景观边界研究概况

景观边界指在特定时空尺度下 ,相对均质的景观之间所存在的异质景观[6 9] 。过去 ,生态学家的注意力往往集中在景观边界两侧的同质区域来研究生态系统的结构和过程 ,忽视生态系统间的异质区域 ,它们在地图上往往被忽视或缩成一条线。但是 ,景观边界是一个客观存在的空间实体 ,有自己特定的结构和功能。由于景观边界包含有不同类型和不同尺度上的均质景观和异质景观 ,因而它具有等级结构[13] ,同时景观边界都有长度和宽度 ,在此范围内 ,相邻景观单元的小斑块交叉出现 ,因此景观边界是相邻景观单元相互转化的发生区。从景观的演替过程可以看出…     

刍议传统园林植物造景对当代园林发展方向的影响

悠久的中国园林历史极具艺术魅力,集文学、建筑、雕刻、书画、工艺等艺术为一体,文化内涵丰富,重视植物景观艺术美,植物题材与意境美营造独具特色,在世界园林史上自成一家。植物造景作为其中一大侧重点,主要应用草本、灌木、乔木、藤本植物营造景观空间,从而形成一幅错落有致的景观画面,以供游人观赏。本文主要立足于传统园林植物造景角度,深入探究其对当代园林发展方向的影响。     

异质种群动态模型:破碎化景观动态模拟的新途径

景观破碎化导致物种以异质种群方式存活,使得基于异质种群动态模拟破碎化景观动态成为可能。异质种群动态模型的发展为景观动态模拟奠定了良好基础。根据空间处理方式的不同,异质种群模型可分为三大类,可不同程度地用于描述破碎化景观动态。(1)空间不确定异质种群模型,假定所有局域种群间均等互联,模型中不包含空间信息,仅能用于景观斑块动态描述;(2)空间确定异质种群模型,假设局域种群在二维空间上以规则格子形式排列,是一种准现实的空间处理方式,可用于景观动态的简单描述;(3)空间现实异质种群模型,包含了破碎化景观中局域种群的几何特征,可直接用于真实景观动态的模拟研究。空间现实的和基于个体的异质种群模型不但是未来异质种群模型发展的主流,也将成为未来破碎化景观动态研究的重要工具。为了更加准确完整地描述破碎化景观动态,不但应该综合运用已有的各种异质种群模型方法,更要引进新模型来刎画多物种、多变量、高维度、复杂连接的破碎化景观格局与过程。     

论中国传统园林理景设计的流动性与整体性

长期以来,关于中国传统园林理景设计,有人说其步移景异、千变万化,也有人认为其大同小异、千篇一律,两种认知差异巨大。研究发现,经典的传统园林理景设计都是局部流动性与整体一致性高度融合的;流动性设计使园林造景富有变化和韵律,整体性设计使园林空间具有完整而独特的审美主题,二者相辅相成;只有深入理解传统园林的景境设计方法,才能更准确地解读其艺术审美特色与文化价值,更好地保护、继承和发扬传统园林艺术的精髓。     

清末嘉兴宅园小灵鹫山馆图咏的“入境式”场所意象解读

清末浙江嘉兴文人宅园小灵鹫山馆胜甲一时,今已不存,其现存图咏史料多以游观的视角再现园林景致。将“入境”这一概念作为诠释性的工具,对山馆图咏进行解读,以反推山馆的空间格局并再现游者当时的游园情景。阐述了山馆园林空间在游观的叙述视角下呈现出片段的独立性特征与对偶的差异性组合方式,并结合题咏中的知觉体验及心理感受描写重点讨论了游者当时的游园情景。     

基于边界特征的景观格局分析

通过边界数量的长度谱分布分析。探讨了边界数量-长度特征与景观和组分碎裂化程度之间的相互关系;基于边界的数量和累积长度计算了景观多样性,均匀度、异质性和空间复杂性,并与基于斑快面积比重的传统格局指数计算结果进行了对比分析。研究表明,研究区内的快速城市化过程导致组分界面特征复杂化,空间分布的圈层结构简化;边界总体的数量谱分布方程系数α对于景观整体碎裂化程度有良好的指示意义,基于边界特征的景观格局指数对于传统的格局分析方法可以形成有益的补充。     

