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1.
《Archives of animal nutrition》2013,67(3):190-203
Unground wheat kernels contaminated with 2.09 mg deoxynivalenol (DON) per kg dry matter were stored for up to 56 days at moisture contents of 15, 17.5 and 20% to study the alterations of DON concentration when the wheat was stored either unsupplemented or supplemented with 5 g sodium metabisulfite (Na2S2O5, SBS), 10 g propionic acid (PA) or 5 g SBS plus 10 g PA per kg. SBS addition alone or in combination with PA reduced the DON contamination to 1.2–4.3% of the initial DON concentration while DON concentration of unsupplemented and wheat batches supplemented only with PA varied inconsistently or remained unchanged. The SBS-related DON reduction was paralleled by a concomitant increase in the concentration of the non-toxic reaction product DON sulfonate. In contrast to the unsupplemented wet-stored controls, SBS addition prevented the growth of moulds and yeasts when added alone or in combination with PA. In conclusion, for the conditions examined, the wet preservation of DON-contaminated wheat with SBS seems to be promising as an on-farm detoxification measure. 相似文献
2.
《Archives of animal nutrition》2013,67(4):314-329
Deoxynivalenol (DON) and zearalenone (ZEN) contaminated maize was hydrothermally treated in the presence of sodium metabisulphite (SBS), methylamine and calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2) and included into diets for female piglets to evaluate effects on performance, organ weights, development of hyperestrogenism, serum biochemical parameters, stimulation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells and toxin residues in serum. For this purpose, both uncontaminated maize (CON) and Fusarium toxin-contaminated maize (FUS) were included into diets either untreated (?) or treated (+) according to a 2 by 2-factorial design. One-hundred female weaned piglets were assigned to one of the four treatment groups (n = 25) CON?, CON+, FUS? and FUS+ with DON/ZEN concentrations of 0.43/0.03, 0.04/0.0, 3.67/0.32 and 0.36/0.08 mg per kg diet, respectively. After a feeding period of 27 days, 20 piglets (n = 5) were slaughtered. Performance parameters such as feed intake, live weight gain and feed-to-gain ratio remained unaffected by the treatments. Uterus weights were significantly reduced in group FUS+ compared to FUS? (p = 0.028), while visceral organ weights were not influenced. Vulva width in relation to body weight was highest in group FUS? at the end of the trial, while hydrothermal treatment significantly reduced the parameter (p < 0.01). The highest toxin and toxin metabolite concentrations in serum were detected in group FUS?, whereas ingestion of diet FUS+ reduced the concentrations to the level of the control groups. Serum biochemical and haematological parameters were mainly within the given reference ranges and showed no treatment-related alterations. Stimulation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells was not affected. An effective detoxification of maize by hydrothermal treatment in the presence of SBS, methylamine and Ca(OH)2 could be demonstrated by means of serum toxin analyses. No undesired side effects of the treated-feed stuff or the chemicals themselves on the health of piglets were detected. 相似文献
3.
Patrick B. Njobeh Mike F. Dutton Susan H. Koch Anil A. Chuturgoon Stoycho D. Stoev Joseph S. Mosonik 《Mycotoxin Research》2010,26(1):47-57
Eighty-two samples of dried food commodities from Cameroon were screened and quantified for different mycotoxins, including
fumonisin B1 (FB1), zearalenone (ZEA), deoxynivalenol (DON), aflatoxin (AF) and ochratoxin A (OTA), by thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and
high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), respectively. The percentage of positive samples was as follows: FB1 41%, AF 51%, ZEA 57%, DON 65% and OTA 3%. High FB1 contents were found in maize, averaging 3,684 μg/kg (range: 37-24,225 μg/kg), whereas the highest average ZEA level was found
in peanuts (70 μg/kg), followed by maize (69 μg/kg), rice (67 μg/kg) and beans (48 μg/kg) with no ZEA was detected in soybeans.
