ICU重症患者经皮旋转扩张气管造口术的临床应用价值

目的 探讨ICU重症患者经皮旋转扩张气管造口术的临床应用价值.方法 回顾性分析19例行经皮旋转扩张气管造口术的ICU重症患者的临床资料,观察患者的手术时间、出血量、术后并发症及护理时间等指标.结果 19例患者均手术成功,术中平均出血30 ml,平均手术时间15 min,术后出现切口溢痰和切口感染1例;19例患者均未见气管后壁损伤.结论 经皮旋转扩张气管切开术的手术时间短,术中出血少,并发症少,值得在临床上推广.     

经鼻盲探气管插管在抢救呼吸衰竭病人中的应用

目的比较经鼻盲探气管插管和气管切开在抢救呼吸衰竭病人的治疗效果。方法回顾性对比分析同期ICU住院病人采用经鼻盲探气管插管或气管切开建立人工气道后的病情转归,使用呼吸机后血气纠正时间,使用呼吸机时间,留置气管导管时间,平均住院时间及操作并发症。结果经鼻盲探气管插管组拔管率42.9%(9/21例),拔管成功率100%(9/9例);气管切开组拔管率60.7%(17/28例),拔管成功率76.5%(13/17例),两组间比较无显著性差异(P<0.05)。使用呼吸机后血气纠正时间无明显差别,但经鼻盲探气管插管组使用呼吸机时间,留置气管导管时间,平均住院时间均短于气管切开组(P<0.05)。气管切开组操作导致的并发症发生率46.4%(13/28例),而经鼻盲探气管插管组操作导致的并发症发生率23.8%(5/21例),明显少于前者(P<0.01)。结论经鼻盲探气管插管操作简便、实用,能减少并发症,缩短使用呼吸机时间,留置气管导管时间及住院时间,在抢救呼吸衰竭病人中较气管切开术有更好的临床应用价值。     

气囊漏气实验预测严重上气道狭窄的临床意义

目的:观察气囊漏气实验预测拔管后发生严重上气道梗阻的临床价值.方法:共有156例气管插管患者入组,根据气囊漏气实验的情况分为两组,阴性组和阳性组,拔除气管插管后观察两组喘鸣发生与二次气管插管情况.结果:156例患者中气囊漏气实验阴性组125例,阳性组31例,拔除气管插管后,有13例患者需再次插管,其中1例患者无法插管,予经皮气管切开.结论:气囊漏气实验是一项简单方便筛查拔管后可能上气道梗阻的方法,如为阴性其因严重上气道梗阻再插管可能性很小,如为阳性则要注意可能发生拔管后上气道梗阻.     

护理干预对慢性鼻窦炎鼻息肉鼻内镜术后康复的影响

目的:探讨护理干预对慢性鼻窦炎鼻息肉鼻内镜术后康复的影响。方法:选择医院2013年8月~2014年8月收治的慢性鼻窦炎鼻息肉患者134例,随机分为实验组和对照组,各67例,实验组患者给予护理干预,对照组患者给予常规护理,观察两组患者术后康复效果,比较两组患者术前及术后6个月鼻腔鼻窦情况。结果:术前,两组患者鼻腔鼻窦情况比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05);实验组患者的康复效果高于对照组,术后6个月,实验组患者的鼻腔鼻窦评分低于对照组,比较差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:通过护理干预的实施,有效的提升了慢性鼻窦炎鼻息肉鼻内镜术后康复效果。     

早期经皮气管切开对重型脑血管意外患者的影响

目的:评估早期经皮气管切开(percutaneous dilational tracheotomy,PDT)对重型脑血管意外患者的影响。方法:对我院2007年5月至2012年12月采用PDT行气管切开的87例重型脑血管意外患者进行回顾性分析。根据经口插管机械通气(mechanical ventilation,MV)时间将患者分成早期气管切开组(≤7d Early tracheotomy,ET)共42例,晚期气管切开组(7 d Late tracheotomy,LT)共45例,其中ET组男性23例,平均年龄41.36±14.12岁,LT组男性26例,平均年龄46.38±13.87岁。观察两组患者的一般情况、经口插管MV时间、PDT后MV时间、PDT后住重症医学科(intensive care unit,ICU)时间、总住院时间、28d病死率和呼吸机相关性肺炎(ventilator-associated pneumonia,VAP)发生率等。结果:两组患者在一般情况如年龄、性别、急性生理学和慢性健康状况(Acute physiology and chronic health evaluation II,APACHEII)评分以及格拉斯哥昏迷(Glasgow coma scale,GCS)评分比较,差异均无统计学意义(P均0.05),ET组显著缩短了经口插管MV时间、PDT后MV时间、PDT后住ICU时间,差异均有统计学意义(P均0.05),但两组在总住院时间、28d病死率和VAP发生率比较,差异均无统计学意义(P均0.05)。结论:虽然ET不影响患者预后及VAP发生率,但可缩短患者经口插管MV时间、PDT后MV时间、PDT后住ICU时间,故对于重型脑血管意外患者应采取早期PDT。     

