志贺毒素B（ShT-B）亚单位在两种表达载体中表达形式分析

用KpnⅠ和HindⅢ双酶切pGEMTB3克隆质粒,得到大小约为225bp的ShTB基因片段,分别将其插入到经双酶切的pQE40和pQE30表达载体中,构建了2个ShTB的重组表达质粒pQE40B3和pQE30B2,分别转化到E.coliM15,经IPTG诱导后,重组质粒目的蛋白均得到表达。其中,pQE40B3表达蛋白约占菌体总蛋白的37%,主要为包涵体形式。pQE30B2表达蛋白约占菌体总蛋白的16%,主要为可溶性形式,约9.2%。为重组抗原的制备提供了必要的物质基础。     

利用原核表达系统制备家蚕非典型嗅觉受体Orco抗原蛋白

【目的】探索建立一种有效制备昆虫非典型嗅觉受体Orco抗原的方法,为Orco蛋白组织定位及功能研究奠定基础。【方法】设计带有BamH I和Hind III酶切位点的引物,采用RT-PCR方法扩增家蚕Bombyx mori Orco第 4-5跨膜区之间的基因片段,将其与原核表达载体pET-28a(+)双酶切处理后进行连接,然后转化大肠杆菌Escherichia coli感受态细胞DH5α,重组质粒再转化大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)菌株,用IPTG诱导表达,用SDS-PAGE检测诱导蛋白,用 HisTrap HP亲和层析对诱导表达的大量蛋白进行纯化。【结果】 在大肠杆菌原核表达系统中,用IPTG诱导获得了与预测蛋白大小相符的目的蛋白,经SDS-PAGE检测发现目的蛋白以包涵体形式表达,在变性条件下经HisTrap HP亲和层析获得大量可用于抗体制备的纯化蛋白。【结论】利用原核表达系统可获得制备家蚕Orco抗体的抗原蛋白。     

抗虫双价基因表达载体的构建及微束激光转化植物研究

将苏云金芽孢杆菌伴孢晶体(Bacillus thuringiensis,Bt)蛋白的基因与反枝苋菜凝集素(Amaranthus retrojflexus agglutinin,ARA)基因构建成双价基因的表达载体,编码一种既能抗鳞翅目害虫,又能抗同翅目蚜虫的杀虫蛋白.把双价基因(Bt-BA)连接到原核表达载体pET28a和植物表达载体pBI121上,经过限制性酶切分析和PCR鉴定,结果表明:含有双价基因的原核和真核重组表达质粒均已构建成功.将该双价基因转入油菜,获得抗性小植株.     

共表达口蹄疫病毒衣壳前体蛋白P1-2A基因和蛋白酶3C基因牛肾细胞株的筛选及稳定性

[目的]筛选稳定表达口蹄疫病毒衣壳蛋白的牛肾细胞(Madin-Darby bovinekidney,MDBK)株.[方法]采用聚合酶链式反应(Polymerase chain reaction,PCR)方法从重组质粒pMD-P1-2A和pMD-3C中分别扩增口蹄疫病毒衣壳前体蛋白P1-2A基因和蛋白酶3C基因,将两基因依次插入逆转录病毒载体pBABE-puro.重组逆转录病毒载体pBABE-puro/P1-2A-3C和pVSV-G质粒载体用脂质体介导共转染GP2-293包装细胞.产生的重组逆转录病毒感染MDBK细胞后使用嘌呤霉素筛选抗性细胞.利用克隆环套取法得到单克隆细胞.经间接免疫荧光和酶联免疫吸附测定(Enzyme-linkedimmunosorbent assay,ELISA)方法检测MDBK细胞中衣壳蛋白的表达,并在电镜下观察口蹄疫病毒空衣壳.[结果]成功筛选到稳定表达口蹄疫病毒衣壳蛋白的MDBK细胞株,衣壳前体蛋白P1-2A在蛋白酶3C裂解作用下正确组装成空衣壳.[结论]该研究为口蹄疫亚单位疫苗的研制提供了实验材料.     