DON contents were low, ranging from 13 to 273 μg/kg, and for AF the average content was 2.6 μg/kg with peanuts and maize as
principal substrates. The incidence of OTA was low, with a mean level of 6.4 μg/kg recorded. The majority (79%) of samples
contained more than one mycotoxin and the most frequent co-occurrence found was FB1 + ZEA + DON, detected in 21% of samples (mainly maize) analysed. Co-contamination with FB1 + ZEA + DON + AF was found in 11% of the samples. Although a large proportion of samples had fairly low levels of individual
mycotoxins, this should be of concern as the co-occurrence of mycotoxins may generate additive or synergistic effect in humans,
especially if the respective commodities are consumed almost on a daily basis. 相似文献
4.
McLean M 《Mycopathologia》1995,132(3):173-183
Mature maize (Zea mays) embryos were exposed to 5, 10 and 25 µg ml–1 of deoxynivalenol (DON), zearalenone (ZEA), ochratoxin A (OA) and a mixture of zearalenone and deoxynivalenol (ZEA/DON) for 9 days. DON and the ZEA/DON combination were consistently more inhibitory of the measured parameters than either ZEA or OA. Based on the predicted additive values, it would appear that, in combination, ZEA and DON act synergistically to inhibit root and shoot growth. For ZEA alone, a concentration of 5 µg ml–1 ZEA was generally inhibitory of root and shoot elongation and fresh mass accumulation, while at 10 and 25 µg ml–1, this toxin had a stimulatory effect on these parameters. For OA, the measured effects on root and shoot growth at 5 and 25 µg ml–1 were stimulatory, while at 10 µg ml–1 OA, an inhibitory effect was observed. For all toxins, inhibitory/stimulatory effects were generally more marked for root parameters than for shoot elongation or mass.Abbreviations ADON
acetyldeoxynivalenol
- AFB1
aflatoxin B1
- DAS
diacetyoxyscirpenol
- DON
deoxynivalenol
- FB1
fumonisin B1
- FHB
Fusaium head blight
- MON
moniliformin
- NIV
nivalenol
- OA
ochratoxin A
- ZEA
zearalenone 相似文献
5.
Jelka Pleadin Manuela Zadravec Nina Per?i Ana Vuli? Vesna Jaki Mario Mitak 《Mycotoxin Research》2012,28(3):157-162
The aim of this study was to investigate the contamination of pig feed with moulds and the occurrence of mycotoxins. A total of 30 feed samples were collected at different animal feed factories in the north-western part of Croatia. Mycological analysis showed that the total number of moulds ranged from 1?×?103 to 1?×?105?cfu/g with samples contaminated with Aspergillus spp. (63?%), Penicillium spp. (80?%), and Fusarium spp. (77?%). A determination of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), ochratoxin A (OTA), zearalenone (ZEA), deoxynivalenol (DON), T-2 toxin (T-2) and fumonisin (FUM) concentration was done using the validated ELISA method. The mean concentrations of AFB1 (0.5?±?0.6???g/kg), OTA (1.53?±?0.42???g/kg) and FUM (405?±?298???g/kg) were below the maximum levels or recommended values in the EU in all the investigated samples. The observed results indicated an increased contamination of pig feed with Fusarium mycotoxins DON and ZEA with mean concentrations of 817?±?447 and 184?±?214???g/kg, higher than recommended in 40 and 17?% of the analysed samples, respectively. 相似文献
6.
