新技术在农药微生物降解中的应用

近年来,分子生物学及基因工程的迅猛发展,克服了农药微生物降解传统研究中存在的障碍,为农药微生物降解的研究开辟了新的途径。综述了固定化技术、基因工程、多菌复合体的构建以及细胞表面展示技术在农药微生物降解中的应用,并对新技术在农药微生物降解中的应用前景作出了展望。     

微生物与新型农业

论述了微生物新型农业的理论基础：营养结构原理、增加食物链原理、生态位原理和熵定律等。简述了微生物在新型农业中的广泛应用,如发展微生物饲料、微生物肥料、微生物农药、微生物食品、微生物能源和微生物环保制剂等。分析了微生物新型农业的发展前景。     

刍议微生物农药在植物保护中的作用与展望

随着社会经济的不断发展,人口也在不断的增加,那么在一定程度上降低了耕地的面积,这就导致粮食供应的情况日益严峻。那么想要提高粮食的产量,除了种植高产量的农作物之外,还需要借助农药来保障农作物的的产量。微生物农药在对于植物进行保护的同时,还能够最大限度的减少农药对环境的污染,并且微生物农药具有促进粮食增产,保障农民增收,最终保证国民经济稳定发展的作用。但是微生物农药毕竟是对生物和环境有毒的一种化学物质,在放置植物病虫的同时也对生态环境造成了影响。所以加大对微生物农药的研究成为目前的关键问题所在。本文阐述了微生物农药在农业发展中的作用和所处的地位,并且分析了微生物农药在植物保护中的重要作用,并对微生物农药的未来进行了展望。     

“白色农业（微生物农业）”与农业可持续发展

介绍了白色农业(微生物农业)的含义、特点、应用领域及发展白色农业(微生物农业)的优势。阐明了白色农业(微生物农业)在改造农业产业结构、提高农产品品质和改善农业生态环境方面的作用,以及“白色农业(微生物农业)”在微生物饲料、微生物肥料、微生物农药、微生物食品、微生物能源和微生物生态环境保护剂等方面取得的研究成果。     

对加速发展微生物农药的几点看法

本期发表吴海昌同志的《对加速发展微生物农药的几点看法》一文,提出了当前发展微生物农药生产中存在的一些问题。对于微生物农药在防治农业害虫方面的作用以及今后的发展前景,希望广大读者,特别是与此项工作有关的同志发表意见,展开讨论,为实现科学种田,为更好地开展农业学大寨运动做出贡献。     

传粉蜂在设施农业中的应用及挑战

昆虫为植物传粉是自然生态系统中的重要环节,在农业和自然生态系统的平衡与调控方面发挥着重要作用。以蜜蜂、熊蜂为代表的传粉蜂因其高效传粉及可人工饲养的特点,已成为设施农业中的优势传粉昆虫。本文总结了传粉蜂在设施农业中的应用现状,并从温湿度、农药、重金属等非生物因素和蜂种、病原生物、天敌、蜜源植物等生物因素两大方面讨论了传粉蜂在应用中面临的诸多挑战。此外,本文初步探讨了植物病虫害对传粉昆虫传粉效率的影响,并对传粉蜂未来的研究和应用方向进行了展望,旨在推动实现传粉蜂在农业中的高效授粉功能,为农产品增产增效服务。     

一株降解O,O-二甲基-O-(2,2-二氯乙烯基)磷酸酯的土壤微生物的分离与鉴定(英文)

目的:有机磷农药和杀虫剂广泛应用于众多国内和国外生产的,其数量已超过100种。大量使用的有机磷农药会增加农业生产,而且还造成了不可估量的环境污染。研究降解敌敌畏的微生物,为微生物以降低产品敌敌畏农药残留,恢复敌敌畏污染土壤中的研究奠定基础。方法:本文从种植蔬菜的温室大棚的土壤中分离了一株降解O,O-二甲基-O-(2,2-二氯乙烯基)磷酸酯(敌敌畏)的细菌,根据该菌的形态学、生理生化特征及16S rDNA序列比对。结果:该菌鉴定为荧光假单胞菌(菌株P)。该菌的最适生长温度为27℃,其培养基的最适初始pH为7.0,4天内该菌可将培养液中61.24%的降解。结论:本实验从蔬菜大棚的土样中筛选出一株能降解敌敌畏的菌株,并鉴定为荧光假单胞菌。本研究将为基于微生物以降低产品敌敌畏农药残留,恢复敌敌畏污染土壤中的研究打下基础。     

