明清时期江南私家园林景点题名中的竹文化研究

中国古典园林中竹文化的研究对于弘扬我国优秀传统文化和提升现代园林中竹景观的文化内涵都具有重要意义,现有研究主要集中在竹的空间营造、种植形式等方面,而从品题学角度对传统私家园林中的竹文化系统研究得还比较薄弱。以明清时期江南私家园林的景点题名为研究对象,采用文献查询和实地调研相结合的方法,对江南园林中的竹景点、常见题名意象及其所表达的精神内涵进行研究。结果表明明清时期竹在江南私家园林景点题名中应用非常普遍,常见的题名意象主要表达了道家的隐逸思想、儒家的比德思想、佛教的心无思想和民俗吉祥思想。从中可以看出,明清时期文人阶层天人合一的哲学观、三教并存的宗教观和雅俗共赏的审美观。     

论中国传统园林理景设计的流动性与整体性

长期以来,关于中国传统园林理景设计,有人说其步移景异、千变万化,也有人认为其大同小异、千篇一律,两种认知差异巨大。研究发现,经典的传统园林理景设计都是局部流动性与整体一致性高度融合的;流动性设计使园林造景富有变化和韵律,整体性设计使园林空间具有完整而独特的审美主题,二者相辅相成;只有深入理解传统园林的景境设计方法,才能更准确地解读其艺术审美特色与文化价值,更好地保护、继承和发扬传统园林艺术的精髓。     

黄山文化的绿色风俗

<正>在黄山文化生成、发育和壮大的全过程中,最亮眼的莫过于其传承千年的生态文化与绿色风俗。经过2017年春季的两次深入的黄山考察,我深刻体会到黄山的生态文化既有外化的也有内在的。黄山具有代表性的动植物,诸如黄山松、黄山杜鹃、白鹳、猕猴和云豹等,均为文学艺术的表现对象,并被赋予深刻的人文内涵;处在文化之山,连冰冷的石头,因各有其形态,也被附会了各种各样的文化意象。可以说,黄山景点的名称堪为一部文化词典。除了大量的     

基于中国地景文化的“山水形胜”营建手法研究

基于中国地景文化的“山水形胜”营建手法，存在历史递进与发展过程。通过对其营建手法“笼山水为苑”等诸多经典词条的内容释读，语义分析，举证“隋代麟游仁寿宫（唐九成宫）”等不同特征的典型案例。运用案例类比法，进行类比解析。其营建思想起源于中国羲皇时代，发展于中国古典园林营造的各个历史时期，并具有各个历史阶段的脉络特点。从中国西北园林到北方皇家园林及西藏的布达拉宫，无不受其影响。在人工工程营建中，由地景特征所决定的轴线对位布局手法，使因藉自然思想内涵得到不断的发展与提升。此研究对现代风景园林规划设计仍具有十分重要的现实意义与参考价值。     

诗文蜻蜓与斯文蜻蜓

<正>蜻蜓,一种神奇的动物,一种美丽的动物。三岁的小童也会吟诵杨万里那一句"小荷才露尖尖角,早有蜻蜓立上头",可以说,杨万里几乎凭借一己之力,将本来就极具灵动活泼气息的蜻蜓护送到了中国古代文学意象的金字塔顶端。金字塔的顶端,有着我们古人诗词歌赋文里最常见、最富有意境、最具文化内涵的各类意象,它们是月亮、柳树、秋风、蝉、梧桐、梅花、松柏、琴瑟、鸳     

中国古典园林中的景感生态学思想刍议

"景感生态学"的提出恰符人们和时代所需,其思想主张将人的感知,即视觉、嗅觉、听觉、触觉等物理感知以及心理感受纳入到城市生态环境研究中。中国古典园林是集水、土、气、声、风等元素为一体的综合生态系统,本文援引园林诗词、楹联匾额等古籍资料和实际案例,分别从园景营建、景感运营、生态审美三方面,阐述和探讨自然要素、物理感知、心理反应在园林中的运用,揭示景感生态学思想在我国古典园林中的体现,扩展人们对当下人居环境的建设视野。     

对于北京风景园林文化遗产的再认识

北京有3000多年的建城史和800多年的建都史,其风景园林文化遗产异常丰富,类型也非常多样,以21家历史名园为代表的皇家园林、私家园林以及坛庙园林是中国乃至世界园林的杰出代表.     