S. Thanner L. Czeglédi H. E. Schwartz-Zimmermann F. Berthiller A. Gutzwiller 《Mycotoxin Research》2016,32(2):69-75
Four diets contaminated with 1.1 to 5.0 mg/kg deoxynivalenol (DON) and 0.4 to 2.4 mg/kg zearalenone (ZEA) were fed to four groups of six growing Large White pigs. Urine samples were collected after 3 to 4 days and again after 6 to 7 days on the diets. On each sampling day, half of the animals were sampled in the morning, after an 8-h fast, and the other half were sampled in the afternoon, after 7 h of ad libitum access to feed. The urinary concentrations of DON, DON-glucuronide, DON-3-sulphate, de-epoxy-DON, as well as of ZEA, ZEA-14-glucuronide, α-zearalenol and α-zearalenol-14-glucuronide, analysed using LC-MS/MS, were used to calculate urinary DON and ZEA equivalent concentrations (DONe and ZEAe). The urinary concentration of DONe (P?<?0.001), but not of ZEAe (P?=?0.31), was lower in the fasted than that in the fed animals. The urinary DONe/creatinine and ZEAe/creatinine ratios were highly correlated with DON and ZEA intake per kg body weight the day preceding sampling (r?=?0.76 and 0.77; P?<?0.001). The correlations between DON intake during the 7 h preceding urine sampling in the afternoon and urinary DONe/creatinine ratio (r?=?0.88) as well as between mean ZEA intake during 3 days preceding urine sampling and urinary ZEAe/creatinine ratio (r?=?0.84) were even higher, reflecting the plasma elimination half-time of several hours for DON and of more than 3 days for ZEA. ZEAe analysed in enzymatically hydrolysed urine using an ELISA kit was highly correlated with the LC-MS/MS data (r?=?0.94). The urinary DONe and ZEAe to creatinine ratios, analysed in pooled urine samples of several pigs fed the same diet, can be used to estimate their exposure to DON and ZEA. 相似文献
7.
Erik Bannert Tanja Tesch Jeannette Kluess Hana Valenta Jana Frahm Susanne Kersten Stefan Kahlert Lydia Renner Hermann-Josef Rothkötter Sven Dänicke 《Mycotoxin Research》2017,33(3):183-195
This study aimed to investigate a potential modulatory effect of E. coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on the kinetics of deoxynivalenol (DON) and zearalenone (ZEN) after pre- or post-hepatic LPS administration to unravel the putative role of the liver. Fifteen barrows were fed a diet containing mycotoxin-contaminated maize (4.59 mg DON/kg feed, 0.22 mg ZEN/kg feed) for 29 days and equipped with pre-hepatic catheters (portal vein, “po”) and post-hepatic catheters (jugular vein, “ju”), facilitating simultaneous infusion of LPS (“LPS group”, 7.5 μg/kg body weight) or 0.9% sterile NaCl solution (control, “CON group”, equivolumar to LPS group) and blood sampling. This resulted in three infusion groups, depending on infusion site: CONju-CONpo, CONju-LPSpo, and LPSju-CONpo. On day 29, pigs were fed their morning ration (700 g/pig) (?15 min), and blood samples were collected at regular intervals relative to infusion start. At 195 min, pigs were sacrificed and bile, urine, liquor, and liver samples collected. DON concentrations in jugular and portal blood decreased in both LPS-infused groups, whereas the ZEN concentrations increased, regardless of the treatment site. In liver tissue, a decrease of both toxin concentrations was observed in endotoxaemic pigs as well as a drop in hepatic conjugation, regardless of LPS entry site. In contrast to our hypothesis, DON and ZEN were not differently altered depending on the LPS-entry site. Neither the absorption nor the accumulation of DON and ZEN in different tissues differed significantly between animals which were infused with LPS via either the jugular or portal vein. 相似文献
8.
Inês Almeida Hermínia Marina Martins Sara Santos José M. Costa Fernando Bernardo 《Mycotoxin Research》2011,27(3):177-181
A total of 404 samples of commercial swine feed from Portugal feed mills were analysed by HPLC methods for the presence of
mycotoxins: 277 samples of feed for fattening pigs were analysed for ochratoxin A (OTA), zearalenone (ZEA), and deoxynivalenol
(DON), and 127 samples of feed for sows were analysed for ZEA and fumonisins (FB1 + FB2). Concerning feed for fattening pigs, 21 (7.6%) samples were positive for OTA, (2–6.8 μg/kg), 69 (24.9%) were positive for
ZEA (5–73 μg/kg), and 47 (16.9%) were positive for DON (100–864 μg/kg). In feed for sows, the results showed 29.9% of positive
samples for ZEA (5–57.7 μg/kg) and 8.7% positive samples for FB1 and FB2 (50–391.4 μg/kg). Co-occurrence of DON/ZEA was found most frequently, but simultaneous contamination with OTA/ZEA and OTA/DON
was also found. 相似文献
9.