抗虫杀菌融合基因表达载体的构建及微束激光转化植物研究

将苏云金芽孢杆菌伴孢晶体蛋白的基因(Bacillus thuringiesis,简称Bt)通过甘氨酸接头(Gly4Ser)3与一种人工合成的抗菌肽(antimicrobial peptides,AMP)基因与相融合,编码一种新的杀虫,并具有抗菌的蛋白。把融合基因(NAMP-Bt)连接到原核表达载体pET-28a和植物表达载体pBI-121上,经过限制性酶切分析和PCR鉴定,结果表明含有融合基因的原核和真核重组表达质粒均已构建成功,并将该融合基因转入烟草,已获得抗性小植株。     

中国林蛙核糖核酸酶Rdrlec新基因的原核可溶表达

来源于蛙属的核糖核酸酶由于具有显著的抗肿瘤活性而备受关注,Rdrlec是从中国林蛙基因组中克隆得到的核糖核酸酶新基因。获得大量高纯度野生型重组蛋白是研究其功能的基础。按照大肠杆菌偏好的密码子人工合成Rdrlec基因,通过EcoR I和Hind III位点插入到表达载体pET-32a(+)中构建pET32-Rdrlec重组表达质粒,转化到Escherichia coli BL21(DE3)中,0.4 mmol/L IPTG 30℃诱导6 h后,融合蛋白主要以可溶形式表达,经过Ni-NTA亲和纯化和Sephadex G75层析纯化,得到电泳纯融合蛋白。肠激酶切割后得到Rdrlec野生型重组蛋白,具有降解RNA的酶活性,证明分子的空间结构已经正确形成。Rdrlec野生型重组蛋白表达成功,为后续蛋白结构与功能的研究以及进一步的开发应用提供了原料。     

CRISPR‐based curing and analysis of metabolic burden of cryptic plasmids in Escherichia coli Nissle 1917

E. coli Nissle 1917 (EcN) has long been used as an over‐the‐counter probiotic and has shown potential to be used as a live biotherapeutic. It contains two stably replicating cryptic plasmids, pMUT1, and pMUT2, the function of which is unclear but the presence of which may increase the metabolic burden on the cell, particularly in the context of added recombinant plasmids. In this work, we present a clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats‐Cas9‐based method of curing cryptic plasmids, producing strains cured of one or both plasmids. We then assayed heterologous protein production from three different recombinant plasmids in wild‐type and cured EcN derivatives and found that production of reporter proteins was not significantly different across strains. In addition, we replaced pMUT2 with an engineered version containing an inserted antibiotic resistance reporter gene and demonstrated that the engineered plasmid was stable over 90 generations without selection. These findings have broad implications for the curing of cryptic plasmids and for stable heterologous expression of proteins in this host. Specifically, curing of cryptic plasmids may not be necessary for optimal heterologous expression in this host.     

Interleukin-2-collagen chimeric protein which liberates interleukin-2 upon collagenolysis

Interleukin-2 (IL-2) is a potent activator of cellular immunity and has been utilized as an immunotherapeutic agent. We stably immobilized human IL-2 to collagen by covalently binding it to the N-terminus of human type III collagen (3A1) as IL2-3A1 chimeric protein using recombinant technology. The present study was aimed at liberating IL-2 from the immobilized chimeric protein by treating the chimera with bacterial collagenase. These IL2-3A1 chimeras were synthesized in insect cells which had been infected with baculovirus vectors carrying IL2-3A1 cDNA. The IL2-3A1 protein produced was shown to be in a pepsin-resistant triple helical structure and exhibited IL-2 activity to a similar extent as IL-2 itself. IL2-3A1 could be immobilized on the surface of plastic dishes by incubating it in the dishes. The IL-2 region of the immobilized IL2-3A1 was liberated to culture media by collagenase treatment and this freed IL-2 stimulated the growth of lined T cells. Thus, IL2-3A1 chimeric protein could be utilized as an IL-2 deliverer whose T cell mitogenic activity can be liberated by a collagenolytic environment.     

MAC-T Cells as a Tool to Evaluate Lentiviral Vector Construction Targeting Recombinant Protein Expression in Milk

Prior to generating transgenic animals for bioreactors, it is important to evaluate the vector constructed to avoid poor protein expression. Mammary epithelial cells cultured in vitro have been proposed as a model to reproduce the biology of the mammary gland. In the present work, three lentiviral vectors were constructed for the human growth hormone (GH), interleukin 2 (IL2), and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor 3 (CSF3) genes driven by the bovine β-casein promoter. The lentiviruses were used to transduce mammary epithelial cells (MAC-T), and the transformed cells were cultured on polystyrene in culture medium with and without prolactin. The gene expression of transgenes was evaluated by PCR using cDNA, and recombinant protein expression was evaluated by Western-blotting using concentrated medium and cellular extracts. The gene expression, of the three introduced genes, was detected in both induced and non induced MAC-T cells. The human GH protein was detected in the concentrated medium, whereas CSF3 was detected in the cellular extract. Apparently, the cellular extract is more appropriate than the concentrated medium to detect recombinant protein, principally because concentrated medium has a high concentration of bovine serum albumin. The results suggest that MAC-T cells may be a good system to evaluate vector construction targeting recombinant protein expression in milk.     