基于CiteSpace的景观与城市微气候研究特征分析

自然河流经过人工水网重塑与城市产生紧密联系,促进了沿岸城市功能区域的生长,形成了以水为中心的具有独特风貌的沿岸景观。以六朝（222—589年）和明代（1368—1644年）的秦淮河水系为研究对象,通过图解分析梳理其沿岸景观的要素构成、分布特征,包括桥梁、里坊、市肆、楼馆、文教建筑等功能建置,皇家园林、私家园林、寺观园林等园林景观和表现公共景观的景观文化3个层面;通过比较分析探究其背后的形成原因,把握水城共生的互动关系,以期对“人与自然和谐共生”的生态文明建设、城市河流景观资源的可持续发展提供借鉴     

中国梧桐的民族植物学与文化

对中国梧桐的植物形态分布和生境名称,化学成分,历代应用文化,开发利用等进行论述。     

《四部丛刊》检索分析视角下“曲水流觞”传统山水环境模式环境要素探析

“曲水流觞”作为中国传统山水环境模式之一,是历代诗文、绘画、书法和园林等诸多作品反复描绘的主题。旨在对“曲水流觞”所处环境变迁和环境要素进行理性分析,从而为其在现当代风景园林中的传承提供依据。基于对《四部丛刊》中“流觞”关键词的检索,通过数据统计、语义分析和文本分析的方法,研究“流觞”在不同历史时期、不同体裁和语义背景中的使用状况,进而分析“曲水流觞”山水环境模式的历史演变过程及其涉及的环境要素。结果表明,“曲水流觞”山水环境模式的传承主要依托3种环境：自然环境、园林和历史遗迹、建筑;涉及4类环境要素：地形、植物、水体和建筑。研究发现,不同环境下对各类环境要素的运用程度和方式存在差异,水体要素则在不同环境下均最受重视。最后针对“曲水流觞”主题在中国传统文人园林中的重要地位进行讨论。     

国家植物园植物文化建设与植物多样性保护和管理

生物文化对生物多样性保护具有重要意义,植物园的形成和发展在历史长河中处处体现着人类因物质和精神需求而形成的植物文化。现代植物园在植物迁地保护上虽然做出了卓越贡献,但其植物文化的建设稍显滞后。在全球生物多样性保护工作的开展过程中,传统文化对生物多样性保护和生物资源可持续利用的重要作用越来越被重视。在此背景下,该文探讨了生物文化多样性和生物多样性之间紧密联系、共同演化的关系,回顾了早期植物园和我国古典园林中植物文化的体现; 通过对全球3 085个现代植物园主要功能的分析,发现开展了民族植物学研究的植物园占比7.36%,开展了保护生物学研究的植物园占比11.18%,制定了植物保护计划的占比17.18%,从而揭示了现代植物园保护功能的提升和文化功能的弱化。基于当前植物园植物多样性有效保护中对植物文化建设的需求,该文进一步分析了我国植物园植物文化建设的不足,主要包括:(1)植物物种多样性信息中植物文化信息数据不足;(2)对生物多样性保护中传统知识惠益分享的考虑欠缺;(3)缺少以文化展现植物多样性的主题园。在此基础上,该文聚焦国家植物园植物多样性保护和管理的目标,从植物多样性保护和利用、惠益共享、公众参与3个层面对国家植物园体系中的植物文化建设提出了建议,以期为我国建设具有中国生态文明特色的国家植物园体系提供参考。     

Effect of aromatic cedar mulch on Argentine ant (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) foraging activity and nest establishment

In the laboratory, Argentine ant, Linepithema humile (Mayr), mortality was positively correlated to the length of an aromatic cedar mulch section that had to be crossed before food could be reached. When ants could access food without crossing the mulch, mortality was not correlated to mulch section length. In the field, Argentine ants showed a tendency to avoid aromatic cedar mulch as a nesting substrate. In plant beds alongside buildings the number of ant nests (pockets containing brood) found was not significantly different between aromatic cedar and cypress mulch. However, when pine straw mulch around oak trees was replaced with aromatic cedar or cypress mulch, a similar number of ant nests was found in the cypress mulch as in the original pine straw, whereas numbers in aromatic cedar mulch were significantly lower. Also, fewer ants were trailing on the trees surrounded by aromatic cedar mulch compared with cypress mulch or the original pine straw. The number of ants attracted to apple jelly baits placed alongside the buildings did not differ between mulch types; neither did the number of ant trails crossing the mulch beds around the buildings. We suggest that aromatic cedar mulch may help control Argentine ants and reduce insecticide input when applied in combination with conventional control methods.     

