甘肃天水麦积山风景名胜区土壤纤毛虫的物种多样性

用活体观察和固定染色方法对麦积山风景名胜区土壤纤毛虫物种多样性进行了研究。共鉴定到隶属于3纲12目41科55属的土壤纤毛虫115种,其中包括11个未定名种和26个中国土壤纤毛虫新纪录种。街子温泉景区、曲溪景区、麦积山石窟区、石门山和仙人崖景区各分布有47、46、44、33和26种,大弹跳虫、似织毛虫、膨大肾形虫、僧帽肾形虫、迅捷肾形虫、吻四膜虫、长刀口虫和苔藓刀口虫为广布物种。前口目和下毛目为风景名胜区土壤纤毛虫群落中的优势类群,肾形目和盾纤目为次优势类群,侧口目、吸管目和寡毛目为罕见类群。风景名胜区土壤纤毛虫物种多样性与我国已有研究报道的其他地区的均极不相似。研究结果表明,风景名胜区土壤纤毛虫物种十分丰富,特有和稀有物种繁多,群落结构复杂而特殊;土壤和水生纤毛虫群落物种组成极不相似,土壤和水生纤毛虫群落是不同的2个独立群落。     

甘肃麦积山风景名胜区土壤肉鞭虫群落特征

用"非淹没培养皿法"和活体观察法对甘肃麦积山风景名胜区土壤肉鞭虫群落特征进行了研究。共鉴定到肉鞭虫90种,其中包括5个未定名种和29个国内新纪录种,隶属于2亚门5纲14目27科46属。结果表明,风景名胜区土壤肉鞭虫群落物种丰富,特有和稀有物种繁多,群落结构复杂,物种组成具有独特性;物种分布呈现高度的空间异质性;土壤和水生肉鞭虫群落物种组成极不相似,土壤和水生肉鞭虫群落是不同的2个独立群落。     

Tourism, Ethnicity and the State in Asian and Pacific Societies

Tourism, Ethnicity and the State in Asian and Pacific Societies. Michel Picard and Robert E. Wood .eds.Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1997.260 pp.     

Integrating Sustainable Hunting in Biodiversity Protection in Central Africa: Hot Spots,Weak Spots,and Strong Spots

Wild animals are a primary source of protein (bushmeat) for people living in or near tropical forests. Ideally, the effect of bushmeat harvests should be monitored closely by making regular estimates of offtake rate and size of stock available for exploitation. However, in practice, this is possible in very few situations because it requires both of these aspects to be readily measurable, and even in the best case, entails very considerable time and effort. As alternative, in this study, we use high-resolution, environmental favorability models for terrestrial mammals (N = 165) in Central Africa to map areas of high species richness (hot spots) and hunting susceptibility. Favorability models distinguish localities with environmental conditions that favor the species'' existence from those with detrimental characteristics for its presence. We develop an index for assessing Potential Hunting Sustainability (PHS) of each species based on their ecological characteristics (population density, habitat breadth, rarity and vulnerability), weighted according to restrictive and permissive assumptions of how species'' characteristics are combined. Species are classified into five main hunting sustainability classes using fuzzy logic. Using the accumulated favorability values of all species, and their PHS values, we finally identify weak spots, defined as high diversity regions of especial hunting vulnerability for wildlife, as well as strong spots, defined as high diversity areas of high hunting sustainability potential. Our study uses relatively simple models that employ easily obtainable data of a species'' ecological characteristics to assess the impacts of hunting in tropical regions. It provides information for management by charting the geography of where species are more or less likely to be at risk of extinction from hunting.     

Hot Spots, Cold Spots, and the Geographic Mosaic Theory of Coevolution

Species interactions commonly coevolve as complex geographic mosaics of populations shaped by differences in local selection and gene flow. We use a haploid matching-alleles model for coevolution to evaluate how a pair of species coevolves when fitness interactions are reciprocal in some locations ("hot spots") but not in others ("cold spots"). Our analyses consider mutualistic and antagonistic interspecific interactions and a variety of gene flow patterns between hot and cold spots. We found that hot and cold spots together with gene flow influence coevolutionary dynamics in four important ways. First, hot spots need not be ubiquitous to have a global influence on evolution, although rare hot spots will not have a disproportionate impact unless selection is relatively strong there. Second, asymmetries in gene flow can influence local adaptation, sometimes creating stable equilibria at which species experience minimal fitness in hot spots and maximal fitness in cold spots, or vice versa. Third, asymmetries in gene flow are no more important than asymmetries in population regulation for determining the maintenance of local polymorphisms through coevolution. Fourth, intraspecific allele frequency differences among hot and cold spot populations evolve under some, but not all, conditions. That is, selection mosaics are indeed capable of producing spatially variable coevolutionary outcomes across the landscapes over which species interact. Altogether, our analyses indicate that coevolutionary trajectories can be strongly shaped by the geographic distribution of coevolutionary hot and cold spots, and by the pattern of gene flow among populations.     

