肠道运动疾病与情绪异常共病发生的TRP通道机制

肠道运动疾病与情绪异常共病是全球关注的健康问题。研究表明,瞬时受体电位(transient receptor potential, TRP)通道可调节肠道运动、菌群和稳态,并参与情绪的发生发展,其系统机制有待研究阐明。本文综合肠道运动障碍相关神经递质、激素、Ca²⁺、肠道菌群与TRP通道的生理病理变化,相较于情绪异常相关的肠道运动与TRP通道,提出肠道运动疾病与情绪异常共病发生的TRP通道机制,以期为脑-肠与肠-脑系统稳态调控相关疾病的诊疗提供新思路。     

Muller细胞与视网膜病变

视网膜是一薄而半透明的、具有多层结构的神经组织,位于眼球后2/3部的内侧面。向前延伸达睫状体,止于不规则边界。Muller细胞是脊椎动物视网膜内最主要的神经胶质细胞,它贯穿整个视网膜。Muller细胞对于维持神经元的完整性、代谢、内环境稳态以及信号转导等均具有重要的作用。在视网膜病变时,Muller细胞参与整个过程,并且在视网膜的各种疾病中都发现伴有Muller细胞的神经胶质增生反应。Muller细胞同时也调控视网膜病变的整个过程。Muller细胞膜上的神经递质受体、谷氨酸受体、门控电压通道、所合成分泌的营养因子及自的身增殖分化都发生改变。近年来人们对Muller细胞的认识越来越多,研究的方向也从细胞的微观结构、主要功能转变成Muller细胞对不同视网膜病变过程的参与调控。本文对视网膜Muller细胞的形态和生理功能,病理状况下Muller细胞发生的改变作一综述。     

miRNA介导PGR信号通路在雌性生殖功能调节中的作用机制

MicroRNA(miRNA)作为重要的后转录调节因子参与多种生理活动。孕酮(Progesterone,P4)是重要的甾类激素,通过结合特异性受体——孕酮受体(Progesterone receptors , PGR)发挥生理作用。PGR作为核受体超家族的一员参与调控生殖相关组织或非生殖相关组织的功能。P4/PGR和miRNA可单独在雌性生殖中发挥调控作用。然而,在雌性生殖过程中,miRNA和P4/PGR的相互作用对调控排卵等雌性生殖活动起到非常重要的作用,但作用机制还未阐明。本文综述了miRNA调节P4产生、PGR基因表达以及P4/PGR调节miRNA表达的可能作用方式,为更好地研究miRNA和P4/PGR在雌性生殖中的作用提供理论基础。     

心力衰竭治疗新靶点经典型瞬时受体电位通道的研究进展

经典型瞬时受体电位(transient receptor potential canonical,TRPC)通道在病理条件下参与心脏功能调控,与心肌肥大、心律失常以及心肌梗死等发病机制有重要关联。了解与TRPC通道相关的心脏疾病的分子机制及其调控路径/位点,对设计以TRPC通道为靶向的新药具有借鉴意义。本文就有关TRPC通道的功能及调控,以及在多种心脏疾病中所扮演的角色作以简要综述。     

大麻素受体系统对视网膜细胞离子通道和突触传递的调控

内源性大麻素系统在脊椎动物视网膜中广泛分布。大麻素受体(cannbinoid receptor)主要有CB1和CB2两个亚型,与内源性配体N-花生四烯酸氨基乙醇(N-arachidonoylethanolamide,anandamine,AEA)和2-花生四烯酸甘油(2-arachidonyl glycerol,2-AG)结合调控视网膜神经元和胶质细胞的功能,从而参与调控视网膜视觉信息的处理。本文结合我们研究组近年在视网膜大麻素受体系统的研究结果,综述了有关大麻素CB1和CB2受体对视网膜细胞离子通道和突触传递调控及其机制的研究进展。     

甾体激素受体超家族的基因调控机制

甾体激素受体超家族是一类基因反式作用因子,对RNA聚合酶Ⅱ转录的某些蛋白质基因和RNA聚合酶Ⅰ转录的核糖体RNA基因均有正或负的转录调节作用.超家族对RNA polⅡ转录的基因调控的机理包括受体激活,相关蛋白解离,磷酸化,同源/异源二聚化,核转位,与正/负激素应答元件及相应转录蛋白作用,最终激活或抑制特异靶基因的转录.甾体激素对RNA polⅠ转录的基因的调节作用以及超家族中的经典受体和孤儿受体非配合的激活机制是目前研究的热点.     