Janine Winkler Jens Gödde Ulrich Meyer Jana Frahm Heiner Westendarp Sven Dänicke 《Mycotoxin Research》2016,32(3):127-135
The present feeding study was carried out to examine the effects of Fusarium toxin-contaminated diets on performance and slaughtering characteristics and on the transfer of the Fusarium toxins zearalenone (ZEN), deoxynivalenol (DON) and their metabolites into physiological matrices. A total of 61 bulls (483?±?46 kg) were fed with graded proportions of Fusarium toxin-contaminated feed over a period of 10 weeks. The total mixed rations (TMR) consisted of 47 % grass silage, 20 % press pulp silage, and 33 % concentrate on dry matter (DM) basis. Increasing toxin concentrations were achieved by the exchange of control maize with Fusarium toxin-contaminated maize in the concentrates. Thus, dietary toxin concentrations between 0.08 and 0.69 mg ZEN and 0.36 and 8.31 mg DON per kg DM were covered by the four feeding groups. Based on increasing DM intake with increasing mycotoxin contaminations of the diet, the live weight gain and energy intake differed significantly between the groups. No effects were observed on slaughtering characteristics and organ weights. ZEN, α-zeralenol, β-zeralenol (β-ZEL), zeralanone, α-zearalanol, β-zearalanol, DON, and de-deepoxy-DON (de-DON) were simultaneously determined in urine, plasma, and liquor whereby quantifiable concentrations of ZEN, β-ZEL, DON, and de-DON were found in urine, of DON and de-DON in plasma, and solely of de-DON in liquor. Based on overall results it can be concluded that current EU-guidance values for critical concentrations of DON and ZEN can be regarded as safe levels also for growing bulls. Urine and blood toxin residue levels can be used to assess exposure of bulls. 相似文献
10.
Sven Dänicke Günther Pahlow Tanja Goyarts Dirk Rohweder Katrin Wilkerling Gerhard Breves Hana Valenta Susanne Döll 《Mycotoxin Research》2009,25(4):215-223
Unground triticale kernels contaminated with 6.63 mg deoxynivalenol (DON) per kg dry matter were stored for up to 63 days
at total moisture contents of 13 and 15% in order to study the time-dependent kinetics of DON concentration in dependence
on graded levels of sodium metabisulfite [0, 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 g Na2S2O5 (SBS) per kg], and in the absence and presence of 10 g propionic acid (PA) per kg. The DON concentration decreased with increasing
amounts of supplemented SBS and with increasing duration of the preservation period in a bi-exponential fashion when SBS addition
was ≥3 g/kg. Lower SBS concentrations yielded inconsistent results. The maximum measured DON reductions after adding 5 g SBS/kg
were 3 and 4% of the initial DON concentration after 63 days in the absence and presence of PA at moisture contents of 15%,
while the corresponding recovery for the variants preserved at 13% amounted to 21 and 11%, respectively. The 12 variants preserved
without PA supplementation were more frequently contaminated by moulds and yeasts (n = 5) than the corresponding variants stored together with PA (n = 1). The overall results and regressive evaluations do suggest that the highest SBS addition of 5 g/kg triticale at a moisture
content of 15% preserved for 63 days would be necessary for a maximum DON reduction. Although PA did not exert a direct decontaminating
effect, an additional supplementation together with SBS seemed to be advantageous with regard to the prevention of yeast and
mould contamination and favouring the decontamination reaction by the acid milieu. 相似文献
11.