明清时期江南私家园林景点题名中的竹文化研究

中国古典园林中竹文化的研究对于弘扬我国优秀传统文化和提升现代园林中竹景观的文化内涵都具有重要意义,现有研究主要集中在竹的空间营造、种植形式等方面,而从品题学角度对传统私家园林中的竹文化系统研究得还比较薄弱。以明清时期江南私家园林的景点题名为研究对象,采用文献查询和实地调研相结合的方法,对江南园林中的竹景点、常见题名意象及其所表达的精神内涵进行研究。结果表明明清时期竹在江南私家园林景点题名中应用非常普遍,常见的题名意象主要表达了道家的隐逸思想、儒家的比德思想、佛教的心无思想和民俗吉祥思想。从中可以看出,明清时期文人阶层天人合一的哲学观、三教并存的宗教观和雅俗共赏的审美观。     

新都桂湖水系演变及特点研究

鉴于历史地图自身信息的模糊性,采用历史地图解译法对桂湖水系相关的历史地图进行解译绘制,通过解译图纸能较为清楚展示桂湖水系的演变过程,进而相对客观地总结其水系的演变特点。从城市水系与园林水源、水系周边建筑营建、水系空间形态划分3个方面,按照隋唐、宋代、明清、近代、现代的时间段对桂湖水系的演变过程进行梳理,并从新都城市水系与桂湖园林水系的关系、水系周边建筑功能及附属空间属性的变化、水系形态的艺术划分3方面归纳总结水系演变特点: 1）新都城市水系与桂湖园林水系在形态结构联系上呈现出完整、完善、破坏、重建4个阶段,桂湖园林水系与新都城市水系在水系体系构成上经历融合、维持、撤离、融入4个阶段的变化。2）水系周边建筑功能经纪念性萌芽、公共性增强、纪念性强化、纪念性精炼的变化,其建筑附属空间布局经历游赏性空间错列分布、公共性空间沿岸排布、纪念性空间中心贯穿、纪念性空间核心主导的4个阶段,使得桂湖从以游玩聚会为主的驿站园林变为以纪念为主的公共园林。3）桂湖水系的形态结构划分呈一池三岛“粗”分、五岛两堤“概”分、五岛两堤“密”分与五岛两堤“旷”分的演变特点。     

苏州怡园山水游观体验解析：以光绪三年(1877年)顾文彬所述游线为线索

以园主或设计者所策划的游线来解析一座园林的山水游观体验,将有助于理解这座园林的真实造园意匠及其背后的空间经营目的。以苏州怡园为例,本文在梳理其新近史料的基础上,考证了园主顾文彬于光绪三年（1877年）时所述的怡园游线,并在利用该游线完整解析怡园山水游观体验的过程中,总结指出这一游线本质上是在“快速概览园貌”与“细致品味园景”之间所取得的平衡。而对此的认知,或将促进怡园营造艺术的深入理解。     

基于空间句法的扬州何园空间组织特征分析

何园是最具代表性的扬州园林之一,以复道回廊、宅园互渗等空间布局特色最负盛名。基于空间句法理论的视域分析法,选取整合度、连接度、平均深度等参数从可行与可视层面量化描述与分析何园的空间组织特色与发展变化。研究表明：1）宅园互渗的何园在其私园及公园时期主要住宅空间和主要园林空间在可达性与可视性上均符合不同功能要求,何园公园化后各出入口位置与功能的调整相对合理;2）定量分析方法有助于进一步把握古典园林的造园思想与布局特色和在现代园林的功能要求、空间配置中的融合与应用。     

Characteristics of the membranes of the pellicle of the ciliatePseudomicrothorax dubius