FK-506结合蛋白对钙释放通道的调控

细胞内自由钙作为一种重要的细胞信使广泛地参与细胞生理功能调控.胞内钙库(内质网系和肌浆网系)对调节细胞内自由钙水平起着重要的作用.钙库膜上的钙释放通道(ryanodine受体和三磷酸肌醇受体)受许多因素调控,其中之一就是新近研究得相当多的FK506结合蛋白.免疫抑制剂FK506能特异地结合钙库上一种分子质量为12 ku左右的蛋白,这种FK506结合蛋白与钙释放通道形成一种紧密连接的复合体,在正常生理情况下对钙释放通道起着十分重要的调控作用.     

鱼类促性腺激素受体研究进展

促性腺激素FSH/LH在脊椎动物的生殖调控中占据中心地位,其生理功能主要通过其特异性受体FSH-R/LH-R所介导.研究表明,鱼类FSH-R和LH-R主要在性腺表达,也在脑、肝脏、肾脏、脾脏等部位表达,主要调控生殖细胞的成熟和最后的排卵及排精.     

核受体与肾脏水转运调节

肾脏通过调节尿液的浓缩和稀释来维持机体的水平衡状态。水通道是肾脏生成尿液、调控水转运的分子基础,其表达和膜转位受到精细的调控。核受体是一组转录因子超家族,人核受体有48个成员,它们通过对靶基因的调控广泛参与机体的生长发育、糖脂代谢、炎症、免疫等多种生理及病理生理过程。近年来,越来越多的研究揭示核受体调节水通道的表达和膜转位,进而在机体水稳态维持中发挥重要的调控作用。本文将主要探讨核受体在肾脏水转运调控中的作用和机制。     

甾体激素的作用机制及其受体的结构和功能

本文介绍了甾体激素作用机制的研究进展,以及受体参与作用的模式。甾体激素受体的核内定位,是一个重要的突破。对于受体Domain结构的研究及其与靶基因HRE相互作用,则是近年来更深入的发展。另一方面,细胞内专一性染色质组份接受了受体携带的大部分激素信息,也成为研究甾体激素调控机制的一个不可忽视的方面。     

Molecular and physiological evidence for functional gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-C receptors in growth hormone-secreting cells

The neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), released by hypothalamic neurons as well as by growth hormone- (GH) and adrenocorticotropin-producing cells, is a regulator of pituitary endocrine functions. Different classes of GABA receptors may be involved. In this study, we report that GH cells, isolated by laser microdissection from rat pituitary slices, possess the GABA-C receptor subunit rho2. We also demonstrate that in the GH adenoma cell line, GH3, GABA-C receptor subunits are not only expressed but also form functional channels. GABA-induced Cl- currents were recorded using the whole cell patch clamp technique; these currents were insensitive to bicuculline (a GABA-A antagonist) but could be induced by the GABA-C agonist cis-4-aminocrotonic acid. In contrast to typical GABA-C mediated currents in neurons, they quickly desensitized. Ca2+i recordings were also performed on GH3 cells. The application of either GABA or cis-4-aminocrotonic acid led to Ca2+ transients of similar amplitude, indicating that the activation of GABA-C receptors in GH3 cells may cause membrane depolarization, opening of voltage-gated Ca2+ channels, and a subsequent Ca2+ influx. Our results point at a role for GABA in pituitary GH cells and disclose an additional pathway to the one known via GABA-B receptors.     

Muscarinic Receptor Subclasses in the Chick Embryo Retina: Influence of Corticosterone Treatment