Kristina Liesener Valeriu Curtui Richard Dietrich Erwin Märtlbauer Ewald Usleber 《Mycotoxin Research》2010,26(1):23-30
A total of 62 samples of commercial horse feed preparations (complementary feeds) containing cereal mixtures (“muesli” or
mash, n = 39; pelleted feeds, n = 12), and plain horse feed grains (maize, n = 5; oats, n = 4; barley, n = 2) were purchased from 21 different producers/distributors from the German market. All samples were analysed by competitive
enzyme immunoassays (EIA) for six different mycotoxins (mycotoxin groups). Analytes (detection limit, mean recovery) were:
deoxynivalenol (DON, 10 μg/kg, 84%), zearalenone (ZEA, 5 μg/kg, 93%), fumonisin B1 (FB1, 2 μg/kg, 113%), T-2 toxin (T-2, 0.1 μg/kg, 71%), sum of T-2 + HT-2 toxin (T-2/HT2, 0.2 μg/kg, 97%), ochratoxin A (OTA, 0.2 μg/kg,
67%), and total ergot alkaloids (Generic Ergot Alkaloids “GEA”, 30 μg/kg, 132%). All samples contained DON (16–4,900 μg/kg,
median 220 μg/kg), T-2/HT-2 (0.8–230 μg/kg, median 24 μg/kg), and T-2 (0.3–91 μg/kg, median 7 μg/kg). ZEA was detected in
98% of the samples (7–310 μg/kg, median 61 μg/kg). Most samples (94%) were positive for FB1 (2–2,200 μg/kg, median 27 μg/kg). Ergot alkaloids were detected in 61% of samples (28–1,200 μg/kg, median 97 μg/kg), OTA
was found in 42% of samples (0.2–4 μg/kg, median 0.35 μg/kg). The results demonstrate that a co-contamination with several
mycotoxins is very common in commercial horse feed from the German market. The toxin concentrations were in most cases well
below the levels which are usually considered as critical or even toxic. The highest mycotoxin concentrations were mostly
found in single-grain cereal feed: the maximum values for DON and FB1 were found in maize, the highest T-2/HT-2 toxin concentrations were found in oats, and the highest concentration of ergot
alkaloids was found in barley. In composed feeds, no correlation between cereal composition and mycotoxin levels could be
found. 相似文献
12.
Anh Tuan Tran Andreas Berk Marleen Paulick Jana Frahm Dian Schatzmayr 《Archives of animal nutrition》2018,72(1):58-75
A feeding experiment with piglets was performed to examine the efficacy of a wet preservation of Fusarium (FUS)-contaminated maize with sodium sulphite (SoS) based on deoxynivalenol (DON) and zearalenone (ZEN) residue levels in urine, bile and liquor and health traits of piglets. For this purpose, 80 castrated male piglets (7.57 ± 0.92 kg BW) were assigned to four treatment groups: CON? (control diet, with 0.09 mg DON and <0.01 mg ZEN/kg diet), CON+ (diet CON?, wet-preserved with 5 g SoS/kg maize; containing 0.05 mg DON and <0.01 mg ZEN/kg diet), FUS? (diet with mycotoxin-contaminated maize; containing 5.36 mg DON and 0.29 mg ZEN/kg diet), and FUS+ (diet FUS?, wet-preserved with 5 g SoS/kg maize; resulting in 0.83 mg DON and 0.27 mg ZEN/kg diet). After 42 d, 40 piglets (n = 10 per group) were sampled. A clear reduction of DON levels by approximately 75% was detected in all specimens of pigs fed diet FUS+. ZEN was detected in all urine, bile and liquor samples, while their metabolites were only detectable in urine and bile. Additionally, their concentrations were not influenced by SoS treatment. Among the health-related traits, feeding of FUS diets increased the total counts of leukocytes and segmented neutrophil granulocytes irrespective of SoS treatment. SoS treatment increased the total blood protein content slightly with a similar numerical trend in albumin concentration. These effects occurred at an obviously lower level in FUS-fed groups. Moreover, SoS treatment recovered the reduction of NO production induced by feeding diet FUS? indicating an effect on the redox level. As this effect only occurred in group FUS+, it is obviously related to the adverse effects of the Fusarium toxins. In conclusion, treatment of FUS-contaminated maize with SoS decreased the inner exposure with DON as indicated by the lower DON levels in various piglet specimens. However, health-related traits did not consistently reflect this decreased exposure. 相似文献
13.
