小菜蛾对苏云金芽胞杆菌(Bt)的抗性研究进展

小菜蛾Plutella xylostella(L.)是为害十字花科蔬菜的一种重要的世界性害虫,由于其分布范围广、繁殖速度快、抗性水平高,已经成为最难防治的害虫之一。基于苏云金芽胞杆菌Bacillus thuringiensis(Bt)开发的杀虫剂在小菜蛾生物防治中发挥重要的作用,但小菜蛾作为在田间最早对Bt产生抗性的害虫,其抗性发展及抗性机理也引起了全世界的广泛关注。本文概述了小菜蛾的发生危害及其抗药性的研究动态、苏云金芽胞杆菌的起源、发展及应用,分析了小菜蛾对Bt杀虫毒素产生抗药性及其抗性机理,并从抗性发展风险、转基因油菜种植和进一步深入开展抗性机理的研究三个方面进行了展望,以期为优化小菜蛾抗药性的治理策略、提高生物农药和Bt作物的控害效能提供借鉴和参考。     

昆虫对Bt毒素的抗性与中肠蛋白酶、解毒酶及保护酶系活性的关系

昆虫对苏云金杆菌（Bacillus thuringiensis, Bt）毒素产生抗性的机理很多,其中Bt毒素与中肠细胞膜上受体结合能力的变化、Bt毒蛋白在中肠中水解作用的变化是抗性产生的两个主要环节。本文综述了昆虫取食Bt毒素后其体内中肠蛋白酶、解毒酶及保护酶活性的变化及这些变化与抗性之间的关系。结果表明,室内及田间对Bt毒素产生抗性的昆虫品系,可能与这三大酶系存在一定的关系。研究分析昆虫对Bt毒素的抗性机理,将有助于建立早期的抗性监测技术、实施抗性治理方案,实现Bt农药与转Bt基因作物的可持续利用。     

棉铃虫对转Bt基因抗虫棉花的抗性机制及治理

棉铃虫是危害棉花最严重的害虫之一. 作为生物技术产品, 转Bt杀虫基因棉花产生的Cry毒素对棉铃虫有高效毒杀作用. Bt棉花已在世界范围内商业化种植, 通过有效控制棉铃虫种群数量, 而显著减少了化学农药的用量. 尽管没有发现棉铃虫田间种群对Bt棉花产生高水平抗性, 但室内持续筛选已培育出多个高水平抗性品系, 表明存在棉铃虫对Bt棉花产生抗性的风险. 鉴于棉铃虫对Bt棉花产生抗性可能对Bt棉花利用价值的影响, 国内外近10年来对此进行了系统深入地研究. 本文综述了棉铃虫对Bt棉花抗性的生物化学和分子机制、抗性治理与监测技术的最新研究进展, 并分析了中国、澳大利亚和印度等国家棉铃虫对Bt棉花的抗性治理策略.     

斜纹夜蛾抗药性及其防治对策的研究进展

斜纹夜蛾Spodopteralitura是多种作物的重要害虫 ,对有机氯、有机磷、氨基甲酸酯类、拟除虫菊酯类以及Bt制剂等杀虫剂均产生抗药性。本文对斜纹夜蛾抗药性的形成与发展、抗性机理及其防治对策等方面进行了综述     

昆虫对Bt抗性的适合度代价及其与抗性治理策略的关系

由于昆虫对Bt毒素抗性的发展,不利于Bt制剂和Bl转基因作物的长期有效使用.但是昆虫对Bt抗性的产生常伴有适合度代价,这种代价能够延缓或阻碍抗性等位基因的发展.许多研究已经证明,有分属鳞翅目、鞘翅目以及双翅目的昆虫Bt抗性品系存在适合度代价.适合度代价往往会受生态因素的影响.而且,昆虫适合度代价的产生与其抗性机制密切相关.庇护所策略延缓抗性发展的能力不仅与敏感种群与抗性种群能否自由交配有关,还与适合度代价的大小及抗性基因的显隐性等因素有关.适合度代价的研究对探讨抗性发展规律以及完善抗性治理策略是非常重要的.本文从适合度代价与抗性发展、抗性机制和抗性治理的关系等方面的进行综述,为发展Bt抗性治理策略提供参考依据.     