The present study was performed on retinas of chick embryos receiving at day 8 of incubation an intracerebral injection of 0.02 microgram of corticosterone. We had previously shown with the use of [3H]quinuclidinylbenzilate [( 3H]QNB) that such treatment induced the appearance of two muscarinic binding sites in the treated retinas, whereas only one was detectable in the controls. In the present study we investigated muscarinic cholinergic receptor subclasses with agonist and antagonist binding. Agonist binding was studied by varying the concentrations of carbachol and acetylcholine (10(-9) M-10(-5) M) in the presence of a constant concentration (0.2 nM) of [3H]QNB. Two subpopulations of receptors were revealed, a high- and a low-affinity receptor, in both treated and control retinas. However, in the hormone-treated retinas, the two subpopulations significantly differed from the controls in their affinity and in their relative percentage among the total receptor population. Moreover, using pirenzepine, an antagonist known to have the capacity to distinguish between muscarinic cholinergic subclasses, two receptor subpopulations were found to be present in the hormone-treated retinas but a single one in the controls. It is suggested that hormone treatment can either induce the appearance of a new subclass of muscarinic cholinergic receptors or favor the maturation of a population of retinal cells having these receptors. Pirenzepine binding in retinas from intact embryos of 7, 9, and 11 days of incubation revealed one receptor subpopulation. Thus, these findings are more consistent with the hypothesis that corticosterone effects the target cells, either inducing changes in muscarinic receptor and/or modifying the receptor environment.     

GABA and the regulation of serotonin N-acetyltransferase activity in amphibian retina—I. Effects of GABA agonists and antagonists

Retinal melatonin biosynthesis is regulated in part by changes in the activity of serotonin N-acetyltransferase (NAT), which increases at night in dark-adapted retinas, but not in light-exposed retinas. Using an in vitro preparation of Xenopus laevis (African clawed frog) eye cups, we have obtained evidence supporting the involvement of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the regulation of NAT activity. GABA, the GABA-A receptor agonists muscimol and isoguvacine, and the GABA-B receptor agonist (−)baclofen, in the presence of 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine, mimicked dark adaptation by increasing the activity of NAT in light-exposed retinas. The response to GABA agonists was not additive to that observed in darkness. Diazepam increased NAT activity of light-exposed retinas when added in the presence of muscimol, but had no significant effect when added alone. Picrotoxin, an antagonist of the GABA-A receptor-linked Cl⁻ channel, blocked both the stimulation caused by dark adaptation and that caused by GABA-A agonists. The increase of NAT activity elicited by muscimol, but not that by baclofen, was blocked by bicuculline methobromide and picrotoxin. The results implicate GABA, acting through GABA-A and possibly GABA-B receptors, in the regulation of NAT activity in retina.     

Adenylyl Cyclase/cAMP System Involvement in the Antiangiogenic Effect of Somatostatin in the Retina. Results from Transgenic Mice

Neoangiogenesis is a response to retinal hypoxia that is inhibited by somatostatin (SRIF) through its subtype 2 receptor (sst2). Using a mouse model of hypoxia-induced retinopathy, we investigated whether inhibition of adenylyl cyclase (AC) is involved in SRIF anti-angiogenic actions. Hypoxia increased AC responsiveness in wild type (WT) retinas and in retinas lacking sst2, but not in sst2-overexpressing retinas. Hypoxia also altered AC isoform expression with different patterns depending on sst2 expression level. The AC VII isoform mRNA and protein resulted the most affected. Indeed, in hypoxia AC VII expression was enhanced in WT retinas and it was further increased in sst2-lacking retinas, whereas in sst2 overexpressing retinas the increase of AC VII was lower than in WT retinas. These data suggest an involvement of AC/cAMP in mediating both hypoxia-evoked retinal neoangiogenesis and SRIF protective actions. The AC VII isoform is a candidate to a main role in these mechanisms.     

CYCLIC NUCLEOTIDE LEVELS IN NORMAL AND BIOLOGICALLY FRACTIONATED MOUSE RETINA: EFFECTS OF LIGHT AND DARK ADAPTATION

Abstract— The content of cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP was measured in whole eyes and in normal retinas from C57BL(6)J mice, in receptorless retinas from congenic mice homozygous for the receptor dystrophy gene (rd/rd), and in retinas from mice treated postnatally with monosodium glutamate. Normal retinas contain approx 320 μg of protein: dystrophic (rd/rd) retinas contain approx 110μg of protein, lack rods but possess some surviving cone somata and terminals: glutamate-modified retinas contain approx 200 μg of protein and have both a reduced area and thickness with a marked deficiency of ganglion cells and amacrine cells. In normal mice, more than 90% of the cyclic GMP, but only 607, of the cyclic AMP of the whole eye was in the retina. In normal dark-adapted retinas isolated under dim red light cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP content was 4.1 and 20.2pmol/retina, respectively. The content of both cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP was 40% less, 2.5 and 11.5pmol/retina, respectively, in light-adapted retinas. In dark-adapted retinas isolated under infra-red light, cyclic AMP content was 40%, higher than that in retinas isolated under dim red light; cyclic GMP content was the same under these two conditions. Receptorless retinas contained approx 50% as much cyclic AMP and only 1-2% as much cyclic GMP as normal retinas. Although glutamate-modified retinas also had approx 50% as much cyclic AMP, they contained 60-85%, as much cyclic GMP as normal retinas. Light decreased by 30-50% levels of both cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP in glutamate-modified retinas, but only reduced cyclic nucleotide levels in receptorless retinas by 20%.
These data indicate that 95% or more of the cyclic GMP is in photoreceptor cells, whereas cyclic AMP is more evenly distributed throughout the retina. In addition, both cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP levels are influenced by light- and dark-adaptation.     