Arsenical resistance of growth and phosphate control of antibiotic biosynthesis in Streptomyces

Twenty-six wild-type Streptomyces strains tested for resistance to arsenate, arsenite and antimony(III) could be divided into four groups: those resistant only to arsenite (3) or to arsenate (2) and those resistant (8) or sensitive (13) to both heavy metals. All strains were sensitive to antimony. The structural genes for the ars operon of Escherichia coli were subcloned into various Streptomyces plasmid vectors. The expression of the whole ars operon in streptomycetes may be strain-specific and occurred only from low-copy-number plasmids. The arsC gene product could be expressed from high-copy plasmids and conferred arsenate resistance to both E. coli and Streptomyces species. The ars operon expressed in S. lividans and the arsC gene expressed in S. noursei did not render the synthesis of undecylprodigiosin and nourseothricin, respectively, phosphate-resistant. In addition in wild-type strains of Streptomyces phosphate sensitivity of antibiotic biosynthesis did not show strong correlation with resistance of growth to arsenicals.     

圆红冬孢酵母新颖脂肪酸合酶的重组表达、纯化与活性检测

脂肪酸合酶(Fatty acid synthase,FAS)催化乙酰辅酶A和丙二酸单酰辅酶A反应生成脂肪酸,是油脂合成代谢途径中最重要的酶之一。在高产油脂的圆红冬孢酵母Rhodosporidium toruloides中发现了一种新颖的FAS,它含两个亚基,与其他物种的FAS相比,具有独特的结构域组成,尤其是含两个酰基载体蛋白(ACP)结构域。由于ACP在脂肪酸合成反应中起辅因子作用,推测多个ACP有利于提高FAS的催化活性,为研究该FAS的生物化学和结构特征,构建了表达FAS两个亚基的载体,并转化大肠杆菌Escherichia coli BL21(DE3),含pET22b-FAS1和pET24-FAS2质粒的重组菌株ZWE06可同时高表达两个亚基,经硫酸铵沉淀、蔗糖密度梯度离心和阴离子交换层析纯化,得到的重组FAS比活力达到548 mU/mg。纯化的FAS复合物可用于后续酶动力学和蛋白结构研究,且表达与纯化方法的建立对研究其他ACP的功能具有参考价值。     

白细胞介素2-绿脓杆菌外毒素融合基因的克隆及高效表达

利用聚合酶链式反应和寡核苷酸介导的定向诱变技术构建了白细胞介素2-绿脓杆菌外毒素IL2-PE40、IL2-PE40KDEL、IL2-PE66~(4Glu)和IL2-PE66~(4Glu)KDEL融合基因的原核表达重组质粒,并实现了高效表达,表达产物占菌体总可溶蛋白的20％～30％。此外,由于这一表达质粒在IL-2cDNA与PE基因连接处引入了唯一的SmaⅠ位点,其5＇、3＇端分别含有唯一的EcoRⅠ、PstⅠ位点,因此可方便地用其它基因替换IL-2或PE基因而获得相应融合蛋白的表达质粒。     

IL‐35 recombinant protein reverses inflammatory bowel disease and psoriasis through regulation of inflammatory cytokines and immune cells

Interleukin‐35 (IL‐35), a member of the IL‐12 family, functions as a new anti‐inflammatory factor involved in arthritis, psoriasis, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and other immune diseases. Although IL‐35 can significantly prevent the development of inflammation in many diseases, there have been no early studies accounting for the role of IL‐35 recombinant protein in IBD and psoriasis. In this study, we assessed the therapeutic potential of IL‐35 recombinant protein in three well‐known mouse models: the dextransulfate sodium (DSS)‐induced colitis mouse model, the keratin14 (K14)‐vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF‐A)‐transgenic (Tg) psoriasis mouse model and the imiquimod (IMQ)‐induced psoriasis mouse model. Our results indicated that IL‐35 recombinant protein can slow down the pathologic process in DSS‐induced acute colitis mouse model by decreasing the infiltrations of macrophages, CD4⁺T and CD8⁺T cells and by promoting the infiltration of Treg cells. Further analysis demonstrated that IL‐35 recombinant protein may regulate inflammation through promoting the secretion of IL‐10 and inhibiting the expression of pro‐inflammatory cytokines such as IL‐6, TNF‐α and IL‐17 in acute colitis model. In addition, lower dose of IL‐35 recombinant protein could achieve long‐term treatment effects as TNF‐α monoclonal antibody did in the psoriasis mouse. In summary, the remarkable therapeutic effects of IL‐35 recombinant protein in acute colitis and psoriasis mouse models indicated that IL‐35 recombinant protein had a variety of anti‐inflammatory effects and was expected to become an effective candidate drug for the treatment of inflammatory diseases.     