Bt杀虫剂研究进展

概述了害虫对转苏云金杆菌（Bacillusthuringiensis,简称Bt）抗虫基因植物的行为学反应、Bt毒素基因的鉴定和定位、Bt辅助蛋白、昆虫对Bt毒素的抗性机理、天敌与转Bt基因抗虫植物的协同控害作用、Bt安全性方面的研究现状,提出了今后的研究方向。     

昆虫对转Bt杀虫蛋白基因植物的抗性及其对策

1 引言 苏云金杆菌(Bacillus thuringiensis 简称Bt)是目前世界上产量最大、应用最为成功的微生物杀虫剂,除了已筛选出多种Bt菌株直接发酵培养外,还培育出转基因工程菌及转基因植物,使Bt的使用范围大为扩大. Bt在形成芽孢时产生的伴孢晶体是Bt杀虫活性的主要来源,它可能由几种晶体蛋白即δ-内毒素组成,包括Cry和Cyt两大类.一般认为,δ-内毒素的作用过程要经溶解、酶解活化、与受体结合、插入和孔洞或离子通道形成等五个环节[1],涉及到多种毒素和作用位点,单一因素的改变对其敏感性影响不大,自50年代到80年代初Bt应用的30多年里,均未有昆虫对之产生抗性的报道,以至于一些研究者曾过分乐观地认为昆虫对Bt 不会产生抗性.进入80年代后,情况发生了急剧变化,相继发现五带淡色库蚊(Culex qu inquefasciatusg)、印度谷螟(Plodia interpunctella)等多种昆虫对Bt产生了抗体[2],同时在田间也发现世界性蔬菜害虫小菜蛾(Plutella xylostella) 对Bt产生了抗生[3-4],世界各国相继开展了昆虫对Bt产生抗性的条件和机制的研究,以期在昆虫还未普遍对Bt产生抗性之前,制定出相应的防治策略,这对于Bt制剂,尤其是转Bt工程菌和转Bt植物的推广使用,具有十分重要的意义.     

细胞电生理技术在昆虫抗药性研究中的应用

害虫几乎对所有化学农药及Bt等生物农药都产生了抗性。离子通道是多种杀虫剂的作用靶,因此作为研究离子通道基本手段的电压钳与膜片钳技术在害虫抗性检测与抗性机理研究中越来越受到重视。该文综述了细胞电生理技术在害虫抗性机理、杀虫剂作用机理以及药物筛选中的应用。     

转Bt基因抗虫棉对棉铃虫拒食作用及其机理研究

转Bt基因抗虫棉对 3 ,4,5龄棉铃虫幼虫的抗性表现形式为拒食作用 ,且随幼虫龄期的增加拒食作用明显降低 ,其中对 5龄幼虫的拒食作用很低。取食Bt棉后 ,3 ,4,5龄棉铃虫幼虫中肠消化酶比活力均较对照有所减退 ,且随幼虫龄期的增加减退率明显降低 ,其中对 5龄幼虫减退率最低。由此 ,解释了Bt棉对 3龄及 3龄以上棉铃虫幼虫抗性表现形式、抗性随不同幼虫龄期的差异性 ,及其抗性差异性的消化机理。     

转基因棉花主要靶标害虫的抗性发展及抗性治理策略研究

转基因棉花的大面积种植有效的控制了棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera、红铃虫Pectinophora gossypiella 等靶标害虫的危害,然而抗性监测结果显示,转Bt基因棉田的棉铃虫耐受性正逐年提高,抗性问题已成为影响持续利用转Bt基因棉花的主要因素,发展新的转基因棉花势在必行.新的基因或蛋白的选择应以对靶标害虫高效、不易产生抗性,且与现在广泛应用的基因或蛋白无交互抗性为原则.本文综述了转Bt基因棉花的主要靶标害虫对Bt抗性的研究进展,及其与新抗虫转基因棉花的关系,并讨论了抗性治理策略的发展历程.     

受体介导的鳞翅目昆虫对Bt毒素抗性机制进展

苏云金芽孢杆菌作为一种对人畜安全、环境友好型绿色杀虫剂在全球被广泛使用。Bt毒素与昆虫中肠上特定毒素受体结合并发挥作用,形成毒素穿孔导致昆虫死亡是其重要的杀虫机制之一,靶标害虫对Bt毒素产生抗性是制约转Bt作物长期有效种植和Bt毒素持续使用的重要因素。文中从鳞翅目昆虫中肠细胞Bt毒素重要受体的研究阐述昆虫对Bt的抗性机制,为Bt抗性机制的深入研究和对害虫的防控与治理提供了一定的理论参考。     

The progress in insect cross‐resistance among Bacillus thuringiensis toxins

Bt crop pyramids produce two or more Bt proteins active to broaden the spectrum of action and to delay the development of resistance in exposed insect populations. The cross‐resistance between Bt toxins is a vital restriction factor for Bt crop pyramids, which may reduce the effect of pyramid strategy. In this review, the status of the cross‐resistance among more than 20 Bt toxins that are most commonly used against 13 insect pests was analyzed. The potential mechanisms of cross‐resistance are discussed. The corresponding measures, including pyramid RNA interference and Bt toxin, “high dose/refuge,” and so on are advised to be taken for adopting the pyramided strategy to delay the Bt evolution of resistance and control the target pest insect.     