Summary The membranes of the pellicle of the ciliatePseudomicrothorax dubius are investigated using thin section electron microscopy and freeze-fracture replicas. The plasma membrane is covered by a surface coat and is connected to the outer alveolar membrane by short, sometimes branched, bridges. The inner alveolar membrane is coated on both sides. The epiplasm lies in intimate contact with the cytoplasmic surface of this membrane, and there is a corresponding deposit on the other surface. This deposit is regularly striated.The epiplasmic layer and the alveoli are interrupted at sites of cytotic activity,e.g., the attachment sites of trichocysts, the cytoproct, and the parasomal sacs. The striated deposit ends where the epiplasm ends, indicating a direct relationship between these two epimembranous layers.There is a deposit along the sides of the first part of the tip of the trichocysts, and in this region the trichocyst membrane is free of intramembranous particles.The membrane of the parasomal sacs has a coat on both surfaces. That on the extraplasmic surface is similar to the surface coat of the plasma membrane. The origin of the cytoplasmic coat is unknown. The cytotic activity of these sacs is indicated by their highly irregular profiles.     

The early development of the tail and the transformation of the shape of the nucleus of the spermatid of the domestic fowl,Gallus gallus

Summary The differentiation of the spermatid, especially in reference to the formation of the flagellum, and transformation of the shape of the nucleus was investigated in the domestic fowl.In the early stage of the spermatid, a prominent Golgi apparatus appears around the centrioles. The Golgi vesicles then surround the axial-filament complex which develops from the distal centriole. These vesicles fuse to form continuous membrane at the earliest stage of flagellar formation, and in the succeeding stage Golgi lamellae are attached to the plasma membrane of the developing flagellum. From these observations, it is assumed that Golgi apparatus may be a source of the membrane system of the flagellum.The microtubules distributed around the nucleus form the circular manchette. The anterior region of the nucleus with the manchette is cylindrical in shape and the posterior region without it remains irregular in shape. When the circular manchette has been completed, the whole nucleus acquires a slender cylindrical shape. The circular manchette then changes into the longitudinal manchette. The nuclei of spermatids without a longitudinal manchette are abnormal in shape. In view of these observations it is assumed that the nuclear shaping of the spermatid may be accomplished by circular manchette and the maintenance of shape of the elongated nucleus by longitudinal manchette.The authors wish to thank Mr. Takayuki Mori for his helpful suggestions and technical advices     

Characterization of the composition of the aqueous humor and the vitreous body of the eye of the frog Rana temporaria L

This study aimed to analyze the aqueous humor (AH) and the vitreous body (VB) of the eye of the adult frog Rana temporaria L. as a representative species of amphibians, which lead a semi-terrestrial life. The presence of collagen, albumin, uric acid and electron donors was shown in both media; however, there are slight differences in their concentrations. To determine collagen, a spectral-fluorescent probe, cyanine dye, was used. The presence of collagen in AH of the frog was found at the first time. The total content of electron donors (ascorbic and uric acids, tryptophan, and tyrosine) in VB and HA was roughly estimated at ~ 1.5 × 10^− 4 mol/L. Both VB and AH absorb light in similar UV regions. The total protein and albumin contents in AH were found to be somewhat higher than those in VB. The uric acid content was at an equally low level in both intraocular media. It is supposed that the similarity of VB and AH compositions shown in this work is due to some exchange between VB and AH contents in the course of accommodation. The role of intraocular fluids in physiological functions of the eye and in protecting the retina against UV light is discussed.     

Observations on the permeability of the choriocapillaris of the eye

Summary The choriocapillaris is a fenestrated capillary bed located posterior to the retinal pigment epithelium. It serves as the main source of supply to the photoreceptors, retinal pigment epithelium, and other cells of the outer retina. The permeability of these capillaries to intravenously injected ferritin (MW — approx. 480,000; mol. diam. 11 nm) was examined in the mouse, rabbit, and guinea pig, each of which is characterized by a different type of retinal vascularization. In all three species, the bulk of the ferritin remained in the capillary lumina, where it appeared to be blocked at the level of the diaphragmed fenestrae. Some ferritin was present in endothelial cell vacuoles. The results confirm previous work on the rat choriocapillaris and indicate that the barrier function of the choriocapillary endothelium is present even among species in which the retinal circulation differs significantly.Supported by NIH grant EY03418