幽门螺杆菌cagA克隆表达

克隆表达4株幽门螺杆菌的cagA基因,以方便地获得大鼠CagA蛋白和重组表达质粒,为临床诊断CagA阳性幽门螺杆菌感染,以及进一步研究不同类型CagA功能及其与疾病关系提供材料。PCR扩增幽门螺杆菌的cagA基因,克隆至PinPoint^TMXa-1T载体,酶切鉴定连接方向,IPTG诱导正向连接克隆表达CagA融合蛋白并进行SDS－PAGE和Western blots鉴定。结果显示PCR扩增得到3.5-3.8kb的CagA基因,PCR及酶切鉴定得到正向连接的重组克隆,SDS－PAGE及Western blots证实正向连接的重组克隆表达CagA融合蛋白。构建了4种cagA的重组表达质粒,通过转化同一宿主菌可研究不同CagA的功能和致病性差异;通过亲和层析纯化融合蛋白可获大量CagA蛋白,用于血清学诊断CagA阳性幽门螺杆菌感染,及不同抗原性CagA与疾病之间的关系。     

Proteomic approaches to Salmonella Pathogenicity Island 2 encoded proteins and the SsrAB regulon

Type III protein secretion is a common virulence determinant in Gram-negative bacteria and the genetic information is often clustered in pathogenicity islands or on virulence plasmids. We have analyzed the type III secretion system encoded by Salmonella Pathogenicity Island 2 (SPI2) that is indispensable for systemic disease of Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) in mice. Since the low abundance of this secretion system restricted direct analysis by proteomic approaches, several putative proteins were expressed as recombinant products and analyzed by two-dimensional electrophoresis. The map obtained for SPI2 encoded proteins was correlated to the expression pattern of S. Typhimurium. The latter was compared to the proteins induced by SsrAB, the two-component system regulating SPI2 gene expression. Our results exemplify that recombinant expression is a complementary tool for analysis of low abundant proteins or membrane proteins. This approach contributes to the characterization of these proteins by subcellular fractionation. Furthermore, we show that pulse labeling was necessary to analyze growth phase regulated SPI2 proteins that might not be otherwise detectable.     

Monoclonal antibody OKT11A inhibits and recombinant interleukin 2 (IL 2) augments expression of IL 2 receptors at a pretranslational level

The expression of receptors for interleukin 2 (IL 2) represents a critical event regulating the growth of normal T lymphocytes. We investigated the effects of the inhibitory monoclonal antibody OKT11A (anti-sheep erythrocyte receptor) and of purified recombinant IL 2 (rIL 2) on the expression of IL 2 receptors by activated T cells at both the protein and the mRNA levels. Adding OKT11A antibody (0.5 microgram/ml) to phytohemagglutinin (PHA)-stimulated cultures of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) markedly suppressed cellular proliferation (assessed by [3H]thymidine incorporation) and IL 2 receptor expression (determined by immunofluorescence assay by using the anti-IL 2-receptor antibody, anti-Tac). Northern blot analysis performed with the use of a cDNA probe specific for the human IL 2 receptor gene demonstrated that OKT11A antibody also decreased the accumulation of IL 2 receptor mRNA induced by PHA in PBMC. Purified rIL 2 (10 U/ml) alone had little effect on the expression of IL 2 receptors in unstimulated PBMC cultures. In combination with PHA or with PHA plus OKT11A, however, rIL 2 augmented both the expression of IL 2 receptor protein on PBMC and the accumulation of IL 2 receptor mRNA in PBMC. Adding anti-Tac antibody to PBMC cultures to block the interaction of IL 2 with its receptor diminished the accumulation of IL 2 receptor mRNA induced by PHA. Taken together, these data demonstrate that OKT11A antibody inhibits and IL 2 augments expression of IL 2 receptors on PHA-stimulated T cells, at least in part, at a pretranslational level.     