DNA screening reveals pink bollworm resistance to Bt cotton remains rare after a decade of exposure

Transgenic crops producing toxins from the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) kill insect pests and can reduce reliance on insecticide sprays. Although Bt cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) and Bt corn (Zea mays L.) covered 26 million ha worldwide in 2005, their success could be cut short by evolution of pest resistance. Monitoring the early phases of pest resistance to Bt crops is crucial, but it has been extremely difficult because bioassays usually cannot detect heterozygotes harboring one allele for resistance. We report here monitoring of resistance to Bt cotton with DNA-based screening, which detects single resistance alleles in heterozygotes. We used polymerase chain reaction primers that specifically amplify three mutant alleles of a cadherin gene linked with resistance to Bt cotton in pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders), a major pest. We screened DNA of 5,571 insects derived from 59 cotton fields in Arizona, California, and Texas during 2001-2005. No resistance alleles were detected despite a decade of exposure to Bt cotton. In conjunction with data from bioassays and field efficacy tests, the results reported here contradict predictions of rapid pest resistance to Bt crops.     

甜菜夜蛾的抗性及抗性机理研究进展

甜菜夜蛾Spodoptera exigua(Hübner)是世界性农业害虫,近年来在我国由次要害虫上升为主要害虫。甜菜夜蛾对很多种化学杀虫剂和生物杀虫剂产生了抗性。本文分别阐述了甜菜夜蛾对常用杀虫剂如有机磷类、拟除虫菊酯类、氨基甲酸酯类、生长调节类杀虫剂、Bt杀虫剂等的抗性发展现状,并且对抗药性机理进行了总结,提出了抗性治理措施。     

Dual invasion analysis: a general model of novel ecological dynamics due to Bt product and resistant pests in wild settings

Transgenic Bt crops have been integrated as a central component of the agricultural policies of many nations across the globe due to their insecticidal properties. While focus on increased yield resulting from the use of Bt crops has overshadowed the concerns of pest populations developing resistance, resistance has been recently discovered in even highly managed fields. One issue that has received less attention is the resulting set of ecological dynamics from escaped Bt products into wild settings. I present a differential equation model of the ecological interaction between a wild plant–pest community and an invading Bt toxin-producing plant and the ensuing evolution of pest resistance. Key to this model investigation is the assumption of energy costs with both the production of Bt toxin by Bt plants and the resistance to Bt toxin exhibited by resistant pest individuals. Results show that persistence of the initial invading Bt plant population is possible through an intransitive loop dynamic. Furthermore, coexistence of wild-type plants and pests as well as Bt-producing plants and resistant pests is possible through the dynamics resultant from energy trade-offs.     

A spatial model of the development of pest resistance to a transgenic insecticidal crop: European corn borer on Bt maize

A mathematical model was constructed to describe the evolution of resistance to the Bacillus thuringiensis toxin (Bt) in an insect pest (European corn borer) population on a transgenic crop (Bt corn). The model comprises a set of partial differential equations of the reaction-diffusion type; local interactions of three competing pest genotypes formed by alleles of Bt resistance and susceptibility are described as in the Kostitzin model, and the spread of insects is modeled as diffusion. The model was used to evaluate the influence of pest characteristics on the efficacy of the high-dose/refuge strategy aiming to prevent or delay the spread of Bt resistance in pest populations. It was shown, by contrast, that a model based on Fisher-Haldane-Wright equations and formally incorporating a diffusion term cannot adequately describe the evolution of Bt resistance in a spatially inhomogeneous pest population. Further development of the proposed demo-genetic model is discussed.     

昆虫对Ｂt毒素的抗性机理研究进展

文中综述了昆虫对苏云杆菌（Ｂt)毒素产生抗性的生化遗传机理及抗性的遗传及交叉抗性情况。昆虫对Ｂt毒素的抗性可能在６个环节发生,其中与毒素特异结合的受体上结合位点的改变及毒素水解过程中的变化是抗性产的两个主要环节。从现有的研究结果来看,实验室及田间抗性昆虫品系对Ｂt毒素产生的抗性主要与昆虫中肠上皮细胞膜上Ｂt毒素特异结合受体的变化有关,深入研究是昆虫对Ｂt毒素的抗性机理,将有助于建立抗性的早期监测技术、抗性治理措施,实施无公害Ｂt农药及转Ｂt基因作物的持续利用。     

Field-evolved resistance to Bt maize by western corn rootworm: predictions from the laboratory and effects in the field