Does ectomycorrhizal fungal community structure vary along a Japanese black pine (Pinus thunbergii) to black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia) gradient?

In this study we examined the role of the nitrogen-fixing tree, Robinia pseudoacacia (black locust), in ectomycorrhizal (ECM) formation and ECM community of Pinus thunbergii (Japanese black pine) seedlings. Two 200 m(2) experimental plots were established at the border between a Japanese black pine- and a black locust-dominated area in a coastal forest. The ECM fungal community of pine seedlings was examined by PCR-RFLP and sequence analysis. We analyzed the relationship between ECM formation, ECM community, growth, and nutrient status of pine seedlings and environmental conditions using the Mantel test and structural equation model. Percentages of ECM root tips, the number of ECM fungal species and ECM diversity on pine seedlings decreased in the black locust-dominated area. Cenococcum geophilum and Russula spp. were dominant in the Japanese black pine-dominated area, whereas Tomentella spp. were dominant in the black locust-dominated area. Nitrogen (N) concentration in soils or pine seedlings strongly influenced the percentage of ECM root tips, the number of ECM fungal species and ECM fungal similarity. These results imply the long-term eutrophication caused by N-fixing trees can change ECM formation and ECM community structure.     

植物园发展的动向

对国内外植物园近十余年来发展的动向进行评述,列举了近年来一系列重要的植物园国际会议与重大活动,指出当前国际植物园工作的中心任务首先是物种保护。总结和分析我国植物园发展的历史和现状、存在问题以及在园貌建设上与国际先进植物园的差距。这些差距主要表现在：（１）植物的收集量;（２）活植物数据的积累;（３）罕见植物的引种;（４）现代技术的应用。作者最后提出,我国植物园发展应把握的几个主要问题是：（１）既是多功能全方位发展,又应各具特色;（２）生物多样性是植物园永恒的主题;（３）植物园应着重物种迁地保护的研究和实践;（４）植物园应重视栽培和利用植物并着重以药用植物为对象。     

Biogeochemical cycles in natural forest and conifer plantations in the high mountains of Colombia

Plant litter production and decomposition are two important processes in forest ecosystems, since they provide the main organic matter input to soil and regulate nutrient cycling. With the aim to study these processes, litterfall, standing litter and nutrient return were studied for three years in an oak forest (Quercus humboldtii), pine (Pinus patula) and cypress (Cupressus lusitanica) plantations, located in highlands of the Central Cordillera of Colombia. Evaluation methods included: fine litter collection at fortnightly intervals using litter traps; the litter layer samples at the end of each sampling year and chemical analyses of both litterfall and standing litter. Fine litter fall observed was similar in oak forest (7.5 Mg ha/y) and in pine (7.8 Mg ha/y), but very low in cypress (3.5 Mg ha/y). Litter standing was 1.76, 1.73 and 1.3 Mg ha/y in oak, pine and cypress, respectively. The mean residence time of the standing litter was of 3.3 years for cypress, 2.1 years for pine and 1.8 years for oak forests. In contrast, the total amount of retained elements (N, P, S, Ca, Mg, K, Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn) in the standing litter was higher in pine (115 kg/ha), followed by oak (78 kg/ha) and cypress (24 kg/ha). Oak forests showed the lowest mean residence time of nutrients and the highest nutrients return to the soil as a consequence of a faster decomposition. Thus, a higher nutrient supply to soils from oaks than from tree plantations, seems to be an ecological advantage for recovering and maintaining the main ecosystem functioning features, which needs to be taken into account in restoration programs in this highly degraded Andean mountains.     