有机磷农药降解菌及其基因工程研究新进展

有机磷农药是目前我国使用量最大的农药,对农业的发展有重要的作用,但同时造成了严重的环境污染.利用微生物及其产生的降解酶来降解农药是行之有效的方法.随着分子生物学技术的深入利用,农药的微生物降解已在基因工程领域取得了很大进展.本文综述了有机磷农药降解微生物的筛选、降解酶和基因的克隆、基因工程菌的构建以及应用等几个方面的研究进展.     

我国设施农业碳排放核算及碳减排路径

设施农业作为典型的农业生产管理模式,其特有的生产环境条件和高度集约利用的特点,会对农业碳循环产生影响。本研究以设施农业生产管理过程中的农膜投入、能源消耗、农药化肥投入、气肥施用、设施土壤五大温室气体排放源为核算对象,对2018年我国31个省份连栋温室、日光温室、塑料大棚3种设施农业的碳排放量和排放强度进行估算。结果表明:我国设施农业碳排放总量为21038.17万t CO₂e,塑料大棚、日光温室、连栋温室3种类型设施农业碳排放量分别占60.2%、37.4%和2.4%。设施农业碳排放以土壤温室气体排放、农膜投入和农用品投入碳排放为主。连栋温室单位面积碳排放量显著低于日光温室和塑料大棚。科技资金配置率和设施农业规模是对设施农业碳排放影响最大的两个因素。基于此,本研究从提高设施农业的科技投入、物质消耗利用率、设施面积利用率3个角度提出碳减排路径。     

有机磷农药的微生物降解研究进展

微生物因种类和代谢多样性在有机磷农药降解中表现出独特的优势。对微生物降解有机磷农药的机制、微生物的获得、基因工程菌的构建及研究展望进行了综述。     

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.     

肝癌中HBV和HCV基因和抗原的分布及意义

采用原位分子杂交方法检测HCV RNA及HBV X基因;采用免疫组织化学方法研究HCV核心抗原,非结构区C33c抗原及HBxAg在肝细胞肝癌中的定位及分布.结果表明(1)HCV RNA、HBV X基因在肝细胞肝癌组织检出率分别为40%(55/136)和82%(112/136).HCV RNA定位于癌细胞的胞浆内,阳性细胞呈散在、灶状及弥漫分布三种形式;HBV X基因在肝癌细胞中的分布呈胞浆型、核型及核浆型,阳性细胞也呈上述三种分布形式;(2)HCV C33c抗原、核心抗原在肝细胞肝癌中的阳性率为81%(133/164)及86%(141/164).C33c抗原定位于癌细胞及肝细胞的胞浆内;核心抗原既定位于癌细胞核中,又可定位于胞浆中.C33c抗原阳性细胞以灶状分布为主;而核心抗原阳性细     

Selection with two alleles and complete dominance

For a plant selection model with frequency-independent viabilities, fertilities and selfing rates, it is shown that apart from global fixation, for certain parameter combinations a protected polymorphism and facultative fixation (either allele may become fixed according to initial frequencies) may both occur. Facultative fixation requires different selling rates for the dominant and recessive type. Protection of the polymorphism requires resource allocation for male and female function. In this connection the problem of purely genetically caused population extinction is discussed.
For general frequency dependence and regular segregation, the chances for establishment of a completely recessive gene are compared to those of a completely dominant gene. It is proven that the process of establishment of the recessive gene, despite a fitness advantage, may be considerably endangered by drift effects if random mating prevails. The recessive gene may reach the same effectivity in establishment as a dominant gene, only if the recessive homozygote mates exclusively with its own type during the period of establishment.