机械通气对ICU肺动脉高压伴呼吸衰竭患者血浆脑钠肽水平的影响

目的探讨机械通气对ICU肺动脉高压伴呼吸衰竭患者血浆脑钠肽水平的影响。方法随机抽取86例ICU肺动脉高压伴呼吸衰竭患者分为两组,观察组43例患者应用面罩呼吸机予以辅助呼吸治疗,对照组43例患者行气管插管呼吸机辅助治疗,并对两组患者治疗前后脑钠肽、肺动脉压水平以及并发症发生率进行比较分析。结果治疗后,观察组脑钠肽、肺动脉压力均高于对照组(均P0.01);观察组并发症发生率为6.98%,低于对照组的23.26%(P0.05)。结论 ICU肺动脉高压伴呼吸衰竭患者行气管插管机械通气治疗的临床效果肯定。     

鼻内镜术后糖皮质激素浸润对慢性鼻-鼻窦炎伴鼻息肉患者近期疗效及嗅觉功能的影响

为观察鼻内镜术后糖皮质激素浸润对慢性鼻-鼻窦炎伴鼻息肉患者近期疗效及嗅觉功能的影响。我们收集2010年01月~2012年01月诊治的慢性鼻-鼻窦炎伴鼻息肉患者的临床资料,共118例纳入本次研究,按随机法分为观察组(n=59)和对照组(n=59),两组患者均接受Messerklinger术式单行鼻内镜手术,术后观察组患者给予糖皮质激素(布地奈德鼻喷剂)喷鼻,2次/d,1喷/次,持续治疗半年。对照组患者术前处理和手术方法同观察组,术后除不使用布地奈德喷剂喷鼻处理,其余方法及定期进行鼻内镜复查同观察组。观察比较两组患者治疗总有效率、术后复发率、鼻气道阻力及嗅觉功能改善情况。结果显示,观察组54例显效(总有效率91.52%),对照组显效43例(总有效率72.88%),两组总疗效比较差异显著(p0.05),且在半年复发率方面观察组(6.78%)显著低于对照组(20.34%)(p0.05);术后,两组鼻气道阻力及嗅觉功能均较术前明显改善(p0.05),且观察组术后1、4、12、24周两项指标评定结果均优于对照组(p0.05),且观察组术后用药并未增加不良反应,两组对比无统计学意义(p0.05)。鼻内镜术后应用糖皮质激素浸润治疗慢性鼻-鼻窦炎伴鼻息肉患者疗效安全,通过缓解患者鼻腔内炎症反应来减轻患者临床症状,同时促进鼻腔功能恢复,术后复发率低,值得临床推广使用。     

发光管芯引导插管在感染手术气道处理中的应用

目的:观察和评估发光管芯在感染手术患者麻醉常规气管内插管和预测困难气管内插管的适用性与安全性,并比较改变光棒前端弯曲角度的临床实用效果。方法:选择136例ASA I~Ⅲ级全麻下行择期手术的肝炎后肝硬化患者,其中正常气道120例,可顺利气管插管,120例患者按照插管时弯曲光棒角度不同随机分为A组(60°)和B组(90°);困难气道插管患者分为C组(90°)。分别记录各组插管时间、插管次数、插管的成功率、插管期间血流动力学变化以及术后并发症情况,同时测量医生与患者呼吸道之间的距离。结果:A、B和C组的一次插管成功率分别为100%、96.6%和81.2%,时间分别为(12.3±3.8)s、(13.2±4.1)s和(18.2±5.5)s,三组各自的插管总成功率均为100%。而且改变光棒前端角度的A组插管时间均较B、C组短,发现光棒插管对循环功能的影响小,术后并发症少,医生与患者呼吸道之间的距离为(34±4)cm。结论:在感染手术患者气管插管过程中使用发光管芯引导插管成功率高、对患者的循环影响低且术后并发症少,更为重要的是降低了医务人员与传染性患者近距离接触的机率。     