Twenty-one rice samples from field (ten), store (six) and market (five) from the traditional rice-growing areas of Niger State,
Nigeria were analysed for aflatoxins (AFs), ochratoxin A (OTA), zearalenone (ZEA), deoxynivalenol (DON), fumonisin B1 (FB1) and B2 (FB2), and patulin (PAT) by thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) respectively. T-2
toxin was determined using TLC only. AFs were detected in all samples, at total AF concentrations of 28–372 μg/kg. OTA was
found in 66.7% of the samples, also at high concentrations (134–341 μg/kg) that have to be considered as critical levels in
aspects of nephrotoxicity. ZEA (53.4%), DON (23.8), FB1 (14.3%) and FB2 (4.8%) were also found in rice, although at relatively low levels. T-2 toxin was qualitatively detected by TLC in only one
sample. Co-contamination with AFs, OTA, and ZEA was very common, and up to five mycotoxins were detected in a single sample.
The high AF and OTA levels as found in rice in this study are regarded as unsafe, and multi-occurrences of mycotoxins in the
rice samples with possible additive or synergistic toxic effects in consumers raise concern with respect to public health. 相似文献
14.
In 2004–2005, samples of several selected Polish foods such as cereal products, nuts, dried fruits, coffee and culinary spices
collected from Warsaw market and taken from food producers were analyzed on presence of aflatoxin B1, B2, G1, G2 (AF), ochratoxin A (OTA), zearalenone (ZEA) and deoxynivalenol (DON). After extraction and clean-up of extracts on immunoaffinity
columns (IAC), mycotoxin analyses were carried out by HPLC using fluorescence and UV detectors. The concentrations of aflatoxins
and ochratoxin A depending on the kind of sample ranged from 0.02 to 7.8 (one sample, of peanuts) and 0.02–11.9 μg/kg (one
coffee sample), respectively. The levels of ZEA and DON were found to be below 50 °g/kg. 相似文献
15.
Marleen Paulick Janine Winkler Dian Schatzmayr Jana Frahm Jeannette Kluess 《Archives of animal nutrition》2018,72(1):42-57
The objective of the present study was to demonstrate the efficiency of the decontamination process applied to deoxynivalenol (DON)-contaminated maize by sodium sulphite (Na2SO3) treatment in vivo. Additionally, in vitro characterisation of the toxicity of the DON sulphonates (DONS 1, 2 and 3 denote structurally different forms), the resulting DON metabolites, on peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) should substantiate the inactivation of DON. In a piglet experiment, both DON-contaminated maize and -uncontaminated control maize either untreated (DON?, CON?) or Na2SO3-treated (DON+, CON+) were mixed into feed and fed for 42 d starting from weaning. The results showed that feed intake and daily weight gain of animals fed DON? were significantly lower compared to animals fed CON? and CON+, whereas group DON+ reached the control level or even exceeded it. The feed-to-gain ratio was unaffected (p = 0.45). Furthermore, DON concentrations in plasma markedly reflected the diets’ DON concentrations. These were < 0.1, < 0.1, 5.4 and 0.8 mg/kg feed for CON?, CON+, DON? and DON+, and amounted to 0.3, 0.4, 33.0 and 9.3 ng/ml in plasma, respectively. Whereas DONS 2 and 3 were detected in the DON+ diet, only DONS 2 was recovered in plasma. Regarding the toxicity of DONS, no or much lower toxicity was found compared to DON. DONS 1 and Na2SO3 did not affect the viability of PBMC. At 32.71μM DONS2 the viability was reduced by 50% and thus this compound was less toxic than DON by a factor of 73. Consequently, wet preservation of maize with Na2SO3 was an effective tool to avoid the adverse effects of DON on performance of piglets. 相似文献
16.