Crops engineered to produce insecticidal toxins derived from the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) provide an effective management tool for many key insect pests. However, pest species have repeatedly demonstrated their ability to adapt to management practices. Results from laboratory selection experiments illustrate the capacity of pest species to evolve Bt resistance. Furthermore, resistance has been documented to Bt sprays in the field and greenhouse, and more recently, by some pests to Bt crops in the field. In 2009, fields were discovered in Iowa (USA) with populations of western corn rootworm, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte, that had evolved resistance to maize that produces the Bt toxin Cry3Bb1. Fields with resistant insects in 2009 had been planted to Cry3Bb1 maize for at least three consecutive years and as many as 6years. Computer simulation models predicted that the western corn rootworm might evolve resistance to Bt maize in as few as 3years. Laboratory and field data for interactions between western corn rootworm and Bt maize indicate that currently commercialized products are not high-dose events, which increases the risk of resistance evolution because non-recessive resistance traits may enhance survival on Bt maize. Furthermore, genetic analysis of laboratory strains of western corn rootworm has found non-recessive inheritance of resistance. Field studies conducted in two fields identified as harboring Cry3Bb1-resistant western corn rootworm found that survival of western corn rootworm did not differ between Cry3Bb1 maize and non-Bt maize and that root injury to Cry3Bb1 maize was higher than injury to other types of Bt maize or to maize roots protected with a soil insecticide. These first cases of field-evolved resistance to Bt maize by western corn rootworm provide an early warning and point to the need to apply better integrated pest management practices when using Bt maize to manage western corn rootworm.     

Early warning of cotton bollworm resistance associated with intensive planting of Bt cotton in China

Transgenic crops producing Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) toxins kill some key insect pests, but evolution of resistance by pests can reduce their efficacy. The predominant strategy for delaying pest resistance to Bt crops requires refuges of non-Bt host plants to promote survival of susceptible pests. To delay pest resistance to transgenic cotton producing Bt toxin Cry1Ac, farmers in the United States and Australia planted refuges of non-Bt cotton, while farmers in China have relied on "natural" refuges of non-Bt host plants other than cotton. Here we report data from a 2010 survey showing field-evolved resistance to Cry1Ac of the major target pest, cotton bollworm (Helicoverpa armigera), in northern China. Laboratory bioassay results show that susceptibility to Cry1Ac was significantly lower in 13 field populations from northern China, where Bt cotton has been planted intensively, than in two populations from sites in northwestern China where exposure to Bt cotton has been limited. Susceptibility to Bt toxin Cry2Ab did not differ between northern and northwestern China, demonstrating that resistance to Cry1Ac did not cause cross-resistance to Cry2Ab, and implying that resistance to Cry1Ac in northern China is a specific adaptation caused by exposure to this toxin in Bt cotton. Despite the resistance detected in laboratory bioassays, control failures of Bt cotton have not been reported in China. This early warning may spur proactive countermeasures, including a switch to transgenic cotton producing two or more toxins distinct from Cry1A toxins.     

Seasonal expression of Bt proteins in transgenic rice lines and the resistance against Asiatic rice borer Chilo suppressalis (Walker)

Laboratory bioassays and field surveys were carried out to compare the resistance of three transgenic rice (Oryza sativa L.) lines including Bt-DL expressing a single gene cry1Ab, Bt-KF6 expressing stacked genes cry1Ac and CpTI genes and Bt-SY63 expressing a fusion gene cry1Ab/cry1Ac, respectively, to an important rice pest Chilo suppressalis (Walker). In addition, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) were conducted to monitor the Bt protein expressions in rice leaves and stems at different rice growth stages. Results showed that all the transgenic rice lines exhibited significantly high resistance to the pest compared with their corresponding nontransformed isolines. Among the transgenic rice lines, Bt-SY63 and Bt-KF6 had higher resistance to C. suppressalis at early growth stage, but lower resistance at late stages, while the pest resistance of Bt-DL was relatively stable throughout the growing season. The results were consistent with ELISA results showing that Bt protein levels in Bt-SY63 or Bt-KF6 leaves decreased in late growth stages, but were relatively stable in Bt-DL at all growth stages. This demonstrates that the resistance to a pest by Bt plants is positively correlated with Cry protein expression levels in plant tissues. Compared with Bt-SY63 and Bt-KF6, the Bt protein expression levels were significantly lower in Bt-DL, while its resistance to C. suppressalis was the highest. This may suggest that C. suppressalis is more susceptible to Cry1Ab than to Cry1Ac. The data from the current study are valuable for decision-making for commercial use of Bt rice lines and development of appropriate pest control and resistance management strategies for the transgenic rice lines.