骨-假体结合差,假体周围骨小梁稀疏,偏振光显微镜可清晰显示双折光性的聚乙烯颗粒在膝关节分布于滑膜及其深层结缔组织中,在骨-假体间隙间大量充填,阻碍骨-假体整合。结论:运用偏振光显微镜可以清晰而简便地观察滑膜和假体周围的聚乙烯颗粒分布,与传统实验方法相比,更加直观、简便和经济。     

Porous MoS2/Carbon Spheres Anchored on 3D Interconnected Multiwall Carbon Nanotube Networks for Ultrafast Na Storage

The performance of lithium and sodium‐ion batteries is partly determined by the microstructures of the active materials and anodes. Much attention has been paid to the construction of various nanostructured active materials, with emphasis on optimizing the electronic and ionic transport kinetics, and structural stability. However, less attention has been given to the functionalization of electrode microstructure to enhance performance. Therefore, it is significant to study the effect of optimized microstructures of both active materials and electrodes on the performance of batteries. In this work, porous MoS₂/carbon spheres anchored on 3D interconnected multiwall carbon nanotube networks (MoS₂/C‐MWCNT) are built as sodium‐ion battery anodes to synergistically facilitate the sodium‐ion storage process. The optimized MoS₂/C‐MWCNT possesses favorable features, namely few‐layered, defect‐rich, and interlayer‐expanded MoS₂ with abundant mesopores/macropores and carbon incorporation. Notably, the presence of 3D MWCNT network plays a critical role to further improve interparticle and intraparticle conductivity, sodium‐ion diffusion, and structural stability on the electrode level. As a result, the electrochemical performance of optimized MoS₂/C‐MWCNT is significantly improved. This study suggests that rational design of microstructures on both active material and electrode levels simultaneously might be a useful strategy for designing high performance sodium‐ion batteries.     

应用3D适形打印制备网状复合体对兔颅骨缺损的修复作用及安全性研究

目的:探讨采用3D适形打印技术制备的羟基磷灰石/聚乳酸网状复合体在兔颅骨缺损中的修复作用及安全性。方法:以24只新西兰兔为研究对象,以羟基磷灰石/聚乳酸为材料,采用3D适形打印技术制备网状复合体,于兔颅骨顶部制成两个颅骨全层缺损,分别为孔A(左)和孔B(右),孔A(阳性对照组)以自体颅骨为修复材料,孔B(实验组)以复合体为修复材料,观察缺损修复区域的形态学、影像学(X线及CT扫描)及组织学检查结果。结果:植入后24周时,形态学显示:阳性对照组可见致密的骨组织修复,与缺损边缘界限不清,实验组中支架孔隙内纤维组织由新生骨质取代,且新生骨成熟度较提高,材料表面有部分吸收。CT扫描观察显示:冠状面上,阳性对照组缺损修复区域与周围正常骨组织融合为一体,实验组修复材料与缺损边缘融合紧密,与周围正常骨组织结合良好,部分边缘结合不连贯。组织学观察显示:实验组材料部分降解,材料间隔可见新生骨小梁。研究中无实验动物死亡,皮肤切口处缝合良好,无皮下积液,无移植物脱出、红肿感染等情况出现。结论:以3D适形打印技术制备的羟基磷灰石/聚乳酸复合体对兔颅骨缺损有较好的修复作用,能促进缺损区域新骨的形成和生长,且安全性较高。     

Sl/Sld mice have an increased number of gap junctions in their bone marrow stromal cells

To study the defect of the hematopoietic inductive microenvironment (HIM) in Sl/Sld mice, femoral bone marrow tissue of 10 of each mutant, (Sl/Sld and W/Wv) their normal littermates (Sl+/Sl+ and W+/W+), and 20 normal C57BL mice were examined by electron microscopy using morphometric and statistical methods. Gap junctions were observed in all strains of mice, in the following stromal cell types: 1) reticular cells, 2) between reticular cells and periarterial adventitial cells, and 3) between periarterial adventitial cells. The frequency of gap junctions in bone marrow stromal cells of Sl/Sld mice (mean = 2.2/9.4 X 10(-3) mm2) was significantly higher than in control mice. It is suggested that there is a relationship between the increased numbers of gap junctions in bone marrow stromal cells of Sl/Sld mice and the defect in HIM function in these genetically anemic animals.     

Combined Effects of TGFB1 +869 T/C and +915 G/C Polymorphisms on Acute Rejection Risk in Solid Organ Transplant Recipients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Background

Transforming growth factor-beta 1(TGF-β1) is involved in the development of acute rejection (AR) episodes in solid organ transplant recipients; and a number of studies have been conducted to investigate the combined effects of human TGF-β1 gene (TGFB1) +869 T/C and +915 G/C polymorphisms on AR risk. However, the results obtained are inconclusive.

Methods

Eligible studies that investigated the haplotypic association between TGFB1 +869 T/C and +915 G/C polymorphisms and AR risk were comprehensively searched in the PUBMED, EMBASE, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, and Wanfang Database. Statistical analyses were performed by using STATA 12.0 and Review Manager 5.0.