广州白云山风景名胜区的植被特点及其林分改造

论述了广州白云山风景名胜区的自然环境和植被演变历史,分析了植被特点和植被演替趋势,提出了林分改造建议。     

The Festive State: Race, Ethnicity and Nationalism as Cultural Performance

The Festive State: Race, Ethnicity and Nationalism as Cultural Performance. David M. Guss. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2000. 252 pp.     

Structures, Realities, and Blind Spots

In discussing the exchange between Caws and Hanson (AA, Vol. 78, 1976) the nature of the theory and reality that anthropologists must consider in dealing with social and cultural phenomena is examined. There is no objective structure in the phenomena we study, our constructs always being colored by changing conditions. The assumption of an unchanging human nature has long been an obstacle to progress in the anthropological enterprise . [semantics, language, models, structure, anthropological theory]     

Heartache of the State,Enemy of the Self: Bipolar Disorder and Cultural Change in Urban China

Past works in anthropology and psychology have described the Chinese orientation toward life as situation-centered with an external locus of control. This model has also been applied to the understanding of affect disorders in China—depressive patients have been found to focus on outside circumstances surrounding dysphoric moods. However, dramatic economic, sociopolitical and cultural changes in post-Mao China may be affecting these cognitive orientations toward emotional distress. This paper focuses on the subjective experiences of individuals diagnosed with bipolar disorder in China. The study is based on semistructured interviews with patients at a Western-style mental health institution in Shenzhen, the first successful Special Economic Zone in China. My data suggest that the location of agency has shifted across generations. Whereas those who grew up in the Maoist era are inclined to use external circumstances to explain the control over and responsibility for their illness, younger patients tend to emphasize self-blame and individual responsibility. I argue that these intergenerational differences in ethnopsychology relate to the multifaceted rise of individualism in post-Mao China. The paper ends with an examination of this observed shift vis-à-vis recent theories of neoliberal discipline in China and a discussion of potential psychological implications.

Kuleana: The Right, Responsibility, and Authority of Indigenous Peoples to Speak and Make Decisions for Themselves in Language and Cultural Revitalization

The recent movement to revitalize the Hawaiian language and culture through the Kula Kaiapuni, or the Hawaiian Language Immersion Program, has grown over the past 11 years to include almost 1,600 students during the 1998–99 school year. During this period, the field of Hawaiian language has become highly politicized by nonindigenous Hawaiian language educators attempting to colonize the field and control resources purported to redress wrongs to the native people including loss of language and culture.     

Cultural Politics in Colonial Tehuantepec: Community and State among the Isthmus Zapotec, 1500–1750

Cultural Politics in Colonial Tehuantepec: Community and State among the Isthmus Zapotec, 1500–1750. Judith Francis Zeitlin. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2005. 323 pp.     

Aztec State Making: Ecology, Structure, and the Origin of the State

It has become increasingly difficult to account for state formation solely in terms of ecological variables. It is suggested that consideration of prestate political structure and the interplay of ecological variables and political dynamics (political ecology) would enhance our understanding of why and how states emerge. The Aztecs provide a case for examination. [Aztecs, ecology, political competition, state origins]     

Spirit (shen), Styles of Knowing,and Authority in Contemporary Chinese Medicine

Studies on the terminology of expert knowledge tend toneglect the relevance of sociological data, in spiteof general acceptance that knowledge and socialpractice are interdependent. This paper exploresexpert knowledge and practice by examining `styles ofknowing' and how they differ according to the ways inwhich experts establish their authority.For assessing medical authority in microsocialsettings, the author takes recourse to Weber's threeideal types. The study shows that for a charismatichealer who seeks to reach mutual consensus with hisclientele vagueness in terminology can beuseful. When, however, medical authority depends onrecognition by superiors and peers in modernbureaucratic institutions, vague terms tend to beavoided. So, the same term that a charismatic healermay refer to in a vague sense becomes more explicitlydefined in the bureaucratic setting. Its sense ismore clearly delimited and denotationalqualities are emphasized. In institutions wheretraditional authority prevails, like those of theliterate elite in highly stratified traditionalsocieties, the technical terminology is not onlyvague, but notoriously polysemous.The article draws on ethnographic data of Chinesemedicine and qigong therapy as practised in thelate eighties in Kunming city, the capital of Yunnanprovince in the People's Republic of China, but it ismeant to contribute in a more general way to anexploration of the ways in which claims to medicalauthority interrelate with word meaning, language use,and `styles of knowing'. The term investigated,shen, refers to the spiritual, a domain of humanexperience that is widely acknowledged by traditionalmedical practitioners, but difficult to evaluate bysociological analysis.     

Changing Inner Mongolia: Pastoral Mongolian Society and the Chinese State

Changing Inner Mongolia: Pastoral Mongolian Society and the Chinese State. David Sneath. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000. 320 pp.