Modulation of the neuronal response to ischaemia by somatostatin analogues in wild-type and knock-out mouse retinas

Somatostatin acts at five G protein-coupled receptors, sst₁-sst₅. In mouse ischaemic retinas, the over-expression of sst₂ (as in sst₁ knock-out mice) results in the reduction of cell death and glutamate release. In this study, we reported that, in wild-type retinas, somatostatin, the multireceptor ligand pasireotide and the sst₂ agonist octreotide decreased ischaemia-induced cell death and that octreotide also decreased glutamate release. In contrast, cell death was increased by blocking sst₂ with cyanamide. In sst₂ over-expressing ischaemic retinas, somatostatin analogues increased cell death, and octreotide also increased glutamate release. To explain this reversal of the anti-ischaemic effect of somatostatin agonists in the presence of sst₂ over-expression, we tested sst₂ desensitisation because of internalisation or altered receptor function. We observed that (i) sst₂ was not internalised, (ii) among G protein-coupled receptor kinases (GRKs) and regulators of G protein signalling (RGSs), GRK1 and RGS1 expression increased following ischaemia, (iii) both GRK1 and RGS1 were down-regulated by octreotide in wild-type ischaemic retinas, (iv) octreotide down-regulated GRK1 but not RGS1 in sst₂ over-expressing ischaemic retinas. These results demonstrate that sst₂ activation protects against retinal ischaemia. However, in the presence of sst₂ over-expression sst₂ is functionally desensitised by agonists, possibly because of sustained RGS1 levels.     

Red pigment-concentrating hormone induces a calcium-mediated retraction of distal retinal pigments in the crayfish

The octapeptide red pigment-concentrating hormone is capable of eliciting the aggregation of intracellular pigment granules in distal retinal pigment cells of isolated retinas of the crayfish Procambarus clarkii (Girard). The final level and the time course of pigment aggregation are dose dependent within a range of 10(-10) mol l(-1) to 10(-4) mol l(-1). The effect of red pigment-concentrating hormone is prevented by previous incubation with an anti- red pigment-concentrating hormone antibody; however, application of the antibody after the onset of the red pigment-concentrating hormone effect, does not prevent its full development. A similar effect to that elicited by red pigment-concentrating hormone is induced by the calcium ionophores ionomycin and A-23187. Red pigment-concentrating hormone evokes entry of 45Ca2+ to retinal cells. However, the red pigment-concentrating hormone-induced pigment aggregation persists in the presence of the calcium channel blocker verapamil and in Ca2+-free solutions. Caffeine and thapsigargin, known to release calcium from intracellular stores, elicit distal pigment aggregation, while ryanodine and dantrolene, blockers of intracellular calcium release, as well as the intracellular calcium chelator bapta-AM suppress the effect of red pigment-concentrating hormone. These results suggest that red pigment-concentrating hormone elicits distal retinal pigment aggregation by increasing intracellular calcium concentration, acting via a dual mechanism: (1) promoting calcium entry, and (2) releasing intracellular calcium.     

Towards the understanding of tetrahydroquinolines action in Aedes aegypti: larvicide or adulticide?

Aedes aegypti is an important vector of arboviruses such as dengue, yellow fever, chikungunya and Zika. Among the various types of insecticides used to combat this vector, the insect growth regulators have been developed and recommended for control of their larvae. In this work compounds with proven regulatory action, tetrahydroquinolines will be studied. These regulators act on the hormones responsible for the insect development. Ecdysone, one of the main hormones involved in this process has a specific receptor (EcR), where tetrahydroquinolines derivatives can bind, disrupting the normal action of this hormone, because they have structure similar to hormone 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E). In addition, studies show that this class of compounds interacts strongly in the potassium channel activated by calcium (BK channel). Thus, the goal is to study the action of compounds (tetrahydroquinolines) as insecticides and evaluate their larvicidal action (action on the ecdysone receptor) or adulticide (action on the BK channel) through homology modelling techniques, molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations and aiming to propose a compound that presents both actions (larvicide / adulticide).     