Results

Fourteen eligible studies with 565 AR cases and 1219 non-AR cases were included. Overall, a significantly decreased risk was detected in patients carried with intermediate producer (IP) haplotypes (T/C G/C, T/T G/C, and C/C G/G) and/or low producer (LP) haplotypes (C/C G/C, C/C C/C, T/T C/C, and T/C C/C) compared with high producer (HP) haplotypes (T/T G/G and T/C G/G; IP vs. HP: OR = 0.75, 95% CI, 0.58–0.96, P _{heterogeneity}  = 0.238; IP/LP vs. HP: OR  = 0.77, 95% CI, 0.61–0.98, P _{heterogeneity}  = 0.144). In addition, subgroup analysis by transplant types demonstrated a similar association in patients receiving heart transplant (IP vs. HP: OR  = 0.32, 95% CI, 0.14–0.73, P _{heterogeneity}  = 0.790; IP/LP vs. HP: OR  = 0.41, 95% CI, 0.20–0.85, P _{heterogeneity}  = 0.320).

Conclusions

The current meta-analysis and systematic review indicated that recipient TGFB1 HP haplotypes were significantly associated with an increased risk for AR in solid organ transplant recipients, particularly patients receiving cardiac allograft.     

Flk1+间充质干细胞减轻四氯化碳导致的肝纤维化的研究

许多慢性肝脏疾病都会发生肝纤维化,但是目前尚缺乏对肝纤维化切实有效的治疗手段。实验发现,Flk1(fetal liver kinase)阳性间充质干细胞(MSC)能够减轻四氯化碳(CCl4)所致小鼠肝纤维化。取雄性BALB／c小鼠骨髓,分离培养Flk1^ MSC,用CCl4制作雌性小鼠肝纤维化模型,在CCl4损伤后立即或1周后经尾静脉注射Flk1^ MSC,2或5周后检测受体小鼠肝脏的纤维化程度和供体细胞的植入。结果发现,CCl4损伤后立即注射Flk1^ MSC,可以使肝脏损伤程度明显减轻,减少胶原沉积,使肝脏羟脯氨酸含量及血清纤维化指标显下降;而损伤1周后注射细胞则无明显变化。免疫荧光、PCR和荧光原位杂交方法证实,在受体肝脏中有供体细胞植入,呈上皮细胞形态,并表达白蛋白,但是数量很少。因此,Flk1^ MSC具有潜在的植入肝组织的能力,并可能启动肝组织的内源性修复,减轻CCl4导致的肝纤维化。     

VEGF +936C/T and +460C/T gene polymorphisms and oral cancer risk: a meta-analysis

Many studies have examined the association between the VEGF +936C/T (rs833061) and +460C/T (rs3025039) gene polymorphisms and oral cancer risk in various populations, but their results have been inconsistent. To assess this relationship more precisely, we performed a meta-analysis. The PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure databases were searched for case–control studies that were published up to January 2013. Data were extracted and pooled odds ratios (ORs) with 95 % confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated. Ultimately, six studies were included, comprising 1006 oral cancer cases and 1016 controls. Overall, the pooled OR for VEGF +936 T allele carriers (TC + TT) versus the wild-type homozygotes (CC) was 1.28 (95 % CI 1.04–1.58; P = 0.228 for heterogeneity), the pooled OR for TT versus CC was 1.64 (95 % CI 1.34–1.98; P = 0.315 for heterogeneity), and the pooled OR for the T allele versus the C allele was 1.42 (95 % CI 1.22–1.76; P = 0.286 for heterogeneity). In the stratified analysis by ethnicity, significant risks were found among Caucasians but not Asians. However, there were no associations between VEGF +460C/T and oral cancer risk in only two of the included studies. In conclusion, this meta-analysis demonstrates that the VEGF +936 T allele may be associated with an increased risk of oral cancer, especially among Caucasian populations.     

Reconstitution of the complement function in C1q-deficient (C1qa-/-) mice with wild-type bone marrow cells

Besides Ab-independent and Ab-dependent activation of the complement classical pathway in host defense, C1q plays a key role in the processing of immune complexes and in the clearance of apoptotic cells. In humans, C1q deficiency leads to systemic lupus erythematosus-like symptoms in over 90% of the cases, thus making this defect a strong disease susceptibility factor. Similarly, C1q-deficient mice (C1qa-/-) develop systemic lupus erythematosus-like symptoms, such as autoantibodies and glomerulonephritis. We have previously provided evidence that C1q is produced by cells of the monocyte-macrophage lineage. In this study, we have tested whether transplantation of bone marrow cells would be sufficient to reconstitute C1q levels in C1qa-/- mice. C1qa-/- mice received a single graft of 10(7) bone marrow cells from wild-type (wt) donors after irradiation doses of 6, 7, 8, or 9 Gy. Engraftment was monitored by a Y chromosome-specific PCR and a PCR that differentiated wt from C1qa-/- genotype. Serum levels of C1q Ag and C1 function increased rapidly in the recipient mice, and titers reached normal levels within 6 wk after bone marrow transplantation. In wt mice that received C1qa-/- bone marrow, serum levels of C1q decreased constantly over time and became C1q deficient within 55 wk. These data clearly demonstrate that bone marrow-derived cells are the source of serum C1q and are competent to reconstitute normal C1q serum levels in C1q-deficient mice. Therefore, stem cell transplantation could be a therapy for patients with hereditary C1q deficiency.