Plasmid profile of strains of various Legionella species

The plasmid profile of Legionella strains of different origin has been studied. 15 out of 32 Legionella cultures belonging to different strains have been found to contain plasmid DNA in an amount of 1 or 2 plasmids, with the exception of L. feelei having 6 plasmids. Only 1 out of 3 Legionella strains isolated in the USSR has been found to possess a plasmid with a molecular weight of about 80 MD. Plasmids with this molecular weight have been found in 13 Legionella strains under study, such plasmids in L. pneumophila strains of serogroup 1 (strains Flint 1 and Albuquerque 1) and serogroup 9 (strain No. 35282) having an exact molecular weight of 82.4 +/- 2.4 MD and being similar in molecular structure, which has been established as the result of their treatment with restrictases Pst 1 and Hind III.     

CTX-M-3型超广谱β-内酰胺酶的表达、纯化及多克隆抗体的制备

目的 将肺炎克雷伯菌所产CTX-M-3型超广谱β-内酰胺酶(extended-spectrum β-lactamase,ESBLs)进行表达、纯化及其多克隆抗体的制备.方法 将保存的重组质粒pET-28a(+)/CTX-M-3在大肠埃希菌BL21( DE3)中原核表达.IPTG诱导CTX-M-3融合蛋白表达,利用镍琼脂糖凝胶亲和柱层析纯化蛋白,用纯化的CTX-M-3型ESBLs酶蛋白免疫小鼠制备多克隆抗体.结果 可溶性检测表明表达产物以可溶性形式(上清中)和包涵体形式(沉淀中)两种形式存在.通过蛋白表达条件的优化实验,SDS-PAGE电泳结果显示18℃,0.8 mmol/L IPTG诱导24 h的CTX-M-3重组蛋白的可溶性表达最佳.SDS-PAGE电泳和Western-blot检测表明获得纯化的重组32 kD蛋白.免疫获得的CTX-M-3型ESBLs酶蛋白抗血清的效价为1∶32.结论 pET-28a(+)/CTX-M-3表达载体在大肠埃希菌BL21( DE3)中表达,用His亲和层析柱纯化可获得高纯度可溶性的重组蛋白,成功制备了效价较高的抗CTX-M-3型ESBLs酶蛋白多克隆抗体.     

乳酸乳球菌食品级诱导表达系统的构建及异源蛋白的表达

以α-aga基因为食品级选择标记构建了乳酸乳球菌食品级高效诱导细胞内和细胞壁锚定表达系统,并用这一表达系统表达了铜绿假单胞菌融合外膜蛋白基因OprF/H。首先以pRAF800和pNZ8048构建了含有α-aga、PnisA-MCS-TpepN和θ复制子的乳酸乳球菌食品级细胞内诱导表达载体pRNA48,再以pRNA48和pVE5524为出发载体构建了含有α-aga、PnisA-SPUsp45-nucA-CWAM6-t1t2和θ复制子的乳酸乳球菌细胞壁锚定诱导表达载体pRNV48。然后以食品级载体pRNA48和pRNV48为基础,构建了不含抗生素抗性选择标记的铜绿假单胞菌融合外膜蛋白基因的表达质粒pRNA48-OprF/H和pRNV48-OprF/H。利用nisin进行重组乳酸乳球菌菌株的诱导表达,通过SDS-PAGE和Western blot分析,检测到表达蛋白分别占细胞内可溶蛋白的9.6%和细胞壁锚定蛋白的9.8%,表达产物具有免疫原性,可与含OprF/H的乳球菌以及铜绿假单胞菌发生特异性的凝集反应。     

Advanced genetic strategies for recombinant protein expression in Escherichia coli

Preparations enriched by a specific protein are rarely easily obtained from natural host cells. Hence, recombinant protein production is frequently the sole applicable procedure. The ribosomal machinery, located in the cytoplasm is an outstanding catalyst of recombinant protein biosynthesis. Escherichia coli facilitates protein expression by its relative simplicity, its inexpensive and fast high-density cultivation, the well-known genetics and the large number of compatible tools available for biotechnology. Especially the variety of available plasmids, recombinant fusion partners and mutant strains have advanced the possibilities with E. coli. Although often simple for soluble proteins, major obstacles are encountered in the expression of many heterologous proteins and proteins lacking relevant interaction partners in the E. coli cytoplasm. Here we review the current most important strategies for recombinant expression in E. coli. Issues addressed include expression systems in general, selection of host strain, mRNA stability, codon bias, inclusion body formation and prevention, fusion protein technology and site-specific proteolysis, compartment directed secretion and finally co-overexpression technology. The macromolecular background for a variety of obstacles and genetic state-of-the-art solutions are presented.