Endoplasmic reticulum stress-associated cone photoreceptor degeneration in cyclic nucleotide-gated channel deficiency

Cyclic nucleotide-gated (CNG) channels play a pivotal role in phototransduction. Mutations in the cone CNG channel subunits CNGA3 and CNGB3 account for >70% of all known cases of achromatopsia. Cones degenerate in achromatopsia patients and in CNGA3(-/-) and CNGB3(-/-) mice. This work investigates the molecular basis of cone degeneration in CNG channel deficiency. As cones comprise only 2-3% of the total photoreceptor population in the wild-type mouse retina, we generated mouse lines with CNG channel deficiency on a cone-dominant background, i.e. CNGA3(-/-)/Nrl(-/-) and CNGB3(-/-)/Nrl(-/-) mice. The retinal phenotype and potential cell death pathways were examined by functional, biochemical, and immunohistochemical approaches. CNGA3(-/-)/Nrl(-/-) and CNGB3(-/-)/Nrl(-/-) mice showed impaired cone function, opsin mislocalization, and cone degeneration similar to that in the single knock-out mice. The endoplasmic reticulum stress marker proteins, including Grp78/Bip, phospho-eIF2α, phospho-IP(3)R, and CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein homologous protein, were elevated significantly in CNGA3(-/-)/Nrl(-/-) and CNGB3(-/-)/Nrl(-/-) retinas, compared with the age-matched (postnatal 30 days) Nrl(-/-) controls. Along with these, up-regulation of the cysteine protease calpains and cleavage of caspase-12 and caspase-7 were found in the channel-deficient retinas, suggesting an endoplasmic reticulum stress-associated apoptosis. In addition, we observed a nuclear translocation of apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF) and endonuclease G in CNGA3(-/-)/Nrl(-/-) and CNGB3(-/-)/Nrl(-/-) retinas, implying a mitochondrial insult in the endoplasmic reticulum stress-activated cell death process. Taken together, our findings suggest a crucial role of endoplasmic reticulum stress in cone degeneration associated with CNG channel deficiency.     

Retinal ganglion cell protection by 17-beta-estradiol in a mouse model of inherited glaucoma

Glaucoma is the second leading cause of blindness in the world. The ultimate cause of vision loss due to glaucoma is thought to be retinal ganglion cell (RGC) apoptosis. Neuroprotection of RGC is becoming an important approach of glaucoma therapy. Several lines of evidence suggest that estrogen has neurotrophic and neuroprotective properties. In this study, we examine the role of estrogen in preventing RGC loss in DBA/2J mouse, an in vivo model of an inherited (pigmentary) glaucoma. Two-month-old female DBA/2J mice were anesthetized and ovariectomized with or without subcutaneous 17beta-estradiol (betaE2) pellet implantation. RGC survival was evaluated from flat-mounted whole retinas by counting retrograde-labeled cells. The loss of nerve fibers and RGC were also evaluated in paraffin-fixed retinal cross sections. Biochemical alterations in the retinas of DBA/2J mice in response to systemic injection of betaE2 were also examined. We have made several important observations showing that: (1) betaE2 treatment reduced the loss of RGC and neurofibers through inhibition of ganglion cell apoptosis, (2) betaE2 activated Akt and cAMP-responsive-element-binding-protein (CREB), (3) betaE2 up-regulated thioredoxin-1 (Trx-1) expression, (4) betaE2 reduced the increased activations of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) and NF-kappaB, (5) betaE2 inhibited the increased interleukin-18 (IL-18) expression, and (6) treatment with tamoxifen, an estrogen receptor antagonist, blocked betaE2-mediated activation of Akt and inhibition of MAPK phosphorylation in the retinas of DBA/2J mice. These findings suggest the possible involvement of multiple biochemical events, including estrogen receptor/Akt/CREB/thioredoxin-1, and estrogen receptor/MAPK/NF-kappaB, in estrogen-mediated retinal ganglion cell protection.