改良胃管置入法在昏迷气管切开病人护理中的应用研究

目的:探讨改良后胃管置入法在昏迷气管切开病人护理中的应用。方法:患者采取平卧位,保持头部、颈项、躯干在同一水平线上。置入胃管之前,先清理口、鼻、气管内分泌物。根据患者情况,选择合适型号硅胶胃管。操作者量好胃管置入长度后,用液体石蜡充分润滑胃管,左手托住胃管后端,右手持镊子夹住胃管前端,沿一侧鼻孔鼻中隔缓慢插入到合适距离,固定胃管。胃管末端连接注射器抽吸,如有胃液抽出,表示已插到胃内。结果:所有病例,均采用此种方法。24例病例中,一次性操作成功18例(占75.0%),4例(占16.7%)病例应用此法两次后成功置入胃管,2例(占8.3%)患者应用传统昏迷病人胃插管术三次均未获成功,改用此法后一次即成功。结论:改良胃管置入法操作简单、实用、安全,在昏迷气管切开病人护理中是促进患者早日康复的重要措施。     

鼻内镜技术用于鼻腔鼻窦良恶性肿瘤的治疗

目的:评估鼻内镜手术对于鼻腔鼻窦良恶性肿瘤的治疗效果及应用价值.方法:收集我科采用鼻内镜或鼻内镜辅助手术治疗的鼻腔鼻窦良恶性肿瘤共109例,并进行回顾性分析.结果:经随访12-60个月,本组109例患者中,应用单纯鼻内镜下治疗的4例鼻腔鼻窦肿瘤患者术后出现复发,1例失访,复发率为5％;鼻内镜联合柯陆氏入路手术的16例患者中未出现术后复发;2例鼻内镜辅助鼻侧切开手术治疗的恶变内翻乳头状瘤患者术后1年出现局部复发及广泛脑膜侵犯死亡;鼻内镜辅助鼻侧切开手术中的2例恶性黑色素瘤其中1例术前已出现颊部及颈部淋巴结转移,于术后8个月-1.5年中出现远处转移后死亡.结论:鼻内镜手术已经逐渐成为多种鼻腔鼻窦良性肿瘤以及部分恶性肿瘤的首选治疗方式.     

Airway Management in Croup and Epiglottitis

Treatment techniques for airway obstruction in croup and epiglottitis are reviewed in the medical literature. Series totaling 295 nasotracheal intubations, and 591 tracheostomies were reviewed. There were two deaths attributable to airway complications in 126 patients in whom nasotracheal intubation was carried out. In three patients subglottic granulation tissue and subglottic stenoses developed from short-term nasotracheal intubation. There were no subglottic stenoses or tracheal stenoses reported in the 591 tracheostomies. From this review, it would seem feasible to use nasotracheal intubation for short-term airway treatment in croup and epiglottitis. The increasing occurrence of laryngeal and tracheal complications with long-term intubation suggests that tracheostomy be considered in such cases.     

The usefulness of the McGrath MAC laryngoscope in comparison with Airwayscope and Macintosh laryngoscope during routine nasotracheal intubation: a randomaized controlled trial

Background

McGrath MAC video laryngoscope offers excellent laryngosopic views and increases the success rate of orotracheal intubation in some cases. The aim of this study was to determine the usefulness of McGrath MAC for routine nasotracheal intubation by comparing McGrath MAC with Airway scope and Macintosh laryngoscope.

Methods

A total of 60 adult patients with ASA physical status class 1 or 2, aged 20–70 years were enrolled in this study. Patients were scheduled for elective oral surgery under general anesthesia with nasotracheal intubation. Exclusion criteria included lack of consent and expected difficult airway. Patients were randomly allocated to three groups: McGrath MAC (n?=?20), Airway scope (n?=?20), and Macintosh laryngoscope (n?=?20). After induction, nasotracheal intubation was performed by six expert anesthesiologists with more than 6 years of experience.

Results

There were no significant differences in preoperative airway assessment among the three groups. Successful tracheal intubation time was 26.8?±?5.7 (mean?±?standard deviation) s for McGrath MAC, 36.4?±?11.0 s for Airway scope, and 36.5?±?8.9 s for Macintosh laryngoscope groups. The time for successful tracheal intubation for McGrath MAC group was significantly shorter than that for Airway scope and Macintosh laryngoscope (p?<?0.01). McGrath MAC significantly improved the Cormack Lehane grade for nasotracheal intubation compared with Macintosh laryngoscope (p?<?0.05).

Conclusion

McGrath MAC significantly facilitates routine nasotracheal intubation compared with Airwayscope and Macintosh laryngoscope by shortening the tracheal intubation time and improving the Cormack Lehane grade.