Effect of number of views on cross-sectional Compton imaging: A fundamental study with backprojection

IntroductionWe have been developing a medical imaging technique using a Compton camera, which is expected to reconstruct three-dimensional images. If the number of views is not sufficient, star-shaped artifacts (streak artifacts) could arise in cross-sectional images. Therefore, we estimated the point spread function (PSF) of cross-sectional Compton images and the effect of the number of views by Monte Carlo simulations and experimental studies.Materials and methodsA cross-sectional Compton image was reconstructed using a dataset comprising 719 view directions and PSF was analyzed using a radial distribution. The peak height, full width at half maximum (FWHM), background (BG), and residual sum of squares (RSS) were calculated from the obtained PSF. In addition, RSSs were plotted against the number of views to estimate the required number to suppress star-shaped artifacts.ResultsThere was no correlation found between the number of views and both FWHM (16 mm) and peak/BG ratio (∼1 × 10⁴). RSSs were reduced with the number of views and approached the minimum asymptotically. Correlation was observed between the required number of views and the number of Compton events used for image reconstruction.ConclusionWe determined the PSF of cross-sectional Compton images and the effect of the number of views on the images. The required number of views to suppress the star-shaped artifact is related to the square root of the number of Compton events used to reconstruct the image. From this study, we concluded that 21 or more views are required for clinical purposes.     

Landscape mulches and termite nutritional ecology: growth and survival of incipient colonies of Coptotermes formosanus (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae)

Alate swarms are one of the major visible signs of the expansion of the Formosan subterranean termite, Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae), in an area. Successful establishment of an incipient colony is thought to mainly rely on available food resources and moisture. The large-scale use of tree-based mulches in landscapes may inadvertently contribute to local establishment and growth of C. formosanus colonies. This research investigated the nutritional ecology of incipient colonies of C. formosanus feeding on seven tree-based, weathered, and nonweathered landscape mulches: pine straw, pine bark, cedar wood, water oak, eucalyptus, cypress, and melaleuca. Incipient colonies of C. formosanus feeding on pine straw, either weathered or nonweathered, produced significantly more progeny over the course of 1-yr feeding than colonies feeding on the other mulches tested. Regardless of weathered or not, the incipient colonies feeding on pine straw, eucalyptus, bald cypress, and water oak mulches had significantly greater survival rates after 360 d (53-77%) than colonies feeding on the other mulches tested (0-13%), but colonies feeding on nonweathered water oak had significantly lower survival (8%) than those kept on weathered water oak (58%). Colony fitness values were significantly different between the weathering treatment groups and among the different types of mulches. With regard to colony growth characteristics, three distinct growth patterns were identified: a high number of progeny (>100) with high colony survival rate (>50%), a medium number of progeny (12-50) with high colony survival rate (>50%), and a small number of progeny (0-10) with low colony survival rate (<5%). These findings suggest that different types of mulch substrates could significantly impact the nutritional ecology of the founding pairs and the successful establishment of incipient colonies during the swarming season.     

蜡梅的民族植物学研究

蜡梅(Chimonanthus praecox)是特产我国且栽培历史悠久的名贵花木,在我国栽培广泛。从民族植物学的角度对蜡梅的名称溯源、文化内涵、观赏价值及经济价值等进行了分析。阐述其色、香、姿、韵的园林美学价值和不畏严寒的文化价值以及蜡梅属植物的药用、食用、工业用等经济价值。并且对蜡梅这一重要的绿化树种在我国园林中的应用进行了分析,探讨其在园林应用中应注意的原则以及蜡梅专类园栽植和混植、群植、盆景等多种应用形式。     

Sources of information about botanic gardens and herbaria

Botany is the study of living plants in the garden and the wild and of dead plants in the herbarium and laboratory. The value of a botanic garden for teaching purposes became evident in the 16th century with the founding between 1543 and 1600 of botanic gardens at Pisa, Padua, Florence, Bologna, Leyden, Leipzig, Paris, Montpellier and Heidelberg: indeed most of the major European botanic gardens were founded during this and the next two centuries. Associated with the study of living plants in botanic gardens was the invention of the herbarium by Luca Ghini (1490–1556) and the subsequent making of many private herbaria, out of which have developed the large institutional herbaria, mostly in the 18th and 19th centuries. The continuous enrichment of European gardens by the introduction of new plants resulting from European exploration and colonization created many problems of classification and naming, and so led to the development of taxonomic methods and the adoption of consistent binomial nomenclature for species, following Linnaeus, during the 18th century. The fashion for collecting in the 17th and 18th centuries resulted in the amassing of big private collections which later became the basis of institutional collections. The increase of such public collections by making available material for study from all over the world has, in turn, increased the publications relating to this. Thus the botanic garden and the herbarium, with their associated libraries, have become complementary repositories of botanical information invaluable to the taxonomist, the plant geographer, the economic botanist and the student of evolution. Some useful publications relating to botanic gardens, herbaria and botanical and horticultural collectors are listed.