Josef Böhm Lisa Koinig Ebrahim Razzazi-Fazeli Anja Blajet-Kosicka Magda Twaruzek Jan Grajewski Christiane Lang 《Mycotoxin Research》2010,26(3):147-153
The aim of the present study was to investigate the occurrence of mycotoxins in commercial dog food, as a basis to estimate
the risk of adverse effects. Seventy-six dry dog food samples from 27 producers were purchased from retail shops, supermarkets,
and specialized pet food shops in Vienna, Austria. The frequency and levels of deoxynivalenol (DON), zearalenone (ZEA), fumonisins
(FUM), ochratoxin A (OTA). and aflatoxins (AF) in dry dog food were determined. Mycotoxin analysis were performed by commercial
enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) test kits. Confirmatory analyses were done for DON, ZEA, and FUM by high performance
liquid chromatography (HPLC) after extract clean-up with immunoaffinity columns. The correlations between ELISA and HPLC results
for DON and ZEA were acceptable and indicated that ELISA could be a simple, low cost, and sensitive screening tool for mycotoxins
detection, contributing to quality and safety of pet food. DON was the mycotoxin most frequently found (83% positives; median
308 μg/kg, maximum 1,390 μg/kg). ZEA (47% positives, median 51 μg/kg and maximum 298 μg/kg) and FUM (42% positives, median
122 μg/kg and maximum 568 μg/kg) were also frequently detected in dog food. OTA was less frequently found (5%, median 3.6 μg/kg,
maximum 4.7 μg/kg. AF were not detected (<0.5 μg/kg) in any sample. The results show that dry dog food marketed in Vienna
are frequently contaminated with mycotoxins (DON > ZEA > FUM > OTA) in low concentrations, but do not contain AF. The high
frequency of Fusarium toxins DON, ZEA, and FUM indicates the need for intensive control measures to prevent mycotoxins in dog foods. The mycotoxin
levels found in dry dog food are considered as safe in aspects of acute mycotoxicoses. However, repeated and long-time exposure
of dogs to low levels of mycotoxins may pose a health risk. 相似文献
17.
Vladimir Ostry Jaroslava Ovesna Jarmila Skarkova Vladimira Pouchova Jiri Ruprich 《Mycotoxin Research》2010,26(3):141-145
The European corn borer reportedly promotes the infection of maize by Fusarium spp. Stalk and ear rots caused by Fusarium spp. are often related to mycotoxin accumulation in maize kernels. As a result, food and animal feed from maize are more
severely contaminated with Fusarium mycotoxins: e.g. fumonisins (FUM), deoxynivalenol (DON) and zearalenone (ZEA). Bt maize is primarily an important potential
tool for insect pest protection, both in the European Union and in other countries. Bt maize carrying the Bt genes is highly
resistant to European corn borer larval feeding due to Bt toxin (δ toxin) production. Effective measures to combat pests therefore
often have a positive side-effect in that they also reduce mycotoxin levels. Comparative analysis was used to the evaluation
of the studies dealing with the reduction of Fusarium mycotoxins in Bt maize. Nineteen out of 23 studies on Bt maize came to the conclusion that Bt maize is less contaminated
with mycotoxins (FUM, DON, ZEA) than the conventional control variety in each case. 相似文献
18.