Trial registration

UMINCTR Registration number UMIN000023506. Registered 5 Aug 2016.

     

Negative Pressure Artificial Respiration: Use in Treatment of Respiratory Distress Syndrome of the Newborn

Forty-five newborn infants in respiratory failure with respiratory distress syndrome were treated with intermittent negative pressure ventilation (INPV). There was a survival rate of 38% (17/45).All infants were initially treated without nasotracheal intubation. However, 24 of these developed a Paco₂ greater than 70 mm. Hg and were subsequently intubated. Intubation was followed by a decrease in the degree of hypercarbia in each instance and simultaneous increase in Pao₂.Complications encountered during ventilation were: emphysema (one patient), aspiration pneumonia (two patients), septicemia (two patients), misplaced nasotracheal tube (one patient).Follow-up of the 17 surviving patients for periods of four to 36 months disclosed two patients with post-intubation hoarseness. One infant initially had spastic quadriplegia with EEG abnormalities, both of which cleared by 5 months of age. In the remaining 14 infants, the results of physical, neurological and psychological examinations have remained within normal limits.     

The effect of human immunodeficiency virus infection on the distribution and outcome of pneumonia in intensive care units.

To determine the frequency and distribution of pneumonia in an intensive care unit (ICU), we retrospectively examined the records of 1,854 consecutive ICU admissions between January 1987 and April 1990. A total of 266 patients met criteria for pneumonia (unilateral or bilateral infiltrate by chest roentgenogram, plus 2 of the following: leukocyte count > 10 x 10(9) per liter, temperature > 38.5 degrees C, or culture of blood or sputum positive for pathogens). Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus was the most frequent cause (28%) precipitating an ICU admission in this series of patients. Streptococcus pneumoniae (13%), Staphylococcus aureus (8%), Haemophilus influenzae (4%), and viruses (4%) were also commonly observed. Overall mortality was 20%. An APACHE II score of greater than 24, the need for intubation, and the presence of P carinii were predictive of increased mortality. Age, sex, and length of stay did not predict final results. Patients with P carinii pneumonia who required intubation had an overall mortality of 54%, which was higher than patients without P carinii pneumonia who required intubation (P < .05). Our experience shows the changing spectrum of pneumonia in ICUs. In contrast to reports of a decade ago in which S pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa are cited as most common, P carinii is now most prevalent in our ICU. Although our findings reflect the increasing incidence of human immunodeficiency virus infection in San Francisco, California, they may also be pertinent to other areas in the United States where the incidence of this infection continues to increase.     

Bacterial tracheitis in children.

We examined the records of 14 patients aged 7 months to 10 1/4 years who were treated for bacterial tracheitis from May 1982 to December 1987; the management protocol for 13 of the patients included the use of nasotracheal intubation. The infection was caused by Staphylococcus aureus in seven, Haemophilus influenzae in three, Branhamella catarrhalis in one and Streptococcus pneumoniae in one. Both H. influenzae and B. catarrhalis were isolated in another patient, and no organism was found in the remaining patient. In addition to the bacteria, viruses were cultured from the tracheal secretions of two patients. The mean duration of intubation was 7.6 days and of hospital stay 9.2 days. Twelve of the cases occurred during the cold months of the year (October to March). Of the three deaths only one occurred in the pediatric intensive care unit and was due to severe bronchospasm and an air leak that caused bilateral pneumothorax and pneumomediastinum. In one patient subglottic stenosis developed that necessitated tracheostomy. Healing began 5 to 9 days after the onset of symptoms, as demonstrated with the use of repeated fibreoptic bronchoscopy. We found that the airway could be safely managed with the use of a nasotracheal tube. Bronchoscopy helped to confirm the diagnosis, to remove adherent secretions and to monitor the course of the disease. The ventilation tube can be removed after the patient''s temperature returns to normal, if there is an air leak around the tube, if the quantity and viscosity of the secretions decrease and if healing is observed at bronchoscopy.     