Inês F. M. Almeida M. Manuela Guerra Hermínia Marina L. Martins José Manuel G. Costa Fernando M. A. Bernardo 《Mycotoxin Research》2013,29(3):131-133
This paper presents 3 years of data (2009–2011) on the occurrence of two mycotoxins, aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and zearalenone (ZEA), in samples of feedstuff for dairy cows (n?=?963), ewes (n?=?42), and goats (n?=?131) produced in Portugal. AFB1 was found in 15 samples of cow feed (1.6 %), 3 samples of ewe feed (2.3 %) and in 2 samples of goat feed (4.8 %). All but two samples contained AFB1 at levels below the European Union maximum level (5 μg/kg). Nearly half (45 %) of the samples were contaminated with ZEA, but its levels were relatively low, at 5–136.9 μg/kg, well below the European Union guidance value (500 μg/kg). 相似文献
19.
《Archives of animal nutrition》2013,67(2):173-182
A total of 53, 54, 57, 52 and 60 wheat samples for feed use were collected randomly after the 1989, 1990, 1991, 1992 and 1993 crops, respectively, from farms in an area of southwest Germany. Deoxynivalenol (DON), 3‐ and 15‐acetyldeoxynivalenol (3‐, 15‐ADON), nivalenol (NIV), HT‐2 toxin (HT‐2), T‐2 toxin (T‐2), diacetoxyscirpenol (DAS), and fusarenon‐X (FUS‐X) were determined by gas chromatography, combined with mass selective detection (GC‐MS), zearalenone (ZEA), α‐ and β‐zearalenol (α‐ß‐ZOL) were determined by HPLC. DON was the major toxin, with incidences at 77 to 93% and mean contents at 167 to 735 μg/kg. In contrast, incidences of ZEA, 3‐ADON, NIV, HT‐2, and T‐2 were at 13 to 37%, 10 to 44%, 15 to 67%, 0 to 11%, and 0 to 12%, respectively, with mean contents in positive samples between 2 and 73 μg/kg, except for 948 μg/kg 3‐ADON in samples from 1993. 15‐ADON and FUS‐X were assayed in samples from 1991, 1992 and 1993. 15‐ADON was found in 0 to 11% of samples at mean levels ≤ 17 μ/kg, DAS, α‐ and β‐ZOL, and FUS‐X were not detected in any sample. Over the years, incidences and levels of toxins remained constant, decreased or increased, with most differences between years being slight and insignificant. The risk for livestock due to DON, HT‐2 and ZEA was estimated based on maximum tolerated levels recommended for these toxins in some countries. 相似文献
20.
Jörg Barthel Christoph Gottschalk Martin Rapp Matthias Berger Johann Bauer Karsten Meyer 《Mycotoxin Research》2012,28(2):97-106
Fifty-nine samples of barley and barley products were analysed for 18 trichothecene mycotoxins by a sensitive liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method (detection limits 0.062-0.70 μg/kg) after sample extract clean-up on MycoSep®-226 columns. The samples were collected in 2009 from barley processing facilities (mills and malt houses) and at wholesale and retail stage from the Bavarian market. The predominant toxins were T-2 toxin (T-2), HT-2 toxin (HT-2) and deoxynivalenol (DON). For all samples, the mean levels of T-2 and HT-2 were 3.0 μg/kg and 6.8 μg/kg with rates of contamination of 63% and 71%, respectively. The maximum values were 40 μg/kg for T-2 and 47 μg/kg for HT-2. The rate of contamination with DON was high (95%) with a low mean level of 23 μg/kg. The DON levels ranged between 3.4 to 420 μg/kg. For T-2 tetraol, a mean level of 9.2 μg/kg and a maximum level of 51 μg/kg with a rate of contamination of 71% were determined. NIV was detected in 69% of the samples with a mean level of 11 μg/kg and a maximum level of 72 μg/kg. Other type A and B trichothecenes were detected only in traces. Type D trichothecenes, fusarenon-X, verrucarol and 4,15-diacetylverrucarol were not detected in any sample. Winter barley and malting barley were the most contaminated groups of all samples in this study. In malting barley, the highest levels of contamination with type A trichothecenes were found. In contrast, winter barley showed the highest contamination with type B trichothecenes. The lowest mycotoxin concentrations were found in de-hulled and naked barley and in pearl barley. 相似文献