无创正压通气治疗重症社区获得性肺炎临床疗效和预后影响

摘要 目的：考察无创正压机械通气(noninvasive positive-presure ventilation,NIPPV)对重症社区获得性肺炎(Severe community acquired Pneumonia,SCAP)的治疗效果和预后的影响。方法：以2018年7月-2020年2月我院收治的80例SCAP患者为研究对象,采用随机数字法分为无创组和常规组,各40例。两组患者均在在入院后均接受常规治疗,无创组在常规治疗的基础上进行NIPPV治疗。详细记录患者治疗前和治疗后1 h、24 h的体温、呼吸、血压、心率、血二氧化碳分压(arterial partial pressure of CO₂,PaCO₂)、氧合指数(PaO₂/FIO₂)、气管插管率、病死率、ICU住院天数,对患者入院的第1、3、7 d的血清可溶性尿激酶型纤溶酶原激活物受体(soluble urokinase-plasminogen activator receptor,suPAR)、降钙素原(procalcitonin,PCT)及C反应蛋白(C-reactive protein,CRP)的水平进行检测。结果：治疗后1 h和24 h,无创组患者呼吸、心率、PaCO₂、PaO₂/FIO₂和PH均显著的改善（P＜0.05）,显示NIPPV可明显改善患者肺部气体交换,减慢呼吸频率、提高氧和指数,降低二氧化碳分压;第1 d两组患者的PCT、CRP和suPAR的水平无明显差异（P＞0.05）,相对于第1 d,两组患者第3 d和第7 d的PCT、CRP和suPAR水平均明显的降低（P＜0.05）;相对于常规组,第3 d和第7 d无创组患者的PCT、CRP和suPAR水平有显著的降低（P＜0.05）;与常规组相比,无创组患者的插管率、ICU住院天数和死亡率统计学上无显著差异（P＞0.05）,但均有一定程度上的降低。结论：NIPPV能显著改善SCAP患者的呼气情况,降低血清PCT、CRP和suPAR水平,对降低气管插管率、缩短ICU住院天数,降低患者死亡率有一定的效果。     

Pulmonary compliance values provide prognosis in mechanically ventilated patients--a randomized prospective study

Our aim was to evaluate the influence of static pulmonary compliance (Cst) on the choice of Mechanical Ventilation(MV) method and treatment outcome. A prospective, randomized trial conducted out at the multidisciplinary Intensive Care Unit (ICU) included 387 patients, randomized in two groups: noninvasive MV group and invasive MV group. Furthermore, each group was divided in two groups: Cst < or = 0.025 and Cst > 0.025 L/cm H2O. In patients with Cst > 0.025 L/cm H2O MV duration, noninvasive vs invasive, was 92 vs 114 h, p = 0.039, time spent in ICU 118 vs 164 h, p = 0.004. In patients with Cst < or = 0.025, MV duration was 141 vs 189 h, p < 0.001, time spent in ICU 190 vs 246 h, p = 0.001, all patients were intubated. Need for tracheostomy was 6 (11%) vs 39 (46%) patients, p = 0.005, and ICU mortality was 15 (26%) vs 21 (25%) patients. Statistical significance in favor of noninvasive method was confirmed in patients with Cst > 0.025 L/cm H2O in MV duration, time spent in ICU, need for tracheostomy and intubation rate. In the group with Cst < or = 0.025 no significant difference in treatment failure was recorded between the two MV methods.     

Predisposing Risk Factors for Delirium in Living Donor Liver Transplantation Patients in Intensive Care Units

Background

Delirium is one of the main causes of increased length of intensive care unit (ICU) stay among patients who have undergone living donor liver transplantation (LDLT). We aimed to evaluate risk factors for delirium after LDLT as well as to investigate whether delirium impacts the length of ICU and hospital stay.

Methods

Seventy-eight patients who underwent LDLT during the period January 2010 to December 2012 at a single medical center were enrolled. The Confusion Assessment Method for the Intensive Care Unit (CAM-ICU) scale was used to diagnose delirium. Preoperative, postoperative, and hematologic factors were included as potential risk factors for developing delirium.

Results

During the study period, delirium was diagnosed in 37 (47.4%) patients after LDLT. The mean onset of symptoms occurred 7.0±5.5 days after surgery and the mean duration of symptoms was 5.0±2.6 days. The length of stay in the ICU for patients with delirium (39.8±28.1 days) was significantly longer than that for patients without delirium (29.3±19.0 days) (p<0.05). Risk factors associated with delirium included history of alcohol abuse [odds ratio (OR) = 6.40, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.85–22.06], preoperative hepatic encephalopathy (OR = 4.45, 95% CI: 1.36–14.51), APACHE II score ≥16 (OR = 1.73, 95% CI: 1.71–2.56), and duration of endotracheal intubation ≥5 days (OR = 1.81, 95% CI: 1.52–2.23).

Conclusions

History of alcohol abuse, preoperative hepatic encephalopathy, APACHE II scores ≥16 and endotracheal intubation ≥5 days were predictive of developing delirium in the ICU following liver transplantation surgery and were associated with increased length of ICU and hospital stay.